1 Create an Android app in Kotlin that displays Hello World on the

screen.

✅ Step 2: Create a New Project

When Android Studio opens:

1.​ Click "New Project".​

2.​ Select "Empty Activity" → Click Next.​

3.​ Set:​

○​ Name: HelloWorld​

○​ Language: Kotlin​

○​ Minimum SDK: API 21 (or keep default)​

4.​ Click Finish. 🎉​

Now Android Studio will create your app — this takes a minute ⏳.

✅ Step 3: Understand the Files (Don't worry, it's simple)

Android Studio gives you some important files:

📄 MainActivity.kt → This is like your app’s brain. It tells what to show.

📄 activity_main.xml → This is where we design the screen.

✅ Step 4: Edit the Design to Show "Hello World"

1.​ On the left, open: app > res > layout > activity_main.xml​

2.​ Change the code inside to this:​

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
 android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<TextView
android:id="@+id/helloText"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello World"
android:textSize="30sp"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

This makes a big "Hello World" text in the middle of the screen! 🎉

✅ Step 5: Run the App

You can run the app using:

1.​ An Android Phone (connect with USB + turn on Developer Mode)​

2.​ Or use the Emulator in Android Studio.​

Click the green play ▶️ button on top.

Wait a bit... and boom! 🎉 Your app will open and show:

====================================================================================
Create an Android app that takes two numbers as input
and displays their sum.

🚀 Step 2: Start a New Project

Open Android Studio:

1.​ Click New Project​

2.​ Choose Empty Activity​

3.​ Click Next​

Now fill:

●​ Name: AddNumbersApp​

●​ Language: Kotlin​

●​ Minimum SDK: Use the default (API 21 or above)​

Click Finish.​
Wait a bit while it sets everything up.

🧠 Step 3: Let's Design the Screen (XML)

Find the file called:

📁 app > res > layout > activity_main.xml

Click it, and remove everything inside. Now copy this code:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<!-- First Number -->

<EditText
android:id="@+id/number1"
 android:layout_width="200dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter first number"
android:inputType="number"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginTop="80dp"/>

<!-- Second Number -->

<EditText
android:id="@+id/number2"
android:layout_width="200dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter second number"
android:inputType="number"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@id/number1"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

<!-- Add Button -->

<Button
android:id="@+id/addButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Add"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@id/number2"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

<!-- Answer Text -->

<TextView
android:id="@+id/resultText"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Result will be shown here"
android:textSize="20sp"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@id/addButton"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginTop="30dp"/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

This creates:
 ●​ 2 input boxes 📦​
●​ 1 button ➕​
●​ 1 text for showing result 🧮​

👨‍💻 Step 4: Add Kotlin Code (The Brain)

Now open the file:

📁 app > java > your.package.name > MainActivity.kt

Change the code to this:

kotlin
CopyEdit
package com.example.addnumbersapp // Your package name might be different

import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.EditText
import android.widget.TextView
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

// Get the views

val num1 = findViewById<EditText>(R.id.number1)
val num2 = findViewById<EditText>(R.id.number2)
val addBtn = findViewById<Button>(R.id.addButton)
val resultText = findViewById<TextView>(R.id.resultText)

// What happens when button is clicked

addBtn.setOnClickListener {
// Get the numbers as text
val n1 = num1.text.toString()
val n2 = num2.text.toString()

// Make sure both numbers are entered

if (n1.isNotEmpty() && n2.isNotEmpty()) {
val sum = n1.toInt() + n2.toInt()
resultText.text = "Sum = $sum"
} else {
resultText.text = "Please enter both numbers!"
}
 }
}
}

What this code does:

●​ It waits for the button to be clicked​

●​ It takes the two numbers typed in​

●​ It adds them​

●​ It shows the sum on the screen​

▶️ Step 5: Run the App

Now click the green Play ▶️ button on top.
📱 If you have a phone, plug it in with a USB cable​
🖥 Or use the Android Emulator (like a pretend phone on your computer)
The app will open.

Try this:

●​ Type 5 and 3​

●​ Press "Add"​

🎉 You’ll see:
ini
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Sum = 8

====================================================================================
Create an android app to demonstrate Activity lifecycle.

✅ Step-by-step Guide
🛠 Step 1: Open Android Studio and Create New Project
1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click New Project​

3.​ Choose Empty Activity → Click Next​

4.​ Fill:​

○​ Name: LifecycleDemoApp​

○​ Language: Kotlin​

○​ Minimum SDK: Keep default​

5.​ Click Finish​

🎨 Step 2: Design is Not Important Here

We’ll keep it simple!

Open: 📁 app > res > layout > activity_main.xml

Change everything to this:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<!-- Just a text label -->

<TextView
android:id="@+id/lifecycleText"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Activity Lifecycle Demo"
 android:textSize="24sp"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

👨‍💻 Step 3: Write Kotlin Code to Show Lifecycle Messages

Open: 📁 app > java > your.package.name > MainActivity.kt
Replace everything with:

kotlin
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package com.example.lifecycledemoapp // Your package name

import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
showToast("onCreate called")
}

override fun onStart() {

super.onStart()
showToast("onStart called")
}

override fun onResume() {

super.onResume()
showToast("onResume called")
}

override fun onPause() {

super.onPause()
showToast("onPause called")
}

override fun onStop() {

super.onStop()
showToast("onStop called")
}
 override fun onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy()
showToast("onDestroy called")
}

private fun showToast(message: String) {

Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}

✅ Step 4: Run the App 🚀

1.​ Click the green play ▶️ button​
2.​ Use a phone or emulator​

3.​ Watch the screen carefully...​

👀 What You'll See

When the app runs:

●​ It will show small popups (Toasts) like:​

○​ onCreate called​

○​ onStart called​

○​ onResume called​

Now try these:

1.​ Minimize the app → You'll see onPause, onStop​

2.​ Come back to app → You'll see onStart, onResume​

3.​ Close the app completely → You'll see onDestroy​

====================================================================================
Create an android app to demonstrate on Toast

✅ Step-by-Step: Make a Toast App

🛠 Step 1: Open Android Studio and Create a New Project
1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click New Project​

3.​ Choose Empty Activity → Click Next​

4.​ Fill:​

○​ Name: ToastDemoApp​

○​ Language: Kotlin​

○​ Minimum SDK: Use default (API 21 or above)​

5.​ Click Finish​

Wait a little bit…⏳​

Android Studio will set things up for you!

