END USER COMPUTING AFRICA SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY

END USER COMPUTING

STUDY GUIDE

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COPYRIGHT © AST

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical

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methods, without the prior written permission of AST. Individual’s found guilty of copywriting will be
prosecuted and will be held liable for damages.

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE MODULE

End User computing is an essential skill in any business today and is required in order for businesses
to meet local and global economic challenges and requirements of a digital world.

Additionally, End User Computing is foundational and generic, which allows for maximum mobility
between qualifications. Apart from the workplace needs End User Computing will address, it is also
designed as an entry- level qualification into most further education and training fields.

This module guide will be used for the following module

namely:

End User Computing (NQF level 3) – covers the basic understanding of ICT and progresses to the
foundational knowledge of using the following applications: MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS
Outlook and MS Access

2. MODULE PURPOSE

The purpose of this module is to enable learners to develop skills who need a fundamental
understanding of the concepts of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) either as a user
of computers or as basic knowledge for a career needing this competency, like the ICT industry.

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3. MODULE CONTENT

UNIT 1: CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

UNIT 2: USING THE COMPUTER AND MANAGING FILES:

UNIT 3: MS WORD 2016

UNIT 4: MS EXCEL 2016

UNIT 5: MS POWERPOINT

UNIT 6: INTERNET AND EMAIL

UNIT 7: ICT IN EVERYDAY LIFE

UNIT 8: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

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5.1 UNIT 1: CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF THE

MODULE

LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THE MODULE ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF THE

MODULE

Demonstrate the understanding of ICT ICT is explored to discover all the concepts that are
concepts associated with end- user associated with it.
computing

Apply word processing skills in a GUI-based Microsoft Office suite of applications is explored to
application
equip students with word processing skills.

Apply presentation skills in a GUI- based Microsoft Office suite of applications is explored
application to equip students with presentation skills

Apply spreadsheet skills in a GUI- based Microsoft Office suite of applications is explored
application to equip students with spreadsheet skills

Ability to apply electronic mail (email) Microsoft Office suite of applications is explored to
skills in a GUI-based application equip students with skills for e-mail communication

Apply Web Browser skills in a GUI- based Web browsers are explored to equip the student
application with the necessary navigation skills

Understanding of impact of ICT and its ICT is further explored to understand its impact in
use in an organisation different sectors and in the student’s daily life.

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5.1.1 What is Information? “

Information is data processed for some purpose. Information can only be considered:
 To be 'real Info’ if it meets certain criteria i.e. It must be communicated to the recipient
 To be in a language that is understood.
 To be in a suitable form
 To be relevant for achieving some purpose

5.1.2 What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce
information (output), and store the information for future use.

5.1.3 Functionalities of a computer

Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
 Takes data as input
 Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required
 Processes the data and converts it into useful information
 Generates the output
 Controls all the above four steps

5.1.4 Computer Types “

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A computer can be defined as a fast electronic calculating machine that accepts the (data) digitized
input information process it as per the list of internally stored instructions and produces the resulting
information. List of instructions are called programs & internal storage is called computer memory.

The different types of computers are:

1. Personal computers: - This is the most common type found in homes, schools, business offices
etc., It is the most common type of desk top computers with processing and storage units along
with various input and output devices.
i. Note book computers: - These are compact and portable versions of PC
ii. Work stations: - These have high resolution input/output (I/O) graphics capability,
but with same dimensions as that of desktop computer. These are used in engineering
applications of interactive design work

2. Minicomputers: - A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the features

and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical size. Example mobile devices,
PDAs.

A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and microcomputer, and is smaller than the
former but larger than the latter. Minicomputers are mainly used as small or mid-range servers
operating business and scientific applications. However, the use of the term minicomputer has
diminished and has merged with servers. A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer.

3. Super computers: - These are used for large scale numerical calculations required in the
applications like weather forecasting etc.

5.1.5 Functional Units“

A computer consists of five functionally independent main parts input, memory, arithmetic logic unit
(ALU), and output and control unit.

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Input device accepts the coded information as source program i.e. high level language. This is either
stored in the memory or immediately used by the processor to perform the desired operations. The
program stored in the memory determines the processing steps. Basically the computer converts
one source program to an object program. i.e. into machine language.

Finally, the results are sent to the outside world through output device. All of these actions are
coordinated by the control unit.

Input unit: - The source program/high level language program/coded information or data is fed to
a computer through input devices of which the keyboard is a most common type. Whenever a key
is pressed, one corresponding word or number is translated into its equivalent binary code over a
cable and fed either to memory or processor. Joysticks, trackballs, mouse, scanners etc. are other
input devices.
Memory unit: - Its function is to store programs and data. It is basically divided
into two types:
 Primary memory
 Secondary memory

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a) Primary memory: - Is the one exclusively

associated with the processor and programs must
be stored in this memory while they are being
executed. The memory contains a large number
of semiconductor storage cells. Each is capable of
storing one bit of information. These are
processed in a group of fixed size called word.
To provide easy access to a word in memory, a distinct address is associated with each word location.
Addresses are numbers that identify memory location. Number of bits in each word is called word
length of the computer. Programs must reside in the memory during execution. Instructions and data
can be written into the memory or read out under the control of processor.
Memory in which any location can be reached in a short and fixed amount of time after specifying its
address is called random-access memory (RAM). The time required to access one word is called
memory access time. Memory which is only readable by the user and contents of which can’t be
altered is called read only memory (ROM) and it is part of the operating system.
Caches are the small fast RAM units, which are coupled with the processor and are often contained on
the same integrated circuit (IC) chip to achieve high performance. Although primary storage is
essential, it tends to be expensive.

b) Secondary memory: - Is used where large

amounts of data and programs have to be stored,
particularly information that is accessed
infrequently. Examples of secondary memory
include, magnetic disks and tapes, optical disks (i.e.
CD-ROM’s), floppies etc.

Central Processing Unit

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A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the
instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling and
input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): - Most of the computer operations are executed in the ALU of the
processor like addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, etc. the operands are brought into the
ALU from memory and stored in high speed storage elements called registers. Then according to the
instructions the operation is performed in the required sequence

The control unit and the ALU are many times faster than other devices connected to a computer
system. This enables a single processor to control a number of external devices such as keyboards,
displays, magnetic and optical disks, sensors and other mechanical controllers.

Output unit: - These actually are the counterparts of the input unit. Its basic function is to send the
processed results to the outside world. Examples: - Printer, speakers, monitor etc.

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Control unit: - It effectively is the nerve centre that sends signals to other units and senses their states.
The actual timing signals that govern the transfer of data between input unit, processor, memory and
output unit are generated by the control unit.

