UNIT – 5

Django is a Python-based web framework that allows you to create

efficient web applications quickly. It is also called batteries included
framework because Django provides built-in features for everything including
Django Admin Interface, default database – SQLlite3, etc.
By using Django, we can build web applications in very less time. Django is
designed in such a manner that it handles much of configure things
automatically, so we can focus on application development only.

What are the Features of Django?

Rapid Development
Django was designed with the intention to make a framework which takes less
time to build web application. The project implementation phase is a very time
taken but Django creates it rapidly.
Secure
Django takes security seriously and helps developers to avoid many common
security mistakes, such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting, cross-site request
forgery etc. Its user authentication system provides a secure way to manage
user accounts and passwords.
Scalable
Django is scalable in nature and has ability to quickly and flexibly switch from
small to large scale application project.
Fully loaded
Django includes various helping task modules and libraries which can be used
to handle common Web development tasks. Django takes care of user
authentication, content administration, site maps, RSS feeds etc.
Versatile
Django is versatile in nature which allows it to build applications for different-
different domains. Now a days, Companies are using Django to build various
types of applications like: content management systems, social networks sites
or scientific computing platforms etc.
Open Source
Django is an open source web application framework. It is publicly available
without cost. It can be downloaded with source code from the public
repository. Open source reduces the total cost of the application development.
Vast and Supported Community
Django is an one of the most popular web framework. It has widely supportive
community and channels to share and connect.

What are the uses of Django?

1. Web Development: Django is primarily used for building web applications,
ranging from simple websites to complex web platforms.
2. Efficient Development: It provides a streamlined development process
with built-in tools for tasks like URL routing, form handling, and database
interaction, reducing development time.
3. Scalability: Django is capable of handling high levels of traffic and data due
to its scalability features, making it suitable for both small-scale projects
and large-scale applications.
4. Security: Django includes built-in security features such as protection
against common web security threats like SQL injection, cross-site scripting
(XSS), and cross-site request forgery (CSRF).
5. Versatility: It can be used for various types of web applications including e-
commerce platforms, content management systems (CMS), social
networking sites, and more.
6. Community and Support: Django has a large and active community of
developers, providing extensive documentation, tutorials, and support
resources.
7. Customization: Developers can extend Django's functionality through its
modular structure, allowing for customization and integration with third-
party libraries and frameworks.
8. Maintainability: Django promotes clean and maintainable code through its
adherence to best practices and design patterns like Model-View-Template
(MVT), making it easier to maintain and update projects over time.
9. Cross-Platform Compatibility: Django is platform-independent, meaning
it can run on various operating systems, including Linux, macOS, and
Windows.
10. Open Source: Django is an open-source framework, meaning it's free to
use and can be modified and redistributed under the terms of the BSD
license.

Django architecture
Django is based on MVT (Model-View-Template) architecture. MVT is a
software design pattern for developing a web application. Django is an open-
source framework that is used for backend development of web application.

MVT Structure has the following three parts –

 Model: This handles the data of your application, like storing information in
a database.
 View: Views are where you put the code to respond to web requests.
They're like the logic behind what users see on a webpage.
 Template: Templates are used to generate the HTML that is sent to the
user's browser. They define how the information from the views should be
displayed on the webpage.
How GUI is created in python?
What is Tkinter?
Tkinter is a Python Package for creating GUI applications. Python has a lot of
GUI frameworks, but Tkinter is the only framework that’s built into the Python
standard library.
Tkinter has several strengths; it’s cross-platform, so the same code works on
Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Tkinter is lightweight and relatively painless to use compared to other
frameworks. This makes it a compelling choice for building GUI applications in
Python, especially for applications where a modern shine is unnecessary, and
the top priority is to build something functional and cross-platform quickly.