🎨 Step 2: Design the Screen (Add a Button)

Open this file:

📁 app > res > layout > activity_main.xml

Remove everything inside, and paste this:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<!-- Button to show the Toast -->

 <Button
android:id="@+id/toastButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Show Toast"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

🧁
This adds a button in the center of the screen.​
When we press it — Toast time!

👨‍💻 Step 3: Write Code to Show the Toast

Open this file:

📁 app > java > your.package.name > MainActivity.kt

Now change the code to:

kotlin
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package com.example.toastdemoapp // Your package name might be different

import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

// Find the button on screen

val toastButton = findViewById<Button>(R.id.toastButton)

// When button is clicked

toastButton.setOnClickListener {
// Show the toast
Toast.makeText(this, "Hello! I’m a Toast 🍞", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}
▶️ Step 4: Run Your App!
1.​ Click the green play button ▶️​
2.​ Pick your phone or emulator​

3.​ Wait for the app to open...​

Now Try It:

✅ Tap the button that says "Show Toast"​

🎉 A message will pop up that says:​
"Hello! I’m a Toast 🍞"

That’s your first TOAST message! 🎊

====================================================================================
Create Android app which demonstrate implicit and explicit intent.

🤖 Step-by-Step Guide (Easy for a 10-Year-Old!)

🛠 Step 1: Create a New Project in Android Studio
1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click New Project​

3.​ Select Empty Activity → Click Next​

4.​ Fill:​

○​ Name: IntentDemoApp​

○​ Language: Kotlin​

○​ Click Finish​

Wait for setup to finish ⏳

🧩 Step 2: Create Second Activity (Second Screen)

1.​ Right-click on java > your.package.name​

2.​ Click New > Activity > Empty Activity​

3.​ Name it: SecondActivity​

4.​ Click Finish​

Now you have two screens (MainActivity and SecondActivity)

🎨 Step 3: Design activity_main.xml

Open:

📁 res > layout > activity_main.xml

Paste this layout with two buttons:
xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<Button
android:id="@+id/openSecondActivityButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Go to Second Screen"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginTop="100dp"/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/openBrowserButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Open Browser"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@id/openSecondActivityButton"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

✍️ Step 4: Add Code in MainActivity.kt

Open:

📁 java > your.package.name > MainActivity.kt

Replace everything with:

kotlin
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package com.example.intentdemoapp

import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

val openSecond = findViewById<Button>(R.id.openSecondActivityButton)

val openBrowser = findViewById<Button>(R.id.openBrowserButton)

// Explicit Intent - open SecondActivity

openSecond.setOnClickListener {
val intent = Intent(this, SecondActivity::class.java)
startActivity(intent)
}

// Implicit Intent - open a website in browser

openBrowser.setOnClickListener {
val url = "https://www.google.com"
val intent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, Uri.parse(url))
startActivity(intent)
}
}
}

🧾 Step 5: Add Message to SecondActivity

Open:

📁 res > layout > activity_second.xml

Replace everything with:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SecondActivity">

<TextView
android:id="@+id/secondScreenText"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
 android:text="You are on the second screen!"
android:textSize="24sp"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

✅ Step 6: Run Your App!

1.​ Click the green ▶️ Run button​
2.​ Wait for your app to open​

3.​ Tap the buttons:​

🎉 What You’ll See:

●​ ✅ Tap Go to Second Screen​
➤ It opens your second screen using Explicit Intent​

●​ ✅ Tap Open Browser​

➤ It opens Google in your browser using Implicit Intent

====================================================================================
Create an Android application using Kotlin that
demonstrates the use of different layouts
(LinearLayout, RelativeLayout, and
ConstraintLayout) .

🤖 Let’s Build: Android App with 3 Layouts!

🛠 Step 1: Create a New Project
1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click New Project​

3.​ Choose Empty Activity → Click Next​

4.​ Fill:​

○​ Name: LayoutDemoApp​

○​ Language: Kotlin​

○​ Minimum SDK: Keep it default​

5.​ Click Finish​

✨ Step 2: Create 3 New Layout Files

We’ll make 3 screens:

Layout Type File Name

Linear Layout activity_linear.x

ml

Relative activity_relative
Layout .xml

Constraint activity_main.xml

Let’s make each one by one 👇

🟥 Step 3: Create activity_linear.xml
1.​ Go to: res > layout​

2.​ Right-click → New > Layout Resource File​

3.​ Name it: activity_linear​

4.​ Choose Root Element: LinearLayout​

Then paste this code:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="20dp"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<TextView
android:text="This is LinearLayout"
android:textSize="22sp"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>

<Button
android:text="Click Me"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
</LinearLayout>

🟩 Step 4: Create activity_relative.xml

Same as above, but choose root element as RelativeLayout and name the file activity_relative.

Paste this code:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:padding="20dp"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
 <TextView
android:id="@+id/titleText"
android:text="This is RelativeLayout"
android:textSize="22sp"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>

<Button
android:text="Click Me"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/titleText"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>
</RelativeLayout>

🟦 Step 5: Use ConstraintLayout in activity_main.xml

This file was already created. Replace its code with:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:padding="20dp"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<TextView
android:id="@+id/constraintText"
android:text="This is ConstraintLayout"
android:textSize="22sp"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"/>

<Button
android:text="Click Me"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@id/constraintText"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

📲 Step 6: Add Activities for Each Layout

You already have MainActivity. Let’s add two more activities.

🧩 Add LinearActivity:
1.​ Right-click java > your.package.name​

2.​ New → Kotlin Class → Name it: LinearActivity​

kotlin
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package com.example.layoutdemoapp

import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class LinearActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_linear)
}
}

🧩 Add RelativeActivity:
Same way, create RelativeActivity.kt and paste:

kotlin
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package com.example.layoutdemoapp

import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class RelativeActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_relative)
}
}

📒 Step 7: Add Buttons in activity_main.xml to Open Other Layouts

We’ll now make the ConstraintLayout screen open other layout screens.

