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Detailed Grid Substation Components

The document outlines the essential components of a grid substation, including power transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, current and potential transformers, lightning arresters, busbars, control panels, battery banks, and grounding systems. Each component's working principle, usage, and types are detailed, emphasizing their roles in voltage transformation, fault protection, and reliable electricity delivery. Overall, understanding these components is crucial for effective management and engineering of power systems.

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4 views4 pages

Detailed Grid Substation Components

The document outlines the essential components of a grid substation, including power transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, current and potential transformers, lightning arresters, busbars, control panels, battery banks, and grounding systems. Each component's working principle, usage, and types are detailed, emphasizing their roles in voltage transformation, fault protection, and reliable electricity delivery. Overall, understanding these components is crucial for effective management and engineering of power systems.

Uploaded by

chamarasupun998
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summary: Components of a Grid Substation

1. Power Transformer

Working Principle: Based on electromagnetic induction, a transformer transfers electrical energy between

circuits, stepping voltage up or down depending on the need.

Usage: Facilitates efficient long-distance power transmission by stepping up voltage and ensures safety in

distribution by stepping it down.

Types:

- Step-up Transformer

- Step-down Transformer

- Auto-transformer

- Instrument Transformer (CTs and PTs as special cases)

2. Circuit Breakers (CBs)

Working Principle: Open and close electrical circuits during normal and fault conditions. Extinguish arcs that

form when current is interrupted.

Usage: Protect substations from damage due to overcurrents, faults, or surges.

Types:

- Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)

- Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB)

- Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)

- SF6 Circuit Breaker (Detailed below)

Details about SF6 Circuit Breaker

SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride) Circuit Breakers use SF6 gas to extinguish the arc.

Working Principle: During fault conditions, the contacts open, and an arc forms. SF6 gas absorbs the free

electrons from the arc, thereby quenching it quickly and effectively.

Advantages:

- Excellent insulating properties

- High dielectric strength

- Arc quenching is very efficient


Summary: Components of a Grid Substation

- Low maintenance

Disadvantages:

- SF6 is a potent greenhouse gas

- Requires careful handling to avoid leaks

Applications:

- High-voltage substations

- GIS (Gas-Insulated Substations)

- Transmission line protection

3. Isolators (Disconnect Switches)

Working Principle: Mechanical switch that isolates part of the circuit when needed.

Usage: Used for maintenance operations to ensure no accidental current flow.

Types:

- Single Break Isolator

- Double Break Isolator

- Pantograph Type Isolator

4. Current Transformers (CTs)

Working Principle: Reduce high currents to a lower, manageable value proportionally.

Usage: Protection and metering.

Types:

- Bar Type CT

- Wound Type CT

- Window Type CT

5. Potential Transformers (PTs) or Voltage Transformers (VTs)

Working Principle: Scale down high voltages for measurement.

Usage: Used with protective relays and meters.

Types:
Summary: Components of a Grid Substation

- Electromagnetic PT

- Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)

6. Lightning Arresters

Working Principle: Divert high-voltage surges to ground.

Usage: Protect equipment from lightning and switching surges.

Types:

- Rod Gap Arresters

- Expulsion Type Arresters

- Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) Arresters

7. Busbars

Working Principle: Conduct electricity between incoming and outgoing lines.

Usage: Vital for power distribution inside the substation.

Types:

- Single Busbar

- Double Busbar

- Ring Busbar

- Mesh Busbar

8. Control Panels

Working Principle: Monitor and control operations using protective relays, meters, alarms.

Usage: Provide human interface for substation control.

Types:

- Relay Control Panel

- Battery Control Panel

- Mimic Panel

- SCADA Interface Panel


Summary: Components of a Grid Substation

9. Battery Bank and Battery Charger

Working Principle: Provide a stable DC supply independent of the main AC supply.

Usage: Ensure uninterrupted power for protection circuits and control systems.

Types:

- Lead Acid Battery

- Nickel-Cadmium Battery

10. Grounding System

Working Principle: Dissipate fault currents safely into the ground.

Usage: Safety of equipment and personnel.

Types:

- Solid Grounding

- Resistance Grounding

- Reactance Grounding

- Ungrounded Systems

Additional Details

Incoming and Outgoing Feeders: Connect transmission networks to distribution lines.

132 kV Incoming Lines: Bring bulk power to substations.

33 kV Outgoing Lines: Deliver stepped-down voltage for local distribution.

Conclusion

Substations are integral parts of the power grid, transforming voltage levels, protecting against faults, and

ensuring reliable electricity delivery. Understanding each component's functionality, classification, and

operation is crucial for effective system management and engineering practices.

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