5.1.6 Hardware and Software

A computer system is made up of a combination of hardware and software. Hardware:
All of the electronic and mechanical equipment in a computer is called the hardware. Examples
include:

 Hardware Hard disk

 RAM
 Power supply
 Processor
 Case
 Monitor
 Keyboard
 Mouse

Software:

The term software is used to describe computer programs that perform a task or tasks on a
computer system. Software can be grouped as follows:

System software:

These are the programs that control the operation of the computer system. Operating systems (OS)
and utility programs are the most common. The Operating System starts the computer, provides a
user interface, manages the computer memory, manages storage, manages security and provides
networking and internet facilities to mention a few of its capabilities. There are many OS’s on the
market including Microsoft Windows XP, Microsoft Windows Vista, Apple OS X, Unix and Linux.
Windows is by far the most commonly used OS in the world, but Linux in particular, is making inroads
into this dominance

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Utility programs perform maintenance tasks on the computer system. This includes file management
programs, uninstall programs, disk scanners and defragmenters, backup utilities, antivirus etc. These
can be included in the OS or purchased separate

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Device drivers are programs that control particular hardware devices. They are supplied with new
hardware and must be run so the hardware can communicate with the OS. They are supplied with
printers, graphics cards, scanners etc.

Application Software:
This software is used to do non-system based tasks. Categories include business software,
engineering software, medical software, games etc

5.1.7 PC Components

A computer system is a collection of electronic and mechanical devices operating as a unit. These
devices can be sorted according to the role they play in the computer system. The main device
categories are:

Input devices These devices are used to get data into the computer system
Processing devices These manipulate the data using a set of instructions called a program
Output devices These are used to get data out of a computer system

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Storage devices Utilised to store the data for use at a later stage
Communications devices These can send the data to another computer system

The main parts of a computer system are

System Unit The container for the motherboard, disk drives etc.
Monitor The main output device for the system.
Keyboard The main input device for the system
Mouse An input device allowing interaction with the system using pointing and clicking
Speakers Used to output sounds and music from the system

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5.1.8 System Unit Devices and Peripherals “

The system unit is the main container for system devices. It protects the delicate electronic and
mechanical devices from damage. Typical system unit devices include:
• Motherboard
• CPU (Processor)
• Memory
• Disk Drives
• Expansion cards - sound card, graphics card, network card etc.
• Ports – USB etc
• Power Supply

Peripherals are devices that connect to the system unit using cables or wireless technologies. Typical
peripherals include:

• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Printer
• Speakers
• Printers
• Plotter
• Scanner

5.1.9 System Unit Devices

The Processor (CPU)

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A processor is an integrated circuit (IC) supplied on a single silicon chip. All of the components
and pathways necessary for the movement of data around the processor are etched on this single
chip.

The processor’s function is to control the activities of the computer system. A computer program is
made up of instructions and when the program is run, the processor is responsible for carrying out
these instructions in an orderly fashion. The type of instructions the processor can execute includes:
• Arithmetic instructions - It carries out all the addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division requested by computer programs.
• Logical instructions - It can make decisions by comparing data and acting in a particular
way depending on the result.
• Move operations - It can move data from place to place within the computer system.
This could be from memory to the processor for addition or from memory to a printer or
disk drive etc.

The speed of a processor is measured in megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz). This is the speed of
the system clock (clock speed) within the processor and it controls how fast instructions can be
executed:
• 1 MHz - One million clock ticks every second
• 1 GHz - One billion clock ticks every second

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This means that if one instruction was executed every clock tick, a 3GHz processor could execute
three billion instructions every second.

The two main computer processor manufacturers are Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).
These two companies produce almost all of the processors used in desktop and notebook computers.
o Intel produces the Pentium and Centrino ranges of processors.
o AMD produces the Athlon and Turion ranges of processors.

The performance of these chips relative to each other is forever changing and it would be difficult to
claim one is better than the other in the long term.

The latest trend in processor manufacture is to essentially put more than one processor on a silicon
chip. These multi-core processors can have two, three or four processor cores on a single chip. This
obviously vastly increases the performance of the computer system as long as the programs run on
the systems can take advantage of the multi-cores.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Known as primary storage, it is the main working memory of the computer system. Data and
programs currently in use are held in RAM. It is called random access because data can be accessed
in any order. If you are working on a drawing in the Paint program, the Paint program and the drawing
under construction are both held in RAM. RAM is volatile which means that when the computer is
turned off, the contents of RAM are lost. This is why it is essential to save your work on a regular basis.

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Because of the volatility of RAM, most software programs have an autosave feature to prevent the
total loss of your work.

RAM is made in the form of integrated circuits (IC’s) in the same manner as a processor. These IC’s
are placed on a circuit board to produce a memory module. The most common RAM technology is
dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
In this technology, a transistor and a capacitor are paired to store one Bit (binary digit) of data. In
essence, if the capacitor is charged, a binary 1 is stored and if it is discharged, a binary 0 is stored. The
transistor acts as a switch to allow the capacitor’s state to be changed as required.

Ports at the front of the computer

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Serial port

Although more or less obsolete, they are still included in new systems. The serial port is a 9-pin
port. Windows call them Com ports - Com1, Com2 etc. Mice and external modems were connected
to these ports. They are turquoise in colour.

Parallel port
This 25-pin port is used to connect printers, scanners, external hard disks, zip drives etc. to the
computer. It is burgundy in colour and windows refers to them as LPT ports - LPT1, LPT2 etc. The
original port only supported single direction communication but the modern parallel ports can support
bi-directional communications. This is essential for reporting ink levels etc. in printers.
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USB port
The universal serial bus was intended to replace Serial, Parallel and PS/2 ports with a single standard.
127 devices can be connected to a single USB port and computers are often supplied with six to
ten ports. USB is hot swappable which means that devices can be connected and disconnected without
turning off the computer system, something that should never be attempted with parallel or serial
devices.

There are different USB standards in use:

• USB 1: This is the original standard and can transfer data at 1.5MBps. This is too slow
for external hard disks with capacities of 500GB or more.
• USB 2: This is forty times faster than USB1 and has a data transfer rate of 60MBps.
This is the current standard.
• USB3: this is tem times faster than USB2 and 400 times faster than the original
USB1. it has a data transfer rate of 600MBps and will be common on new computer
systems in 2009
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SECTION 2: HARDWARE
Computer hardware is the collection of physical parts of a computer system. This includes the
computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. It also includes all the parts inside the computer case,
such as the hard disk drive, motherboard, video card, and many others. Computer hardware is what
you can physically touch.

Motherboard - The motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. It is also known as the
motherboard or system board.

CPU - The CPU is the central electronic chip that determines the processing power of the computer.