Replace your ConstraintLayout layout with this:

xml
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<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:padding="20dp"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<Button
android:id="@+id/btnLinear"
android:text="Show LinearLayout"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/btnRelative"
android:text="Show RelativeLayout"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@id/btnLinear"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

Then update MainActivity.kt to:

kotlin
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package com.example.layoutdemoapp

import android.content.Intent
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
 val btnLinear = findViewById<Button>(R.id.btnLinear)
val btnRelative = findViewById<Button>(R.id.btnRelative)

btnLinear.setOnClickListener {
startActivity(Intent(this, LinearActivity::class.java))
}

btnRelative.setOnClickListener {
startActivity(Intent(this, RelativeActivity::class.java))
}
}
}

🧠 Step 8: Register All Activities in AndroidManifest.xml

Open AndroidManifest.xml and add:

xml
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<activity android:name=".LinearActivity" />
<activity android:name=".RelativeActivity" />

So it looks like:

xml
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<application
...
<activity android:name=".RelativeActivity" />
<activity android:name=".LinearActivity" />
<activity android:name=".MainActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>

▶️ Step 9: Run and Test!

1.​ Click Run ▶️​
2.​ Tap buttons:​

○​ "Show LinearLayout" → 📏 opens Linear layout​

 ○​ "Show RelativeLayout" → 🔀 opens Relative layout

====================================================================================
Create an Android application in Kotlin that uses a
button .

🛠 Step-by-Step 🧒
🟢 Step 1: Open Android Studio
1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click New Project​

3.​ Select Empty Activity → Click Next​

4.​ Fill like this:​

○​ Name: ButtonApp​

○​ Language: Kotlin​

○​ Leave everything else as it is​

5.​ Click Finish​

🟡 Step 2: Add a Button in activity_main.xml

This file controls how your screen looks.

Go to this file:

nginx
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app > res > layout > activity_main.xml

Replace everything with this:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:gravity="center"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="20dp">
 <Button
android:id="@+id/myButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Click Me!" />
</LinearLayout>

🔵 Step 3: Add Button Code in MainActivity.kt

This file controls what happens when you click something.

Go to:

nginx
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app > java > your_package_name > MainActivity.kt

Replace everything with this:

kotlin
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package com.example.buttonapp // your app package

import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

// Find the button using its ID

val myButton = findViewById<Button>(R.id.myButton)

// Set what happens when button is clicked

myButton.setOnClickListener {
// Show a message
Toast.makeText(this, "You clicked the button!",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}
▶️ Step 4: Run the App
1.​ Click the green play button ▶️ at the top​
2.​ Select an emulator or connect your phone with USB​

3.​ Wait for app to launch...​

👉 Tap the button — you’ll see a message:​

“You clicked the button!”

====================================================================================
Create a android &quot;Hello World&quot; app using Jetpack
Compose in Android Studio:

🟢 Step 1: Open Android Studio

1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click on "New Project"​

3.​ Select Empty Compose Activity (not normal Empty Activity)​

4.​ Click Next​

Then fill in these details:

●​ Name: HelloWorldCompose​

●​ Language: Kotlin​

●​ Minimum SDK: API 21 or higher​

●​ Click Finish​

Now wait a little bit. It will create your app with some code already.

🟡 Step 2: Understand the Files

Go to the file:

nginx
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app > java > com.example.helloworldcompose > MainActivity.kt

Android Studio already adds some code to show “Android”. Let’s change that to “Hello World”

🔵 Step 3: Change the Text

In MainActivity.kt, find this part:

kotlin
CopyEdit
Greeting("Android")

Change "Android" to "Hello World" so it looks like:

kotlin
CopyEdit
Greeting("Hello World")

Also, if you want, you can customize the Greeting function like this:

kotlin
CopyEdit
@Composable
fun Greeting(name: String) {
Text(text = name)
}

So the whole code will now look like:

kotlin
CopyEdit
package com.example.helloworldcompose

import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
import androidx.activity.compose.setContent
import androidx.compose.material3.*
import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
import androidx.compose.ui.tooling.preview.Preview
import com.example.helloworldcompose.ui.theme.HelloWorldComposeTheme

class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContent {
HelloWorldComposeTheme {
Surface {
Greeting("Hello World")
}
}
}
}
}

@Composable
fun Greeting(name: String) {
Text(text = name)
}
@Preview(showBackground = true)
@Composable
fun DefaultPreview() {
HelloWorldComposeTheme {
Greeting("Hello World")
}
}

▶️ Step 4: Run the App

1.​ Click the Green Play Button ▶️ at the top​
2.​ Select a phone emulator or connect your phone​

3.​ Wait for it to run​

You’ll see this on your screen:

nginx
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Hello World

🎉 YAY! You did it!

====================================================================================
Create a android app to create basic notification.

🟢 Step 1: Open Android Studio

1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click New Project​

3.​ Choose Empty Activity​

4.​ Click Next​

Now fill this:

●​ Name: NotificationApp​

●​ Language: Kotlin​

●​ Minimum SDK: 21 or higher​

●​ Click Finish​

🟡 Step 2: Add a Button to Trigger Notification

Open this file:

nginx
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app > res > layout > activity_main.xml

Replace with:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:gravity="center"
android:orientation="vertical">

<Button
android:id="@+id/notifyButton"
 android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Show Notification" />
</LinearLayout>

🔵 Step 3: Add Notification Code in MainActivity.kt

Now go to:

nginx
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app > java > com.example.notificationapp > MainActivity.kt

Replace the code with:

kotlin
CopyEdit
package com.example.notificationapp

import android.app.NotificationChannel
import android.app.NotificationManager
import android.os.Build
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
import androidx.core.app.NotificationManagerCompat

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

private val CHANNEL_ID = "channel_id_example_01"

private val NOTIFICATION_ID = 101

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

createNotificationChannel()

val notifyButton = findViewById<Button>(R.id.notifyButton)

notifyButton.setOnClickListener {
showNotification()
}
}

private fun createNotificationChannel() {

if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
val name = "Example Channel"
 val descriptionText = "This is a demo notification channel"
val importance = NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_DEFAULT
val channel = NotificationChannel(CHANNEL_ID, name, importance).apply {
description = descriptionText
}
val notificationManager: NotificationManager =
getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager
notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(channel)
}
}

private fun showNotification() {

val builder = NotificationCompat.Builder(this, CHANNEL_ID)
.setSmallIcon(android.R.drawable.ic_dialog_info)
.setContentTitle("Hello Rajat!")
.setContentText("This is your first notification 🎉")
.setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_DEFAULT)

with(NotificationManagerCompat.from(this)) {
notify(NOTIFICATION_ID, builder.build())
}
}
}

🧠 What Does This Do?

