Induce Voltage in AC Windings
1 Winding factor
Winding factor for a specific winding expresses the ratio of flux linked by that winding compared
to flux that would have been linked by a single-layer full-pitch integer-slot winding with the
same number of turns and one single slot per pole per phase. The torque of an electric motor
is proportional to the fundamental winding factor.
The winding factor Kw can generally be expressed as the product of two factors, the pitch
factor Kp (sometimes also called coil-span or chording factor) and the breath coefficient or
distribution factor Kd .
Kw = Kp . Kd
According to the definition of winding factor, the winding factor of a single-layer full-pitch
non-skewed integer-slot winding with one single slot per pole per phase must be 1.0.
Examples of winding layouts that have a winding factor of 1.0:
Single-layer 2-pole 6-slot integer-slot winding.
Single-layer 4-pole 12-slot integer-slot winding.
Single-layer 6-pole 18-slot integer-slot winding.
Single-layer 8-pole 24-slot integer-slot winding.
Pitch factor
In full pitched coil, the phase angle between the induced emfs of two coil sides is exactly 180◦
(electrical). Hence, the resultant emf of a full pitched coil is just the arithmetic sum of the
emfs induced on both sides of the loop.
However, in short pitched coil, the phase angle between the induced emfs of two opposite coil
sides is less than 180◦ (electrical). The resultant emf of the short pitched coil is found by adding
two phasor values. The phasor sum of two quantities is always less than their arithmetic sum.
The pitch factor is the measure of resultant emf of a short pitched coil in comparison with
resultant emf of a full pitched coil.
1
Full pitch coil Short pitch coil
EE6303 Electrical Machines II AC Windings
N S
Pole pitch = 180 deg
180 - α α
Figure 1
emf generated in short pitched coil
Kp =
emf generated in full pitched coil
Phasor sum of the induced emf
Kp =
Arithmatic sum of the induced emf
Lets consider a coil, which is short pitched by an angle α (electrical degree) as shown in Fig 1.
Emf induced per coil side is E. The induced voltage across the coil terminals, if the coil would
have been full pitched is 2E.
Fig. 2 shows the phasor diagram of the resultant emf of the short pitched coil. From the figure
α
ER = 2E cos
2
The pitch factor
2E cos α2
Kp =
2E
α
Kp = cos
2
Example:
Calculate the pitch factors of the following windings.
1. 2-pole 6-slot winding with coil span of 3 slot pitches (i.e. full pitch).
2. 2-pole 6-slot winding with coil span of 2 slot pitches.
3. 2-pole 6-slot winding with coil span of 1 slot pitch.
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EE6303 Electrical Machines II AC Windings
Figure 2: Induced voltage in a short pitched coil - phasor diagram.
Distribution factor
The distribution factor Kd reflects the fact that the winding coils of each phase are distributed
in a number of slots. Since the emf induced in different slots are not in phase, their phasor sum
is less than their numerical sum.
If all the coil sides of any one phase under one pole are bunched in one slot, the winding
obtained is known as concentrated winding and the total emf induced is equal to the arithmetic
sum of the emfs induced in all the coils of one phase under one pole.
But in practical cases, for obtaining smooth sinusoidal voltage waveform, armature winding is
not concentrated but distributed among the different slots.
The distribution factor is a measure of resultant emf of a distributed winding in compared to
a concentrated winding.
emf induced in distributed winding
Kd =
emf induced if the winding would have been concentrated
Phasor sum of the induced emf
Kd =
Arithmatic sum of the induced emf
Let consider an armature with n number of slots per pole and m number of slots per pole per
phase. The induced emf per coil side is Ec .
Angular displacement between two consecutive slots also called slot angle pitch (γ)
P 360 180
γ (elec degree) = =
2 nP n
The emfs induced (Ec ) in each coils of one phase under one pole will be equal in magnitude
but they differ from each other by an angle γ.
From the phasor diagram shown in Fig. 3, emf induced in each coil side is given by
γ
Ec = AC = 2 × OA × sin
2
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EE6303 Electrical Machines II AC Windings
Figure 3: Induced voltage in distributed winding - phasor diagram.
From the phasor diagram, the resultant emf
mγ
ER = AB = 2 × OA × sin
2
As the slot per pole per phase is m, the total arithmetic sum of all induced emfs per coil sides
per pole per phase is
γ
2 × m × OA × sin
2
Therefore the distribution factor is
2 × OA × sin mγ
2
Kd =
2 × m × OA × sin γ2
sin mγ
2
Kd =
m sin γ2
Example:
Calculate the distribution factors of the following windings.
1. 2-pole 6-slot 3-phase winding.
2. 2-pole 12-slot 3-phase winding.
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EE6303 Electrical Machines II AC Windings
3. 2-pole 18-slot 3-phase winding.
4. 2-pole 24-slot 3-phase winding.