Memory - Memory is a part of the computer that temporarily stores applications, documents, and
some operating information.
Bus - A bus is an electronic line that allows 1s and 0s to move from one place to another.
Expansion Slots - Expansion slots appear on the motherboard. They are sockets into which adapters
are connected.
Ports and Connectors - A port is a connector located on the motherboard or on a
separate adapter.
Bays - A bay is a space inside the computer case where a hard drive, floppy drive or CD-ROM drive sits
Power Supply - A power supply changes normal household electricity into electricity that a computer
can use. Sound Components - A sound card lets a computer play and record high quality sound.

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How computers work

A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control
unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are
interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.

Control Unit

The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) directs the various components
of a computer. It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions in the program one by one. The control
system decodes each instruction and turns it into a series of control signals that operate the other
parts of the computer.

Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic. The set of arithmetic
operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to adding and subtracting or might include
multiplying or dividing, trigonometry functions (sine, cosine etc) and square roots.

Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR and NOT. These can be useful both for creating
complicated conditional statements and processing Boolean logic.

Memory
A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each
cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to
"put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the
number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595". The information stored in memory
may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into
memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of

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information, it is up to the software to give significance to what the memory sees as a series of
numbers.

Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random access memory or RAM and read-
only memory or ROM. RAM can be read and written anytime the CPU commands it. But ROM is pre-
loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can
only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's
initial start-up instructions.

Input and output devices:

Input
The input hardware allows the entry of data into the computer. The primary devices used are the
keyboard and mouse.

Keyboard - The keyboard looks like the typewriter. A numeric keypad is located to the right of the
keyboard. Numeric keys have the same placement as a 10-key calculator, which allow the operator
to enter data rapidly.

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Mouse - The mouse is a device that helps control the movement of the insertion point
on the screen. Central Processing Unit (CPU).

The central processing unit or (CPU) is the "brain" of the computer. It contains the electronic circuits
that cause the computer to follow instructions from ROM (read only memory) or from a program
in RAM (Random Access Memory).

Output

Computer Storage Devices

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Different kinds of computer storage devices are available for data storage. Storing data in such
storage devices helps in avoiding use of too much space on the computer's hard drive. They can also
help to keep the computer's hard drive from crashing, along with keeping it running at top speed.
The most common storage devices are:
• Floppy Disks
• Zip Disks
• Compact Discs (CD) + RW
• CD + R
• Digital Video Disc (DVD) + RW
• DVD + R

Flash/ Pen drive

CD + RW Disc (Compact Disc Rewriteable) - This disc looks like a regular CD. The only difference is
that we can write data on this disc and erase it as many time as we want. It works just like a floppy
disk or a zip disk. A CD + RW disc holds about 650 MB. CD + R Disc (Compact Disc Recordable) - This
one is a CD that can be used to record data. It’s mostly used to record audio. Once it's been written
on, it is not possible to rewrite or erase anything off it. This compact disc comes in different sizes, but
they are usually silver in colour. (Some CDs are black in colour and they actually don't get as many
scratches on them as the silver ones do. They are also a
lot less fragile).

A DVD – R Disc (Digital Video Disc - Recordable) – These

discs hold the space of about 4.7 GB and are used to
record movies.

A DVD + RW Disc (Digital Video Disc Rewriteable) - The primary advantage of DVD-RW over DVD-R
is the ability to erase and rewrite to a DVD-RW disc. According to Pioneer, DVD-RW discs may be

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written to about 1,000 times before needing replacement. DVD-RW discs are commonly used for
volatile data, such as backups or collections of files. They are also increasingly used for home DVD
video recorders. One benefit of using a rewritable disc is, if there are writing errors when recording
data, the disc is not ruined and can still store data by erasing the faulty data.

Flash Drive - This a storage device that comes in many colours and has a stick shape to it. They are
very small in size, but they can hold anywhere between 256 MB and 8 GB of material on them.

The other storage devices are:

• Removable Hard Drive
• Internet Hard Drive
• Flash
• PC Cards
• Smart Cards

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• Storage Tapes
• Memory Sticks
• Smart Media
• Removable Hard Drive

This is a disk drive in which a plastic or metal case surrounds the hard drive. It can be inserted and
removed just like a floppy disk.
PC Card - This is a thin credit card size device that fits into a PC card slot, usually on a notebook
computer. This card simply adds storage to most notebooks.

Smart Cards - These are the size of an ATM card. When inserted into a smart card reader, they
can read and update data.

SECTION 3: SOFTWARE

Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A program is

a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software:

• System Software

• Application Software

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System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared by the computer
manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level languages, which
interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between the
hardware and the end users.

Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc

Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system software:

• Close to the system
• Fast in speed
• Difficult to design
• Difficult to understand
• Less interactive
• Smaller in size
• Difficult to manipulate
• Generally written in low-level language

Application Software

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Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment.
All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the category of Application
software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for writing and
editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package,
which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package

Examples of Application software are the following

• Payroll
Software
• Student Record Software
• Inventory Management Software
• Income Tax Software
• Railways Reservation Software
• Microsoft Office Suite
Software
• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft
Excel
• Microsoft
PowerPoint

Features of application software are as follows −

• Close to the user

• Easy to design
• More interactive
• Slow in speed
• Generally written in high-level language
• Easy to understand
• Easy to manipulate and use
• Bigger in size and requires large storage space

SECTION 4: INFORMATION NETWORKS

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A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as
printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications.

• Different Types of Networks

• Depending upon the geographical area covered by a network, it is classified as:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Personal Area Network (PAN)

Local Area Network (LAN)

A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among computer devices, usually within an
office building or home.
LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware devices that may be needed by
multiple users.
• Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no more than a mile
• Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
• Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting to each device
• Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fibre optic cable can be used in wired
LAN’s.
• Every LAN uses a protocol –a set of rules that governs how packets are configured and
transmitted.
• Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain topology. These topologies include: – Bus –
Ring – Star
• LANs are capable of very high transmission rates (100s Mb/s to G b/s).

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Advantages of LAN
• Speed
• Cost
• Security
• E-mail
• Resource Sharing

Disadvantages of LAN
• Expensive to Install
• Requires Administrative Time
• File Server May Fail
• Cables May Break

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) “

• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a
city or a large campus.
• A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks
of buildings to entire cities.
• MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by
many individuals and organizations.
• A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of regional resources.
• A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter.
• Examples of MAN: Telephone company network that provides a high speed Digital Subscriber
Line
• (DSL) to customers and cable TV network.

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Wide Area Network (WAN) “

• WAN covers a large geographic area such as country, continent or even whole of the world.
• A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. The LANs can be many miles apart.
• To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data over leased high-speed phone lines or
wireless links such as satellites.
• Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices such as bridges, routers, or gateways,
which enable them to share data.
• The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.