●​ 📦 createNotificationChannel() → Makes a space for notifications (Android 8+ needs this)​
●​ 🛎 showNotification() → Sends a notification when you click the button​

✅ Step 4: Give Permission (Android 13+ only)

If you’re using Android 13 or above, you need to ask for notification permission.

Add this to AndroidManifest.xml:

xml
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS"/>

And inside onCreate() (above showNotification()):

kotlin
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if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
requestPermissions(arrayOf(android.Manifest.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS), 101)
}

▶️ Step 5: Run the App!

1.​ Click the green play button ▶️​
2.​ Tap the “Show Notification” button​

🛎 BOOM! You’ll see:​

🎉”
3.​
“Hello Rajat! This is your first notification

====================================================================================
Create an Android application that demonstrates
the use of a ListView to display a list of items.

🟢 Step 1: Open Android Studio

1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click on New Project​

3.​ Select Empty Activity​

4.​ Click Next​

Now fill this:

●​ Name: ListViewApp​

●​ Language: Kotlin​

●​ Minimum SDK: API 21 or higher​

●​ Click Finish​

🟡 Step 2: Add a ListView in activity_main.xml

This file controls how your screen will look.

Open this file:

nginx
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app > res > layout > activity_main.xml

Replace the code inside with this:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="16dp">
 <!-- ListView to show the list of items -->
<ListView
android:id="@+id/myListView"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
</LinearLayout>

🔵 Step 3: Prepare Data for the List

Now, let’s put the data we want to show in the ListView.

Open this file:

nginx
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app > java > com.example.listviewapp > MainActivity.kt

Replace the code with:

kotlin
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package com.example.listviewapp

import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.AdapterView
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter
import android.widget.ListView
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

// Data to show in ListView

val items = listOf("Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Date", "Elderberry", "Fig",
"Grapes")

// Find the ListView

val listView = findViewById<ListView>(R.id.myListView)

// Create an ArrayAdapter to bind data to ListView

val adapter = ArrayAdapter(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, items)

// Set the adapter to the ListView

listView.adapter = adapter
 // Add a click listener to ListView items
listView.setOnItemClickListener { parent, view, position, id ->
val selectedItem = parent.getItemAtPosition(position).toString()
Toast.makeText(this, "You clicked: $selectedItem",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ items: We created a list of fruits.​

●​ ArrayAdapter: This is used to connect the list of items to the ListView.​

●​ setOnItemClickListener: This makes the items clickable. When you tap an item, it will show a
Toast message.​

✅ Step 4: Run the App

1.​ Click the green play button ▶️​
2.​ Select an emulator or connect your phone​

3.​ Wait for the app to launch​

You’ll see a list of fruit names: Apple, Banana, Cherry...

Now, when you tap any item in the list, a Toast will show saying, “You clicked: [Fruit Name]”.

====================================================================================
Create an Android application that demonstrates the use of a
ListView to display a list of item and icon.

🟢 Step 1: Create a New Project

1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click New Project​

3.​ Select Empty Activity​

4.​ Click Next​

Now fill in these details:

●​ Name: ListViewWithIcons​

●​ Language: Kotlin​

●​ Minimum SDK: API 21 or higher​

●​ Click Finish​

🟡 Step 2: Add Icons to the Project

Before we work on the code, let’s add some icons.

1.​ Download some icons: You can search for free icons on sites like Flaticon. Let’s say we want to use
fruit icons.​

2.​ Add the icons to your project:​

○​ Open the folder res > drawable​

○​ Right-click on drawable and click New > Image Asset​

○​ Select Icon Type as Image and choose the fruit images you downloaded.​

3.​ Name each image something meaningful like apple_icon.png, banana_icon.png, etc.​

🔵 Step 3: Add ListView to activity_main.xml

Now, let’s make the layout where the ListView will show up.

Go to res > layout > activity_main.xml and replace the code with this:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="16dp">

<!-- ListView to display text and icons -->

<ListView
android:id="@+id/myListView"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"/>
</LinearLayout>

🟠 Step 4: Create a Custom Adapter

A Custom Adapter allows us to show both text and icons in each list item.

Open MainActivity.kt and add this code:

kotlin
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package com.example.listviewwithicons

import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.AdapterView
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter
import android.widget.ImageView
import android.widget.ListView
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

// Create data with item names and icon ids

val items = listOf(
Item("Apple", R.drawable.apple_icon),
Item("Banana", R.drawable.banana_icon),
 Item("Cherry", R.drawable.cherry_icon),
Item("Date", R.drawable.date_icon),
Item("Elderberry", R.drawable.elderberry_icon)
)

// Find the ListView

val listView = findViewById<ListView>(R.id.myListView)

// Create an ArrayAdapter to manage the data

val adapter = CustomAdapter(this, items)

// Set the adapter to the ListView

listView.adapter = adapter

// Add a click listener to ListView items

listView.setOnItemClickListener { parent, view, position, id ->
val selectedItem = parent.getItemAtPosition(position) as Item
Toast.makeText(this, "You clicked: ${selectedItem.name}",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}

// Create a data class for the item (name and icon)

data class Item(val name: String, val iconResId: Int)

// Custom Adapter for the ListView

class CustomAdapter(private val context: MainActivity, private val items: List<Item>)
: ArrayAdapter<Item>(context, 0, items) {

override fun getView(position: Int, convertView: android.view.View?, parent:

android.view.ViewGroup): android.view.View {
val view = convertView ?:
android.view.LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(android.R.layout.simple_list_item_2
, parent, false)

// Get the current item

val currentItem = getItem(position)

// Set the text and icon

val textView: TextView = view.findViewById(android.R.id.text1)
val imageView: ImageView = view.findViewById(android.R.id.icon)

textView.text = currentItem?.name
imageView.setImageResource(currentItem?.iconResId ?: 0)

return view
}
}

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ Item Data Class: This stores the name and icon resource ID for each item.​

●​ CustomAdapter: This is a custom adapter that binds the name and icon to each item in the list.​

●​ setOnItemClickListener: When you tap an item, it will show a Toast with the item's name.​

✅ Step 5: Run the App

1.​ Click the green play button ▶️ at the top​
2.​ Choose an emulator or connect your phone​

3.​ Wait for the app to launch​

Now you’ll see a list of items with icons next to them. When you tap any item, you’ll get a Toast saying "You
clicked: [Item Name]."