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EE6303 Electrical Machines II AC Windings
2 Generated Voltage of AC Windings
In ac machines, field windings of each phase ideally should produce a sinusoidally distributed,
radial field (B-wave) in the air gap. Figure 4 illustrates the sinusoidal B-wave of a synchronous
machine and cross sectional form of a single full-pitched coil (coil-side space separation π elect.
rad).
Figure 4: Relative location of the B-wave and armature coil at any time t.
The B-wave moves towards left with a speed of ω elec. rad/s or ωm mech. rad/s. At the origin
of time the coil-sides are located in the interpolar region where the pole flux links the coil. At
any time t, the coil has relatively moved by α elec.rad to the right of the B-wave.
α = ωt elec.rad
The B-wave can be expressed as
B = Bp sin θ
P
= Bp sin θm
2
where Bp is the peak flux density.
Since the flux is physically spread over the mechanical angle, the flux Φ linking the coil can be
computed by integrating over the mechanical angle.
Z 2(π+α)/P
P
ϕ= Bp sin θm lr dΘm
2α/P 2
where
l = active coil-side length
r = mean radius of the stator at the air-gap
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EE6303 Electrical Machines II AC Windings
Since
2
θm = θ
P
2 π+α
Z
ϕ= Bp lr sin θ dΘ
P α
2
= 2Bp lr cos α
P
2
= 2Bp lr cos ωt
P
= Φ cos ωt
According to the above equation, the flux linking the coil varies sinusoidally. The maximum
value of the flux is
4
Φ= Bp lr (flux/pole) (1)
P
The flux linkage of the coil at any time t is
λ = N ϕ = N Φ cos ωt
where N is the number of turns of the coil.
The induces emf in the coil is
dλ
e=− = ωN Φ sin ωt
dt
The rms value of emf induced in the coil
√
E= 2 πf N Φ Volts (2)
The spatial flux density wave upon rotation causes time-varying flux linkages with the coil and
hence the production of emf.
The sinusoidally varying flux linking the coil leads the sinusoidally varying emf by 90o . This
difference is caused by the negative sign in the induced emf.
2.1 Distributed windings
It may be seen from eq.(1) that the flux/pole is limited by the machine dimensions and the
peak flux density which cannot exceed a specified value dictated by saturation characteristic of
iron.
Therefore, for inducing an emf of an appropriate value in a practical machine, a large number
of coil turns are needed and it is not possible to accommodate all these in a single slot-pair.
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EE6303 Electrical Machines II AC Windings
Furthermore, it may be also noticed that with one coil/pole pair/phase, i.e. one slot/pole/phase,
the periphery of the stator is far from being fully utilized. Therefore, it is natural to create
more slots/pole/phase on the stator periphery.
In a practical machine with S slot distributed uniformly around the stator periphery,
S
SPP = m =
qP
where q is the number of phases, which is generally 3.
Figure 5: Synchronous generator with distributed windings
Figure 5 illustrates a 2-pole, 3-phase machine with m = 3.
The angle between two adjacent slots is
πP
γ= elec. rad
S
The winding of phase a in the machine has three coils (11′ , 22′ and 33′ ) which are placed in
three slot-pairs distributed in space with an angular separation of γ elec.rad.
The total angle σ = mγ occupied by the phase winding along the armature periphery is called
the phase spread. Such a winding is referred to as the distributed winding.
Since the machine is always wound with identical coils, the sinusoidal emfs induced in coils 11′ ,
22′ , and 33′ have the same rms value (E) but have a progressive time phase difference of γ
because coil are uniformly distributed in space.
These coils are series connected to yield the phase voltage, which is the phasor sum of the coil
emf’s. Because of distribution, the rms phase voltage is less than the algebraic sum of the rms
coil voltages. This reduction ratio called the distribution factor Kd .
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EE6303 Electrical Machines II AC Windings
The induced phase emf for a distributed winding is obtained by multiplying Eq. (2) by Kd .
√
E= 2π Kd f Nph Φ Volts (3)
where Nph is the total turns per phase.
2.2 Short-pitch (Chorded) Windings
Lets consider a coil, which is short pitched by an angle α (electrical degree) as shown in Fig 1.
The reduction of the coil emf due to short-pitching is governed by the pitch factor. Therefore,
the induced phase emf of a short pitched concentrated winding is given by
√
2π Kp f Nph Φ Volts
where Kp is the pitch factor.
The induced phase emf of a short pitched distributed winding is given by
√
E = 2π Kp Kd f Nph Φ Volts
where Kw = Kp Kd = winding factor.
√
E= 2π Kw f Nph Φ Volts (4)
Example
Calculate the flux/pole required for a three-phase, 4-pole synchronous machine to generate 50
Hz ac voltage of 6.6 kV (phase voltage). The armature of the synchronous machine consists of
36 slots. Each slot has 4 conductors. The coil pitch is 7 slots.