Personal Area Network (PAN) “

A PAN is a network that is used for communicating among computers and computer devices
(including telephones) in close proximity of around a few meters within a room. It can be used for

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communicating between the devices themselves, or for connecting to a larger network such as the
internet.

PAN’s can be wired or wireless

3D Printing

In 3D printing, it all starts with the creation of a 3D model in your computer. This digital design is for
instance a CAD (Computer Aided Design) file. A 3D model is either created from the ground up with
3D modelling software or based on data generated with a 3D scanner.

3D Scanners
Currently, prices of 3D scanners range from expensive industrial grade 3D scanners to DIY scanners
anyone can make at home. With a 3D scanner you’re able to create a digital copy of an object.

3D Modelling Software
3D modelling software come in many forms. There’s industrial grade software that costs thousands
a year per license, but also free open source software, like Blender, for instance.
3D modeling software are often made to suit the functions of the user’s industry. This has resulted
in the rise of software suited to specific niches. As a result, there are software applications on the

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market that cater to aerospace or transportation, furniture design or fabrics and fashion among
many others.

For this reason, when you are starting out, the amount of choices can be a bit overwhelming, we
recommend starting with Tinkercad. Tinkercad is available for free and it works in browsers that
support WebGL, for instance Google Chrome. They offer beginner lessons and has a built in option
to get your object printed via various 3D print services. Now that you have a 3D model, the next
step is to prepare it in order to make it 3D printable.

Slicing: From 3D Model to 3D Printer

You will have to slice a 3D model in order to make it 3D printable. Slicing is dividing a 3D model
into hundreds or thousands of horizontal layers and is done with slicing software.

Sometimes it’s possible to slice a 3D file within a 3D modeling software or in the 3D printer
itself. It is also possible that you are forced to use a certain slicing tool for a certain 3D printer.

When your 3D model is sliced, you are ready to feed it to your 3D printer. This can be done via USB,
SD or Wi- Fi. It really depends on what 3D printer brand you work with. When a file is uploaded in a
3D printer, the object is ready to be 3D printed layer by layer.

Learn How to 3D Print – Where to Start?

Getting started with 3D printing means asking yourself what you would like to learn first. Are you
interested in the hardware, or do you want to focus on the end result – creating objects? Answering
this question could lead you to the decision if whether you should buy a pre-assembled 3D Printer or
a DIY 3D Printer kit.

When a manufacturer uses high quality parts (motors, frame, electronics), this will affect the price of
the end product. When the parts are of high quality it doesn’t automatically mean the prints will turn
out great – there are too many other factors that play a role as well.

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When a manufacturer decides to go cheap on parts it can market the product for a good price.
On the other hand, it doesn’t automatically mean that a cheap 3D printer will give you bad print
results. But you’ll probably have to put in more time and effort to get to the same level.

Secondly there’s Research and Development. It can take years of groundwork and engineering
before the final product is a stable, high quality 3D printer. Manpower can become costly overtime
which of course needs to be earned back.

The next element that influences the price of a 3D printer is: assembly. In general it’s cheaper and
more efficient to ship just the parts compared to a fully assembled 3D printer. This can be in the form
of a DIY kit or a semi- assembled 3D printer. This doesn’t necessarily mean that all DIY kits or semi-
assembled 3d printers are cheap. Some DIY kits contain such high quality parts that even though you
have to assemble it yourself it’s still pretty expensive. Additionally, some brands that market do-it-
yourself kits put a lot of time and effort in making educational tutorials and focus on customer service
– which also doesn’t come cheap.

And this brings us to the last point that determines the 3D printer price: customer service and
warranty.
There’s a good chance you’ll run into problems when you buy a 3D printer. In case you’ve chosen a
3D printer from an established brand you’ll pay more but you will have the reassurance that there’s
always support to back you up. Also, when for instance something breaks during shipping, you’ll be
glad you chose a product with warranty.

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5.2 UNIT 2: USING THE COMPUTER AND MANAGING FILES:

Getting Started

2.1.1 Icons

Icons are small pictures (pictograms) on a computer screen and they all represent programs, folders,
files and shortcuts.
 A double-click on a program icon will start the appropriate program.
 A double-click on the folder icon will open a window that shows files and folders contained in
that folder.
 A double-click on the file icon will start the appropriate program and open that file in the
appropriate program.

Shortcuts are files that point to other programs, program files or folders found somewhere on the
computer. A double-click on the shortcut icon will start either the appropriate program, or the
appropriate file and corresponding program, or appropriate folder.

2.1.2 Working With Files

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A file is a set of digital data. Each file has a name, an icon (assigned by the operating system) and an
extension. Files are placed within folders (for easier reference). To browse computers for files and
folders we use Windows Explorer. It displays a hierarchical view of folders and files.

There are four types of libraries:

 The Documents library – this library is used for organizing and saving documents (text files,
workbooks, presentations etc.)
 The Pictures library – it is used for organizing and saving pictures
 The Music library – it is used for organizing and saving music
 The Videos library – it is used for organizing and saving video materials
 Each file and folder has its path – an address of its location

Open Windows Explorer

• open the Music library
• press the New Folder button on the toolbar
• enter a name for this folder

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Storage devices and hierarchical display of files and folders.

Each device has an icon, name and letter in the parentheses (A, B, C, D, E)
There can be one or more Hard Disk Drives (HDD) on the computer, or there can be one HDD
divided into partitions.

When the hard disk is not divided into partitions and the DVD-ROM is connected. When the hard disk
is not divided into partitions and the DVD-ROM and CD-RW are connected. When the hard disk is
divided into two partitions and the DVDROM and CD-RW are connected.

• Hard Disk Drive (first partition): D DVD-ROM D DVD-

ROM D
• Hard Disk Drive (second partition): E CD-RW E DVD-ROM F CD-RW

2.2 Desktop

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A desktop can be contained in a window that is part of the total display area or can be a full screen,
taking up the total display area. Users can have multiple desktops for different projects or work
environments they have and can switch between them.

2.2.1 The history of desktops

It is tempting to think of the desktop as being synonymous with the Windows graphical user interface
(GUI), but the concept of a desktop has existed for longer than the Windows operating system.

Tandy released a text-based desktop called DeskMate in 1984. Like modern desktops, users could
work with DeskMate to open applications and documents and to browse disk contents. Microsoft
released Windows 1.0 near the end of 1985.

Windows has included a graphical desktop ever since the release of Windows 1.0. Although Windows
10 still bears some similarities to Microsoft's early desktops, the Windows desktop has evolved
considerably over the years. As Windows matured, for example, the desktop included higher video
resolution and colour depth.