====================================================================================
Create an android app to create basic notification with reply.

🟢 Step 1: Create a New Project

1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click New Project​

3.​ Select Empty Activity​

4.​ Click Next​

Now fill in these details:

●​ Name: NotificationWithReply​

●​ Language: Kotlin​

●​ Minimum SDK: API 21 or higher​

●​ Click Finish​

🟡 Step 2: Modify AndroidManifest.xml

Before we start coding, we need to add a permission for notification access. Open the
AndroidManifest.xml file and add the following permission inside the <manifest> tag:

xml
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS"/>

This permission is required to post notifications starting from Android 13 (API level 33).

🔵 Step 3: Set Up the Layout

Now, let’s create a button in the main activity to trigger the notification. Open activity_main.xml and add
this code:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<!-- Button to trigger notification -->

<Button
android:id="@+id/showNotificationButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Show Notification"
android:layout_centerInParent="true"/>
</RelativeLayout>

🟠 Step 4: Write the Code for Notification

Now we will write the Kotlin code to create the notification with a reply option.

Open MainActivity.kt and replace the code with this:

kotlin
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package com.example.notificationwithreply

import android.app.*
import android.content.Context
import android.os.Build
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.RemoteInput
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
import androidx.core.app.NotificationManagerCompat

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

 private val CHANNEL_ID = "my_channel_01"
private val NOTIFICATION_ID = 1

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

// Create the Notification Channel for devices running Android 8.0 and above
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
val name = "Notification Channel"
val descriptionText = "Channel for Reply Notification"
val importance = NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_DEFAULT
val channel = NotificationChannel(CHANNEL_ID, name, importance).apply {
description = descriptionText
}
// Register the channel with the system
val notificationManager: NotificationManager =
getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager
notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(channel)
}

// Button to show notification

val showNotificationButton: Button =
findViewById(R.id.showNotificationButton)
showNotificationButton.setOnClickListener {
showNotificationWithReply()
}
}

private fun showNotificationWithReply() {

// Create the reply action
val remoteInput = RemoteInput.Builder(KEY_REPLY)
.setLabel("Reply...") // Text shown in the reply box
.build()

val replyIntent = Intent(this, ReplyReceiver::class.java)

val replyPendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this, 0, replyIntent,
PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT)

val replyAction = NotificationCompat.Action.Builder(

R.drawable.ic_reply, // You can add your own icon here
"Reply", replyPendingIntent
).addRemoteInput(remoteInput) // Add the remote input (reply box)
.build()

// Build the notification

val notification = NotificationCompat.Builder(this, CHANNEL_ID)
 .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_notification) // Add your icon here
.setContentTitle("Message Received")
.setContentText("You have a new message. Tap to reply.")
.addAction(replyAction) // Add the reply action
.setAutoCancel(true)
.build()

// Show the notification

val notificationManager = NotificationManagerCompat.from(this)
notificationManager.notify(NOTIFICATION_ID, notification)
}

companion object {
const val KEY_REPLY = "key_reply"
}
}

🔴 Step 5: Create the BroadcastReceiver for Reply

When the user replies to the notification, we need to catch that reply. To do that, we need to create a
BroadcastReceiver that will handle the reply.

1.​ Create a new Kotlin class called ReplyReceiver.kt:​

○​ Right-click on your java > com.example.notificationwithreply folder.​

○​ Select New > Kotlin Class and name it ReplyReceiver.​

Add this code to the ReplyReceiver.kt:

kotlin
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package com.example.notificationwithreply

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.core.app.RemoteInput

class ReplyReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {

override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {

val replyText = getMessageText(intent)
// Show a toast with the reply message
Toast.makeText(context, "Reply: $replyText", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
 private fun getMessageText(intent: Intent): CharSequence? {
val remoteInput = RemoteInput.getResultsFromIntent(intent)
return remoteInput?.getCharSequence(MainActivity.KEY_REPLY)
}
}

This class will handle the reply and display a Toast message showing what the user typed.

🟣 Step 6: Register the Receiver in AndroidManifest.xml

We need to tell the app about the BroadcastReceiver. Open AndroidManifest.xml and add this inside the
<application> tag:

xml
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<receiver android:name=".ReplyReceiver" android:exported="false" />

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

1.​ Notification with Reply: When the user taps the notification, they can type a reply in the notification
itself.​

2.​ BroadcastReceiver: The ReplyReceiver handles the user's reply when they submit it. It shows a
Toast with the reply message.​

3.​ RemoteInput: This is used to collect the user's reply.​

✅ Step 7: Run the App

1.​ Click the green play button ▶️​
2.​ Choose an emulator or connect your phone​

3.​ Wait for the app to launch​

When you press the "Show Notification" button, a notification will appear. You can reply directly from the
notification, and your reply will show in a Toast.
Create an Android application that demonstrates
the use of a Service to perform a
1) background task
2) forground task.

🟢 Step 1: Create a New Project

1.​ Open Android Studio.​

2.​ Click New Project.​

3.​ Select Empty Activity.​

4.​ Click Next.​

Fill in these details:

●​ Name: ServiceExample​

●​ Language: Kotlin​

●​ Minimum SDK: API 21 or higher.​

●​ Click Finish.​

🟡 Step 2: Add Permissions to AndroidManifest.xml

For both background and foreground services, we need to add permissions to the AndroidManifest.xml.

1.​ Open the AndroidManifest.xml file.​

2.​ Add these lines inside the <application> tag:​

xml
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<service android:name=".BackgroundService" android:enabled="true"
android:exported="false" />
<service android:name=".ForegroundService" android:enabled="true"
android:exported="false" />

🔵 Step 3: Create the Background Service

Now, let’s create the background service that will run a task without showing any UI to the user.
 1.​ Create a new Kotlin class called BackgroundService.kt:​

Right-click on java > your.package.name and choose New > Kotlin Class. Name it BackgroundService.