Use Cases of Tkinter

1. Creating windows and dialog boxes: Tkinter can be used to create
windows and dialog boxes that allow users to interact with your program.
These can be used to display information, gather input, or present options to
the user.
To create a window or dialog box, you can use the Tk() function to create a
root window, and then use functions like Label, Button, and Entry to add
widgets to the window.
2. Building a GUI for a desktop application: Tkinter can be used to create
the interface for a desktop application, including buttons, menus, and other
interactive elements.
To build a GUI for a desktop application, you can use functions
like Menu, Checkbutton, and RadioButton to create menus and interactive
elements and use layout managers like pack and grid to arrange the widgets
on the window.
3. Adding a GUI to a command-line program: Tkinter can be used to add a
GUI to a command-line program, making it easier for users to interact with the
program and input arguments.
To add a GUI to a command-line program, you can use functions
like Entry and Button to create input fields and buttons, and use event
handlers like command and bind to handle user input.
4. Creating custom widgets: Tkinter includes a variety of built-in widgets,
such as buttons, labels, and text boxes, but it also allows you to create your
own custom widgets.
To create a custom widget, you can define a class that inherits from
the Widget class and overrides its methods to define the behavior and
appearance of the widget.
5. Prototyping a GUI: Tkinter can be used to quickly prototype a GUI,
allowing you to test and iterate on different design ideas before committing to
a final implementation.
To prototype a GUI with Tkinter, you can use the Tk() function to create a root
window, and then use functions like Label, Button, and Entry to add widgets
to the window and test different layouts and design ideas.
Getting Started with Tkinter
1. Import tkinter package and all of its modules.
2. Create a root window. Give the root window a title(using title()) and
dimension(using geometry()). All other widgets will be inside the root
window.
3. Use mainloop() to call the endless loop of the window. If you forget to call
this nothing will appear to the user. The window will wait for any user
interaction till we close it.

Tkinter Widgets
Tkinter is the GUI library of Python, it provides various controls, such as
buttons, labels and text boxes used in a GUI application. These controls are
commonly called Widgets. The list of commonly used Widgets are
mentioned below –

Widget Description
The Label widget is used to provide a single-line caption for
Label
other widgets. It can also contain images.

The Button widget is used to display buttons in your

Button
application.

The Entry widget is used to display a single-line text field for

Entry
accepting values from a user.

The Menu widget is used to provide various commands to a

Menu
user. These commands are contained inside Menubutton.

The Canvas widget is used to draw shapes, such as lines, ovals,

Canvas
polygons and rectangles, in your application.

Checkbutto The Checkbutton widget is used to display a number of options

n as checkboxes. The user can select multiple options at a time.

The Frame widget is used as a container widget to organize

Frame
other widgets.

Listbox The Listbox widget is used to provide a list of options to a user.

The Menubutton widget is used to display menus in your

Menubutton
application.

The Message widget is used to display multiline text fields for

Message
accepting values from a user.

Radiobutto The Radiobutton widget is used to display a number of options

n as radio buttons. The user can select only one option at a time.

Scale The Scale widget is used to provide a slider widget.

Scrollbar The Scrollbar widget is used to add scrolling capability to

 Widget Description
various widgets, such as list boxes.

Text The Text widget is used to display text in multiple lines.

The Toplevel widget is used to provide a separate window

Toplevel
container.

A labelframe is a simple container widget. Its primary purpose

LabelFrame
is to act as a spacer or container for complex window layouts.

tkMessageB This module is used to display message boxes in your

ox applications.

The Spinbox widget is a variant of the standard Tkinter Entry

Spinbox widget, which can be used to select from a fixed number of
values.

PanedWind A PanedWindow is a container widget that may contain any

ow number of panes, arranged horizontally or vertically.

Geometry Management
All Tkinter widgets have access to specific geometry management methods,
which have the purpose of organizing widgets throughout the parent widget
area. Tkinter exposes the following geometry manager classes: pack, grid, and
place. Their description is mentioned below –
Widg
et Description

pack( This geometry manager organizes widgets in blocks before placing

) them in the parent widget.

This geometry manager organizes widgets in a table-like structure in

grid()
the parent widget.

place( This geometry manager organizes widgets by placing them in a

) specific position in the parent widget.

Here is a list of some common Tkinter events which are

generally used for making the application interactive.
 <Button> − Use the Button event in a handler for binding the Mouse wheels
and Buttons.
 <ButtonRelease> − Instead of clicking a Button, you can also trigger an
event by releasing the mouse buttons.
 <Configure> − Use this event to change the widgets properties.
 Destroy − Use this event to kill or terminate a particular widget.
 <Enter> − It actually works like <return> event that can be used to get the
focus on a widget with mouse Pointer
 <Expose> − The event occurs whenever a widget or some part of the
application becomes visible that covered by another window in the
application.
 <Focus In> − This event is generally used to get the focus on a particular
widget.
 <Focus Out> − To move the focus from the current widget.
 <Key Press> − Start the process or call the handler by pressing the key.
 <KeyRelease> − Start the process or call an event by releasing a key.
 <Leave> − Use this event to track the mouse pointer when user switches
from one widget to another widget.
 <Map> − Use Map event to show or display any widget in the application.
 <Motion> − Track the event whenever the mouse pointer moves entirely
within the application.
 <Unmap> − A widget can be unmapped from the application. It is similar to
hiding the widget using grid_remove().
 <Visibility> − An event can happen if some part of the application gets
visible in the screen.