One of the more significant changes Microsoft made to the Windows desktop was the introduction
of Active Desktop. The company introduced Active Desktop along with Internet Explorer 4.0 in 1997.
It was first intended for use on Windows 95, but was eventually supported by Windows 98 and Vista
before the company eventually discontinued it. The Active Desktop feature displayed HTML content
directly on the Windows desktop.

In Windows 8, Microsoft broke away from using the traditional desktop layout. The release eliminated
the Start menu and introduced a new interface called Metro, which Microsoft designed to compete
with mobile operating systems, such as Apple iOS.

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Although Windows 8 included a desktop layout, it forced users to toggle back and forth between the
desktop interface and the Metro interface depending on which application they were using. The
hallmark of the Metro interface was live tiles, which were tiles that could display application data,
such as weather information or stock market reports, as opposed to acting as static desktop icons.

In Windows 10, Microsoft brought back the Start menu, and it merged Metro and the legacy Windows
desktop into a single, blended desktop interface.

2.2.2 Other GUI desktops

Although Microsoft is largely credited with the introduction and evolution of the GUI desktop, nearly
all modern desktop operating systems include a GUI desktop. This is true of Windows, Apple macOS
and Linux.

2.2.3 Virtual desktops

A virtual desktop refers to a desktop operating system, such as Windows 10, that runs on top of an
enterprise hypervisor. End users access virtual desktops through thin clients. A remote desktop
protocol transmits screen images and keyboard and mouse inputs between the user's device and the
server on which the virtual desktop runs.

How consumer desktops differ from enterprise desktops

From a functional standpoint, there is no difference between a consumer desktop and an enterprise
desktop. Even so, enterprise desktops tend to be more tightly controlled. Enterprise desktops are
commonly branded with a wallpaper containing the organization's logo, and they typically include a
set of icons that the IT department has approved.

2.3 Information and Settings

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Windows 10's Settings menu will look familiar to Windows 8.1 users -- it's a more robust, more Control
Panel-like version of the Settings charm. In the new Settings menu, you'll find some familiar prompts:
System, Devices, Network & Internet, Personalization, Accounts, Time & language, Ease of Access,
Privacy, and Update & security. At the top of the main window, you can search the Settings menu for
a specific setting; anything you type here will prompt a drop-down menu of suggestions.

Let's take a look at the System tab, which is where you will find most of your computer's general
settings and setup utilities.

Generally, the first thing to look for in a System tab is the actual system info, which you can find by
clicking About. Here you will see your computer's basic specs, including processor, memory, and
operating system info, as well as what edition of Windows you're currently running.

From this screen, you can quickly rename your computer by clicking Rename PC and following the
prompts to rename your computer for network identification purposes. (For a more detailed guide
on how to rename your computer, check out How to change your computer's name in Windows 10.)

Under Related settings, you will see a list of settings you may have been looking for when you initially
clicked on About: Additional administrative tools, Bitlocker settings, Device manager, and System info.
These links take you to Control Panel windows Microsoft hasn't completely scrapped the Control
Panel.

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To check how much hard-drive space your computer has, click Storage. This screen shows the
different drives (including partitions, external hard drives, and attached media) currently connected
to your PC, and also lets you choose default save locations for different file types (apps, documents,
music, pictures and videos). To choose a default save location for a file type, pick the location from
the drop-down menu and click Apply.

In Related settings, you'll see a link to Change where you store offline maps. This takes you to the
Offline maps section (which is also located directly under the Storage link.

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Storage only shows you how much space apps and other files are taking up on your computer -- if
you need to free up space, click Apps & features to see a list of installed apps sorted by name (you
can also sort them by size and date). Click on a non-native app and you will see two options: Modify
and Uninstall. Modify lets you modify how the app is installed on your computer (including moving it
to a different partition or drive), while uninstall lets you uninstall it.

The Related settings features a link to the Control Panel window Programs and Features, where you
can uninstall and change any programs that don't appear in the Apps & features section.

2.4 Software Installations

You can install software that you download from the Web or from a CD or DVD for use on the
Windows 10 desktop. (Windows 10 apps must be installed through the Microsoft Store.)

From the internet

You should download and install programs only from trusted publishers and retail websites

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Answers A, B, C, and E are correct. You can manipulate a window by opening, closing, resizing, or
moving it. Answer D is incorrect because you can't actually delete a window although you can close
it when you're do

5.3 UNIT 3: MICROSOFT WORD

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS UNIT: ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF THIS UNIT:

Work with documents Activities are provided to practice getting started

with MS Word

Create and edit small sized word processing Exercises are provided to practice document
documents creation, insertion of pictures and other objects and
formatting.
Insert table Exercises are engaged with to practice saving the
document in different locations
Adjust page settings Revision questions are provided to test the
students’ knowledge of the MS Word application

3.1 Using the Application

Word, you can choose to start from a blank document or let a template do much of the work for you.
From then on, the basic steps in creating and sharing documents are the same. And Word's powerful
editing and reviewing tools can help you work with others to make your document great.

The Ribbon

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To use the Ribbon, first click a tab. Then locate the command you need by scanning the group names,
and then hunting down the button. Click the button to activate the command or to display a menu
from which you can choose a command.

Some items on the Ribbon let you input text or values, or make other settings.
Galleries on the Ribbon display a smattering of tiles. To see them all, click the Show Gallery button in
the lower- right corner of the gallery, as illustrated.

Use the dialog box launcher icon in the lower-right corner of a group to open a dialog box relevant to
the group’s function. Not every group features a dialog box launcher.

The amazingly frustrating thing about the Ribbon is that it can change. Some tabs may appear and
disappear, depending on what you’re doing in Word.

Clicking the File tab replaces the contents of the Word window with a screen full of commands and
other information. To return to the Word window, click the Back button or press the Esc key.

3.2 Document Creation

It’s often easier to create a new document using a template instead of starting with a blank page.
Word templates come ready-to-use with pre-set themes and styles. All you need to do is add your
content

Each time you start Word, you can choose a template from the gallery, click a category to see more
templates, or search for more templates online.

For a closer look at any template, click it to open a large preview.

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If you’d rather not use a template, click Blank document.

3.2.1 Open a document

Every time you start Word, you’ll see a list of your most recently used documents in the left column.
If the document you’re looking for isn’t there, click Open Other Documents.

If you’re already in Word, click File > Open and then browse to the file’s location.

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When you open a document that was created in earlier versions of Word, you see Compatibility Mode
in the title bar of the document window. You can work in compatibility more or you can upgrade the
document to use Word 2016.

Creating a Table

1) Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon

2) Click on Table
3) Highlight the number of columns and rows you’d like

OR

4) Click Insert Table

5) Click the arrows to select the desired number of columns

6) Click the arrows to select the desired number of rows

7) Click OK

Table Formatting

After you create a table, you can format the entire table by using Table Styles. By resting your pointer
over each of the preformatted table styles, you can preview what the table will look like.
 Click in the table that you want to format..
 Under Table Tools, click the Design tab

In the Table Styles group, rest the pointer over each table style until you find a style that you want to
use. Note: To see more styles, click the More arrow .