Add this code to the BackgroundService.kt:

kotlin
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package com.example.serviceexample

import android.app.Service
import android.content.Intent
import android.os.IBinder
import android.util.Log
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat

class BackgroundService : Service() {

private val TAG = "BackgroundService"

override fun onCreate() {

super.onCreate()
Log.d(TAG, "Background Service Created")
}

override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {

// Perform a background task
Thread {
try {
for (i in 1..10) {
Thread.sleep(1000)
Log.d(TAG, "Task in background: $i")
}
stopSelf() // Stop the service once the task is done
} catch (e: InterruptedException) {
e.printStackTrace()
}
}.start()

return START_STICKY
}

override fun onBind(intent: Intent?): IBinder? {

// Not used in this example
return null
}

override fun onDestroy() {

 super.onDestroy()
Log.d(TAG, "Background Service Destroyed")
}
}

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ The BackgroundService performs a background task using a separate thread.​

●​ It runs for 10 seconds, and each second, it logs a message to show that the task is happening in the
background.​

●​ The service stops itself when the task is done (stopSelf()).​

🟠 Step 4: Create the Foreground Service

Now, let’s create the foreground service that will run a task while showing a notification.

1.​ Create a new Kotlin class called ForegroundService.kt:​

Right-click on java > your.package.name and choose New > Kotlin Class. Name it ForegroundService.

Add this code to the ForegroundService.kt:

kotlin
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package com.example.serviceexample

import android.app.*
import android.content.Intent
import android.os.Build
import android.os.IBinder
import android.util.Log
import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat

class ForegroundService : Service() {

private val CHANNEL_ID = "foreground_service_channel"

private val TAG = "ForegroundService"

override fun onCreate() {

super.onCreate()
Log.d(TAG, "Foreground Service Created")

// Create a notification channel (required for Android 8.0 and above)

if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
 val channel = NotificationChannel(CHANNEL_ID, "Foreground Service",
NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_DEFAULT)
val manager = getSystemService(NotificationManager::class.java)
manager.createNotificationChannel(channel)
}

// Create a notification to show while the service is running in the

foreground
val notification = NotificationCompat.Builder(this, CHANNEL_ID)
.setContentTitle("Foreground Service")
.setContentText("Running in the foreground")
.setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_launcher_foreground) // You can set your own
icon
.build()

// Start the service in the foreground with the notification

startForeground(1, notification)
}

override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {

// Perform the foreground task
Thread {
try {
for (i in 1..10) {
Thread.sleep(1000)
Log.d(TAG, "Foreground Task: $i")
}
stopSelf() // Stop the service once the task is done
} catch (e: InterruptedException) {
e.printStackTrace()
}
}.start()

return START_STICKY
}

override fun onBind(intent: Intent?): IBinder? {

// Not used in this example
return null
}

override fun onDestroy() {

super.onDestroy()
Log.d(TAG, "Foreground Service Destroyed")
}
}

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

 ●​ ForegroundService shows a notification while it runs the task in the foreground.​

●​ We create a notification channel for Android versions 8.0 (Oreo) and above.​

●​ startForeground() is used to run the service in the foreground and show a notification.​

🔴 Step 5: Modify MainActivity.kt to Start the Services

Now, let’s add buttons in MainActivity to start both the background and foreground services.

1.​ Open activity_main.xml and modify it to add two buttons:​

xml
CopyEdit
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<!-- Button to start the background service -->

<Button
android:id="@+id/startBackgroundServiceButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Start Background Service"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_marginTop="100dp"/>

<!-- Button to start the foreground service -->

<Button
android:id="@+id/startForegroundServiceButton"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Start Foreground Service"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_below="@id/startBackgroundServiceButton"
android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>
</RelativeLayout>

2.​ Open MainActivity.kt and modify it to start the services when the buttons are clicked:​

kotlin
CopyEdit
package com.example.serviceexample

import android.content.Intent
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

val startBackgroundServiceButton: Button =

findViewById(R.id.startBackgroundServiceButton)
val startForegroundServiceButton: Button =
findViewById(R.id.startForegroundServiceButton)

// Start background service

startBackgroundServiceButton.setOnClickListener {
val backgroundServiceIntent = Intent(this, BackgroundService::class.java)
startService(backgroundServiceIntent)
}

// Start foreground service

startForegroundServiceButton.setOnClickListener {
val foregroundServiceIntent = Intent(this, ForegroundService::class.java)
startService(foregroundServiceIntent)
}
}
}

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ When you click the "Start Background Service" button, the BackgroundService starts in the
background.​

●​ When you click the "Start Foreground Service" button, the ForegroundService starts in the
foreground with a notification.​

✅ Step 6: Run the App

1.​ Click the green play button ▶️ at the top.​
2.​ Choose an emulator or connect your phone.​

3.​ Wait for the app to launch.

====================================================================================
Create an Android application that demonstrates
the use of a Broadcast Receiver to listen for a wifi
status on or off and respond to it.

🛠️ Step-by-Step Guide
🟢 Step 1: Create a New Project
1.​ Open Android Studio.​

2.​ Click New Project.​

3.​ Select Empty Activity.​

4.​ Click Next.​

Fill in these details:

●​ Name: WifiBroadcastReceiverExample​

●​ Language: Kotlin​

●​ Minimum SDK: API 21 or higher.​

●​ Click Finish.​

🟡 Step 2: Add Permissions to AndroidManifest.xml

In order to listen for Wi-Fi status changes, you need to request permissions to access Wi-Fi state.

1.​ Open AndroidManifest.xml.​

2.​ Add the following permissions inside the <manifest> tag:​

xml
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_STATE" />

These permissions are required to monitor Wi-Fi state changes and manage the Wi-Fi state.
🔵 Step 3: Create the Broadcast Receiver
Now, let’s create the Broadcast Receiver to listen for Wi-Fi status changes.

1.​ Create a new Kotlin class called WifiReceiver.kt:​

○​ Right-click on java > your.package.name and choose New > Kotlin Class. Name it
WifiReceiver.​

Add this code to the WifiReceiver.kt:

kotlin
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package com.example.wifibroadcastreceiver

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo
import android.net.wifi.WifiManager
import android.widget.Toast

class WifiReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {

override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {

// Get the Wi-Fi status from the intent
val wifiManager = context.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE) as
WifiManager
val wifiState = intent.getIntExtra(WifiManager.EXTRA_WIFI_STATE,
WifiManager.WIFI_STATE_UNKNOWN)

// Check the Wi-Fi status and show a Toast

if (wifiState == WifiManager.WIFI_STATE_ENABLED) {
Toast.makeText(context, "Wi-Fi is ON", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
} else if (wifiState == WifiManager.WIFI_STATE_DISABLED) {
Toast.makeText(context, "Wi-Fi is OFF", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ The WifiReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver and overrides the onReceive method.​

●​ It listens for Wi-Fi status changes (ON or OFF).​

●​ When the Wi-Fi state changes, it displays a Toast message to show the status ("Wi-Fi is ON" or "Wi-Fi
is OFF").​
🟠 Step 4: Register the Receiver in AndroidManifest.xml
Now, we need to register the Broadcast Receiver in the AndroidManifest.xml so that the app can listen
for Wi-Fi state changes.

1.​ Open AndroidManifest.xml.​

2.​ Add the following <receiver> tag inside the <application> tag:​

xml
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<receiver android:name=".WifiReceiver" android:enabled="true"
android:exported="false">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.net.wifi.WIFI_STATE_CHANGED" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ The <intent-filter> tells the system to listen for the WIFI_STATE_CHANGED action, which is
broadcast when the Wi-Fi state changes (ON or OFF).​

●​ When this event is triggered, the system calls the onReceive() method of the WifiReceiver class.​

🔴 Step 5: Create the UI in activity_main.xml

We can create a simple UI that will show when Wi-Fi status changes. In this case, we'll show a message
through the Toast, but you can also display this in the app UI if needed.

1.​ Open activity_main.xml.​

2.​ Modify it as follows to add a simple TextView (though it's not strictly necessary for the task, but for
clarity, we will show it):​

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<TextView
android:id="@+id/statusTextView"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
 android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Wi-Fi Status: Unknown"
android:textSize="18sp"
android:layout_centerInParent="true"/>

</RelativeLayout>

We’ll use this TextView to show the Wi-Fi status, but for now, the Toast message is the main output.

🟢 Step 6: Update MainActivity.kt to Respond to Wi-Fi State

While the BroadcastReceiver listens for Wi-Fi state changes, let’s update the UI to display the current Wi-Fi
status.

1.​ Open MainActivity.kt.​

2.​ Modify the code to display a message in the TextView when the Wi-Fi status changes:​

kotlin
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package com.example.wifibroadcastreceiver

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.wifi.WifiManager
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.TextView
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

private lateinit var statusTextView: TextView

private lateinit var wifiReceiver: WifiReceiver

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

// Initialize the UI components

statusTextView = findViewById(R.id.statusTextView)

// Initialize the WifiReceiver

wifiReceiver = WifiReceiver()

// Register the receiver to listen for Wi-Fi state changes

val wifiStateChangedFilter = IntentFilter(WifiManager.WIFI_STATE_CHANGED)
 registerReceiver(wifiReceiver, wifiStateChangedFilter)
}

override fun onDestroy() {

super.onDestroy()
// Unregister the receiver to avoid memory leaks
unregisterReceiver(wifiReceiver)
}

// This method will be called by the BroadcastReceiver to update the UI

fun updateWifiStatus(status: String) {
statusTextView.text = "Wi-Fi Status: $status"
}
}

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ We initialize a TextView in the MainActivity to show the Wi-Fi status.​

●​ We register the WifiReceiver to listen for Wi-Fi state changes.​

●​ When the Wi-Fi state changes, we call updateWifiStatus to update the UI with the new status.​

🧠 Step 7: Final Adjustments

●​ The WifiReceiver sends a Toast message and updates the TextView in MainActivity with the
current Wi-Fi state.​

●​ The BroadcastReceiver will respond to changes in Wi-Fi status, i.e., whether Wi-Fi is turned ON or
OFF.​

✅ Step 8: Run the App

1.​ Click the green play button ▶️ at the top.​
2.​ Choose an emulator or connect your phone.​

3.​ Wait for the app to launch.

Create an Android application that demonstrates

the use of a RecyclerView to display a

1)list of items
2) text and image

🛠️ Step-by-Step Guide
🟢 Step 1: Create a New Project
1.​ Open Android Studio.​

2.​ Click New Project.​

3.​ Choose Empty Activity.​

4.​ Set the following:​

○​ Name: RecyclerViewDemo​

○​ Language: Kotlin​

○​ Minimum SDK: API 21 or higher.​

5.​ Click Finish.​

🟡 Step 2: Add RecyclerView to Dependencies

In order to use RecyclerView, you need to add the required dependencies to the build.gradle file.

1.​ Open build.gradle (Module: app).​

2.​ Inside the dependencies block, add the following line:​

gradle
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implementation 'androidx.recyclerview:recyclerview:1.2.1'

3.​ Sync the project by clicking Sync Now when prompted.​

🔵 Step 3: Create a Data Model for the List

You need to create a data model to represent each item in the list. For this example, we'll have a title (text)
and image (URL of the image).

1.​ Create a new Kotlin class called Item.kt in your project:​

○​ Right-click on java > your.package.name and choose New > Kotlin Class. Name it Item.​

kotlin
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data class Item(
val title: String,
val imageUrl: String
)

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ The Item class has two properties: title (a String for the text) and imageUrl (a String for the image
URL).​

🟠 Step 4: Create the Layout for Each Item in the List

Now, create the layout for each individual item in the RecyclerView.

1.​ In the res > layout folder, create a new layout file called item_layout.xml.​

2.​ Add the following XML code:​

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:padding="16dp">

<ImageView
android:id="@+id/itemImage"
android:layout_width="80dp"
android:layout_height="80dp"
android:layout_marginEnd="16dp"
android:scaleType="centerCrop" />

<TextView
android:id="@+id/itemTitle"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
 android:textSize="18sp"
android:gravity="center_vertical" />
</LinearLayout>

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ The layout has a horizontal LinearLayout, where the ImageView (for the image) and the TextView
(for the title) are arranged next to each other.​

●​ We’ll use this layout for each item in the RecyclerView.​

🟢 Step 5: Create the Adapter for RecyclerView

1.​ In your java > your.package.name folder, create a new Kotlin class called ItemAdapter.kt.​

2.​ This adapter will be used to bind data (text and images) to each item in the RecyclerView.​

kotlin
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package com.example.recyclerViewdemo

import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup
import android.widget.ImageView
import android.widget.TextView
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
import com.bumptech.glide.Glide

class ItemAdapter(private val itemList: List<Item>) :

RecyclerView.Adapter<ItemAdapter.ItemViewHolder>() {

// ViewHolder to hold references to the views

inner class ItemViewHolder(itemView: View) : RecyclerView.ViewHolder(itemView) {
val title: TextView = itemView.findViewById(R.id.itemTitle)
val image: ImageView = itemView.findViewById(R.id.itemImage)
}

override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewType: Int): ItemViewHolder

{
val view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.context).inflate(R.layout.item_layout,
parent, false)
return ItemViewHolder(view)
}

override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: ItemViewHolder, position: Int) {

 val item = itemList[position]
holder.title.text = item.title

// Load image using Glide (you need to add Glide dependency)

Glide.with(holder.image.context)
.load(item.imageUrl)
.into(holder.image)
}

override fun getItemCount(): Int = itemList.size

}

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ ItemAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter.​

●​ The ItemViewHolder class holds references to the TextView and ImageView for each item.​

●​ In onBindViewHolder(), the title and image are set for each item using Glide to load images from
URLs.​

🔴 Step 6: Add Glide Dependency for Image Loading

Since we are using Glide to load images, you need to add the Glide dependency.