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 Click the style to apply it to the table.

 In the Table Style Options group, select or clear the check box next to each the table element
to apply or remove the selected style.

Add or remove borders

You can add or remove borders to format a table the way that you want Add table borders.

Under Table Tools, click the Layout tab.

In the Table group, click Select, and then click Select Table. Under Table Tools, click the Design tab.
In the Table Styles group, click Borders, and then do one of the following:

 Click one of the predefined border sets.

 Click Borders and Shading, click the Borders tab, and then choose the options that you want.

Remove table borders from the whole table

Under Table Tools, click the Layout tab.

In the Table group, click Select, and then click Select Table. Under Table Tools, click the Design tab.
In the Table Styles group, click Borders, and then click No Border. Add table borders to specified cells
only
On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Show/Hide.

Select the cells that you want, including their end-of-cell marks. Under Table Tools, click the Design
tab.

In the Table Styles group, click Borders, and then click the border that you want to add. Remove table
borders from specified cells only
On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Show/Hide.

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Select the cells that you want, including their end-of-cell marks. Under Table Tools, click the Design
tab. then click

In the Table Styles group, click Borders, and No Border.

Mail Merge

A mail merge in Word will combine a prepared letter with a mailing list, so that bulk mail is
personalised before it is sent out. For example, you might be part of an organisation that has a list of
members and you want to let them know about an upcoming Annual General Meeting. Your mailing
list would be the list of members’ names and addresses, and the prepared letter would be a letter
informing them of the AGM. Each letter produced will be identical, apart from the personalised
portions.
The three files involved in the mail merge process are:

1. Your main document

2. Your mailing list
3. The merged document

The Main Document

You should prepare your document before you start the mail merge, so type that out and save it now.
Once it’s ready, you will then tell Word the type of mail merge you are about to start: go to the Mailings
tab and click Start Mail Merge > Letters.

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Now we will link the letter to your mailing list. The Mailing List

Your mailing list can be stored in a variety of different locations, such as an Excel spreadsheet, an
Access database, a directory of Outlook contacts, or an Office address list. It contains the personalised
details that will be combined with the document.
If you don’t have a mailing list when you begin the mail merge, you can get Word 2016 to create one
during the merge. We recommend that you create the mailing list before you commence the merge
though, so for this example we’ll assume you have an Excel spreadsheet that contains names and
address that you want to mail the letter to.

Link The Mailing List To The Document

Go to the Mailings tab and click Select Recipients in the Start Mail Merge Group. We’re going to
assume you have a mailing list ready to use, although you can create one on the fly. Select Use An
Existing List.

In our example, we have an Excel Spreadsheet, so navigate to where that is and select it. Select the
sheet that contains your data and click OK. If the first row in your spreadsheet is a header row, make
sure that you check the box to say so.

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Now that you have established the link between your document and mailing list, save the document.
We’re going to assume that you want to send your letter to everyone on your list, but if you want to,
you can select only certain entries from the list.

Insert Merge Field

We now need to tell Word what personal details to add to the letter and where. To do this, we will
insert merge fields in the main document. We’re going to keep things very simple and we’re just going
to insert the most basic information. In our example we will insert member names and addresses.

First of all position the cursor where you want the address to appear on your letter. Then, on the
Mailings tab, in the Write & Insert Fields group, choose Address Block.

In the window that opens, you get the chance to review and amend the format of the address that
will be inserted when the merge is actually run.

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Make any changes you need and click OK. You will ten see the <<AddressBlock>> placeholder appear
where you inserted it.

Let’s add a greeting line: position the cursor where you want the greeting and in the Write & Insert
Fields group, click Greeting Line. Again, you get the chance to review and amend teh greeting, so make
your changes and click OK. You will see the <<GreetingLine>> placeholder where you inserted it.

The address and greeting are standard items, that most people will want to use in their mail merges,
so they get their own special buttons in the ribbon. What if you want to insert data that is not in the
Write & Insert Fields group? You will need the Insert Merge Fields button for that.

In our example we have an email address column in the spreadsheet. We’ll add that now: click Insert
Merge Fields

> email.

Word gets all the column headings in the spreadsheet and lists them for you to select from. An
<<email>>placeholder is inserted.

All the <<>> placeholders inserted will get populated with real data from your spreadsheet when the
merge is run.
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Run the Mail Merge

The preparation is complete! All that is left to do is preview what the merged letter will look like, and
then run it. Click Preview Results, and then choose the Next record button or Previous record button
to make sure the names and addresses in the body of your letter look right

Make any changes you feel are necessary, and then, once happy, click Finish & Merge > Print
Documents to run the merge and print.

 Don’t forget to save your document

 Preparing Outputs

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 Page orientation

Word offers two page orientation options: landscape and portrait. Compare our example below to see
how orientation can affect the appearance and spacing of text and images.
 Landscape means the page is oriented horizontally

To change page orientation:

1. Select the Layout tab.

2. Click the Orientation command in the Page Setup group.

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3. A drop-down menu will appear. Click either Portrait or Landscape to change the page orientation

The page orientation of the document will be changed.

Page size

By default, the page size of a new document is 8.5 inches by 11 inches. Depending on your project,
you may need to adjust your document's page size. It's important to note that before modifying the
default page size, you should check to see which page sizes your printer can accommodate.

To change the page size:

Word has a variety of predefined page sizes to choose from.
1. Select the Layout tab, then click the Size command.

2. A drop-down menu will appear. The current page size is highlighted. Click the desired
predefined page size.

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The page size of the document will be changed.

To use a custom page size:

Word also allows you to customize the page size in the Page Setup dialog box.
1. From the Layout tab, click Size. Select More Paper Sizes from the drop-down menu.

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2. The Page Setup dialog box will appear.

3. Adjust the values for Width and Height, then click OK

4.The page size of the document will be changed.

A margin is the space between the text and the edge of your document. By default, a new document's
margins are set to Normal, which means it has a one-inch space between the text and each edge.
Depending on your needs, Word allows you to change your document's margin size.
To format page margins
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1. A drop-down menu will appear. Click the predefined margin size you want

3. The margins of the document will be changed.

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The Page Setup dialog box will appear.

3. Adjust the values for each margin, then click OK.

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4. The margins of the document will be changed.

3.3 Formatting

Open your document in Read Mode to hide most of the buttons and tools so you can get absorbed in
your reading without distractions

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Activity 5
3.3.1 Track changes

When you’re working on a document with other people or editing a document yourself, turn on Track
Changes to see every change. Word marks all additions, deletions, moves, and formatting changes.