1.​ Open build.gradle (Module: app).​

2.​ Add the following inside the dependencies block:​

gradle
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implementation 'com.github.bumptech.glide:glide:4.12.0'
kapt 'com.github.bumptech.glide:compiler:4.12.0'

3.​ Click Sync Now to sync the project.​

🟡 Step 7: Update activity_main.xml Layout to Include RecyclerView

Open activity_main.xml and replace its content with the following code to include the RecyclerView:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
 android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<RecyclerView
android:id="@+id/recyclerView"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
</RelativeLayout>

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ A RecyclerView is added to display the list of items.​

🔵 Step 8: Set up RecyclerView in MainActivity.kt

1.​ Open MainActivity.kt.​

2.​ Initialize the RecyclerView and set up the ItemAdapter to bind the data.​

kotlin
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package com.example.recyclerViewdemo

import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.LinearLayoutManager
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

private lateinit var recyclerView: RecyclerView

private lateinit var itemList: List<Item>

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

recyclerView = findViewById(R.id.recyclerView)

// Initialize the data (a list of items with text and image)

itemList = listOf(
Item("Item 1", "https://example.com/image1.jpg"),
Item("Item 2", "https://example.com/image2.jpg"),
Item("Item 3", "https://example.com/image3.jpg")
)
 // Set the layout manager and adapter
recyclerView.layoutManager = LinearLayoutManager(this)
recyclerView.adapter = ItemAdapter(itemList)
}
}

🧠 What’s Happening Here?

●​ A list of Item objects is created.​

●​ The RecyclerView is set with a LinearLayoutManager (to display items in a vertical list).​

●​ The ItemAdapter is used to bind the data to the RecyclerView.​

🟢 Step 9: Run the App

1.​ Click the green play button ▶️ at the top.​
2.​ Choose an emulator or connect your phone.​

3.​ Wait for the app to launch.​

====================================================================================
====================================================================================

Create an Android app development focusing on

the use of a ContentProvider.

🔨 Step-by-Step Guide to Create the App

✅ Step 1: Create New Android Project
1.​ Open Android Studio​

2.​ Click New Project > Empty Activity​

3.​ Name it: ContentProviderDemo​

4.​ Language: Kotlin​

5.​ Click Finish​

✅ Step 2: Create the Layout
In res/layout/activity_main.xml, replace everything with:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="24dp">

<EditText
android:id="@+id/nameInput"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter name" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/insertButton"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Insert Name" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/readButton"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Read Names" />

<TextView
android:id="@+id/displayText"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Saved names will appear here"
android:paddingTop="16dp" />
</LinearLayout>

✅ Step 3: Create the ContentProvider

Create a new Kotlin file: MyContentProvider.kt

kotlin
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package com.example.contentproviderdemo

import android.content.ContentProvider
import android.content.ContentValues
import android.database.Cursor
import android.net.Uri
import android.util.Log

class MyContentProvider : ContentProvider() {

private val names = mutableListOf<String>()

companion object {
const val AUTHORITY = "com.example.contentproviderdemo.provider"
val CONTENT_URI: Uri = Uri.parse("content://$AUTHORITY/names")
}

override fun insert(uri: Uri, values: ContentValues?): Uri? {

val name = values?.getAsString("name")
if (name != null) {
names.add(name)
Log.d("ContentProvider", "Inserted: $name")
}
return uri
}

override fun query(

uri: Uri,
projection: Array<String>?,
selection: String?,
selectionArgs: Array<String>?,
sortOrder: String?
): Cursor? {
val matrixCursor = android.database.MatrixCursor(arrayOf("name"))
for (name in names) {
matrixCursor.addRow(arrayOf(name))
}
return matrixCursor
}

override fun onCreate(): Boolean = true

override fun getType(uri: Uri): String? = null
override fun delete(uri: Uri, selection: String?, selectionArgs: Array<String>?):
Int = 0
override fun update(uri: Uri, values: ContentValues?, selection: String?,
selectionArgs: Array<String>?): Int = 0
}

✅ Step 4: Add ContentProvider in AndroidManifest.xml

Add this inside the <application> tag:
xml
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<provider
android:name=".MyContentProvider"
android:authorities="com.example.contentproviderdemo.provider"
android:exported="true" />

✅ Step 5: Add Logic in MainActivity.kt

Now open MainActivity.kt and write this code:

kotlin
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package com.example.contentproviderdemo

import android.content.ContentValues
import android.net.Uri
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.EditText
import android.widget.TextView
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

private lateinit var nameInput: EditText

private lateinit var insertButton: Button
private lateinit var readButton: Button
private lateinit var displayText: TextView

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

nameInput = findViewById(R.id.nameInput)
insertButton = findViewById(R.id.insertButton)
readButton = findViewById(R.id.readButton)
displayText = findViewById(R.id.displayText)

val uri =
Uri.parse("content://com.example.contentproviderdemo.provider/names")

insertButton.setOnClickListener {
val name = nameInput.text.toString()
val values = ContentValues().apply {
put("name", name)
}
contentResolver.insert(uri, values)
 nameInput.setText("")
}

readButton.setOnClickListener {
val cursor = contentResolver.query(uri, null, null, null, null)
val builder = StringBuilder()

cursor?.let {
while (it.moveToNext()) {
val name = it.getString(it.getColumnIndexOrThrow("name"))
builder.append(name).append("\n")
}
it.close()
}

displayText.text = builder.toString()
}
}
}

✅ Step 6: Run the App

1.​ Click ▶️ Run.​
2.​ Enter names and press "Insert".​

3.​ Press "Read" to show names using the ContentProvider.