3.2 Print your document

All in one place, you can see how your document will look when printed, set your print options, and
print the file.

1. On the File tab, click Print.

2. Do the following

 Under Print, in the Copies box, enter the number of copies you want.
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 Under Printer, make sure the printer you want is selected.

 Under Settings, the default print settings for your printer are selected for you. If you want to
change a setting, just click the setting you want to change and then select a new setting.
3. When you’re satisfied with the settings, click Print

5.4 UNIT 4: MICROSOFT EXCEL

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS UNIT: ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF THIS UNIT:

Work with Spreadsheets Activities are provided to practice getting started

with MS Excel

Enter data into cells Practices exercises are provided to assist in creating
worksheets, formatting, and working with formulas
and functions.
C reate and format charts

Work with Spreadsheets Activities are provided to practice getting started

with MS Excel

Using the application

Excel is a spreadsheet program that allows you to store, organize, and analyse information. While you
may believe Excel is only used by certain people to process complicated data, anyone can learn how
to take advantage of the program's powerful features. Whether you're keeping a budget, organizing
a training log, or creating an invoice, Excel makes it easy to work with different types of data.

4.1.1 The Excel interface

When you open Excel 2016 for the first time, the Excel Start Screen will appear. From here, you'll be
able to create a new workbook, choose a template, and access your recently edited workbooks

From the Excel Start Screen, locate and select Blank workbook to access the Excel interface

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4.1.2 Working with the Excel environment

The Ribbon and Quick Access Toolbar are where you will find the commands to perform common
tasks in Excel. The Backstage view gives you various options for saving, opening a file, printing, and
sharing your document.

The Ribbon

Excel 2016 uses a tabbed Ribbon system instead of traditional menus. The Ribbon contains multiple
tabs, each with several groups of commands. You will

 Each tab will have one or more groups

 Some groups will have an arrow you can click for more options

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 Click a tab to see more commands

 You can adjust how the Ribbon is displayed with the Ribbon Display Options.

To change the Ribbon Display Options:

The Ribbon is designed to respond to your current task, but you can choose to minimize it if you find
that it takes up too much screen space. Click the Ribbon Display Options arrow in the upper-right
corner of the Ribbon to display the drop-down menu

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There are three modes in the Ribbon Display Options menu:

 Auto-hide Ribbon: Auto-hide displays your workbook in full-screen mode and completely
hides the

Ribbon. To show the Ribbon, click the Expand Ribbon command at the top of screen.

 Show Tabs: This option hides all command groups when they're not in use, but tabs will
remain visible.

To show the Ribbon, simply click a tab.

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Show Tabs and Commands: This option maximizes the Ribbon. All of the tabs and commands will be
visible. This option is selected by default when you open Excel for the first time.

4.2 Cells

Whenever you work with Excel, you'll enter information—or content—into cells. Cells are the basic
building blocks of a worksheet. You'll need to learn the basics of cells and cell content to calculate,
analyze, and organize data in Excel.

Every worksheet is made up of thousands of rectangles, which are called cells. A cell is the intersection
of a row and a column—in other words, where a row and column meet.

Columns are identified by letters (A, B, C), while rows are identified by numbers (1, 2, 3). Each cell has
its own name—or cell address—based on its column and row. In the example below, the selected cell
intersects column C and row 5, so the cell address is C5, this is called cell referencing

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Note that the cell address also appears in the Name box in the top-left corner, and that a cell's column
and row headings are highlighted when the cell is selected.

You can also select multiple cells at the same time. A group of cells is known as a cell range. Rather
than a single cell address, you will refer to a cell range using the cell addresses of the first and last cells
in the cell range, separated by a colon. For example, a cell range that included cells A1, A2, A3, A4, and
A5 would be written as A1:A5. Take a look at the different cell ranges below:

 Cell range A1:A8

 Cell range A1:F1

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To select a cell:

To input or edit cell content, you'll first need to select the cell.

1. Click a cell to select it. In our example, we'll select cell D9.

2. A border will appear around the selected cell, and the column heading and row heading will
be highlighted. The cell will remain selected until you click another cell in the worksheet

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4.3 Managing worksheets

To insert a new worksheet:

1. Locate and select the New sheet button near the bottom-right corner of the Excel window

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2. A new blank worksheet will appear.

To copy a worksheet:
If you need to duplicate the content of one worksheet to another, Excel allows you to copy an
existing worksheet.
1. Right-click the worksheet you want to copy, then select Move or Copy from the worksheet
menu.

The Move or Copy dialog box will appear. Choose where the sheet will appear in the Before sheet:
field. In our example, we'll choose (move to end) to place the worksheet to the right of the existing

Check the box next to Create a copy, then click OK.

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4. The worksheet will be copied. It will have the same title as the original worksheet, as well as
a version number. In our example, we copied the November worksheet, so our new
worksheet is named November (2). All content from the November worksheet has also been
copied to the new worksheet.

To rename a worksheet:

1 Right-click the worksheet you want to rename, then select Rename from the worksheet
menu.

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2. Type the desired name for the worksheet.

3. Click anywhere outside the worksheet tab, or press Enter on your keyboard. The worksheet
will be
renamed.

To move a worksheet:
1. Click and drag the worksheet you want to move until a small black arrow appears above
the desired location.

2. Release the mouse. The worksheet will be moved.

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To delete a worksheet:
1. Right-click the worksheet you want to delete, then select Delete from the worksheet menu.

2. The worksheet will be deleted from your workbook.

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Switching between worksheets

If you want to view a different worksheet, you can simply click the tab to switch to that worksheet.
However, with larger workbooks this can sometimes become tedious, as it may require scrolling
through all of the tabs to find the one you want. Instead, you can simply right-click the scroll arrows
in the lower-left corner, as shown below.

A dialog box will appear with a list of all of the sheets in your workbook. You can then double-click
the sheet you want to jump to

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4.4 Formulae and Functions

A formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell. Functions are predefined formulas
and are already available in Excel.
For example, cell A3 below contains a formula which adds the value of cell A2 to the value of cell
A1.

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For example, cell A3 below contains the SUM function which calculates the sum of the range A1:A2.

Enter a Formula
To enter a formula, execute the following steps.

Activity 5:
 Enter a formula

1. Select a cell.
2. To let Excel know that you want to enter a formula, type an equal sign (=).
3. For example, type the formula A1+A2.

Tip: instead of typing A1 and A2, simply select cell A1 and cell A2.
4. Change the value of cell A1 to 3.

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Excel automatically recalculates the value of cell A3. This is one of Excel's most powerful features!

Edit a Formula
When you select a cell, Excel shows the value or formula of the cell in the formula bar.

1. To edit a formula, click in the formula bar and change the formula

2. Press Enter

Operator Precedence

Excel uses a default order in which calculations occur. If a part of the formula is in
parentheses, that part will be calculated first. It then performs multiplication or division
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calculations. Once this is complete, Excel will add and subtract the remainder of your formula.
See the example below.

First, Excel performs multiplication (A1 * A2). Next, Excel adds the value of cell A3
to this result. Another example,

First, Excel calculates the part in parentheses (A2+A3). Next, it multiplies this result by the value of
cell A1

Copy/Paste a Formula
When you copy a formula, Excel automatically adjusts the cell references for each new cell the
formula is copied to. To understand this, execute the following steps.
1. Enter the formula shown below into cell A4.

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2a. Select cell A4, right click, and then click Copy (or press CTRL + c),

Next select cell B4, right click, and then click Paste under 'Paste Options:' (or press CTRL + v).

2b. You can also drag the formula to cell B4. Select cell A4, click on the lower right corner of cell
A4 and drag it across to cell B4. This is much easier and gives the exact same result

Result. The formula in cell B4 references the values in column B.

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Insert a Function

Every function has the same structure. For example, SUM(A1:A4). The name of this function is SUM.
The part between the brackets (arguments) means we give Excel the range A1:A4 as input. This
function adds the values in cells A1, A2, A3 and A4. It's not easy to remember which function and which
arguments to use for each task. Fortunately, the Insert Function feature in Excel helps you with this.
To insert a function, execute the following steps.
1. Select a cell.
2. Click the Insert Function button.

The 'Insert Function' dialog box appears

3. Search for a function or select a function from a category. For example, choose COUNTIF from
the Statistical category.

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4. Click OK.
The 'Function Arguments' dialog box appears.
5. Click in the Range box and select the range A1:C2.
6. Click in the Criteria box and type >5.
7. Click OK.

Result. The COUNTIF function counts the number of cells that are greater than 5.
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Note: instead of using the Insert Function feature, simply type =COUNTIF(A1:C2,">5"). When you
arrive at:
=COUNTIF( instead of typing A1:C2, simply select the range A1:C2.

5.5 UNIT 5: MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS UNIT: ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF THIS UNIT:

Work with presentations Activities are provided to practice getting started

with MS PowerPoint

Understand different presentation views Practice exercises are provided to practice

Enter, edit and format text in presentations selecting layouts, adding text, pictures, charts and
to equip students with advanced PowerPoint skills

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Choose, create and format charts to Revision questions are provided to test the
communicate information student’s understanding

5.1 Using the Application

When you open PowerPoint for the first time, the Start Screen will appear. From here, you'll be able
to create a new presentation, choose a template, and access your recently edited presentations. From
the Start Screen, locate and select Blank Presentation to access the PowerPoint interface.

The Ribbon and Quick Access Toolbar are where you will find the commands to perform common tasks
in PowerPoint. Backstage view gives you various options for saving, opening a file, printing, and sharing
your document.

The Ribbon

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PowerPoint uses a tabbed Ribbon system instead of traditional menus. The Ribbon contains multiple
tabs, each with several groups of commands. For example, the Font group on the Home tab contains
commands for formatting text in your document

Some groups also have a small arrow in the bottom-right corner that you can click for even more
options.

Showing and hiding the Ribbon

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The Ribbon is designed to respond to your current task, but you can choose to minimize it if you find
that it takes up too much screen space. Click the Ribbon Display Options arrow in the upper-right
corner of the Ribbon to display the drop-down menu.

Auto-hide Ribbon: Auto-hide displays your workbook in full-screen mode and completely hides the
Ribbon. To show the Ribbon, click the Expand Ribbon command at the top of screen.

 Show Tabs: This option hides all command groups when they're not in use, but tabs will
remain visible. To show the Ribbon, simply click a tab.
 Show Tabs and Commands: This option maximizes the Ribbon. All of the tabs and commands
will be visible. This option is selected by default when you open PowerPoint for the first time

Using the Tell me feature

If you're having trouble finding command you want, the Tell Me feature can help. It works just
like a regular search bar: Type what you're looking for, and a list of options will appear. You
can then use the command directly from the menu without having to find it on the Ribbon.

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The Quick Access Toolbar

Located just above the Ribbon, the Quick Access Toolbar lets you access common commands no
matter which tab is selected. By default, it includes the Save, Undo, Redo, and Start From Beginning
commands. You can add other commands depending on your preference.

The Ruler, guides, and gridlines

PowerPoint includes several tools to help organize and arrange content on your slides, including the
Ruler, guides, and gridlines. These tools make it easier to align objects on your slides. Simply click
the check boxes in the Show group on the View tab to show and hide these tools.

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5.2 Developing a presentation

PowerPoint files are called presentations. Whenever you start a new project in PowerPoint, you'll
need to create a new presentation, which can either be blank or from a template. You'll also need to
know how to open an existing presentation.

To create a new presentation:

When beginning a new project in PowerPoint, you'll often want to start with a new blank
presentation.

1. Select the File tab to go to Backstage view.

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2. Select New on the left side of the window, then click Blank Presentation.

To create a new presentation from a template:

A template is a predesigned presentation you can use to create a new slide show quickly. Templates
often include custom formatting and designs, so they can save you a lot of time and effort when
starting a new project
1. Click the File tab to access Backstage view, then select New.
2. You can click a suggested search to find templates or use the search bar to find
something more specific. In our example, we'll search for the keyword
chalkboard.
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3. Select a template to review it.

4. A preview of the template will appear, along with additional information on

how the template can be used.
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5. Click Create to use the selected template.

6. A new presentation will appear with the selected template.

5.3 Adding Text

Before you can move or arrange text, you'll need to select it.

 Click next to the text you want to select, drag the mouse
over the text, then release your mouse. The text will be
selected

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Copying and moving text

PowerPoint allows you to copy text that is already on a slide and paste it elsewhere, which can
save you time. If you want to move text, you can cut and paste or drag and drop the text.

To copy and paste text:

1. Select the text you want to copy, then click the Copy command on the Home tab.

2. Place the insertion point where you want the text to appear.
3. Click the Paste command on the Home tab.

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4. The copied text will appear.

To cut and paste text:

1 Select the text you want to move, then click the Cut command.

2. Place the insertion point where you want the text to appear, then click the Paste command.

3. The text will appear in the new location.

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5.6 UNIT 6: INTERNET AND EMAIL

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS UNIT: ASSOCIATED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF THIS UNIT:

Accomplish everyday wed browsing Activities are provided to practice working with
tasks browsers and to help in understanding
components of web browsers.

Complete and submit web based forms Activity is provided to practice working with MS
Outlook for email

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Understand what the internet is and common

terms associated with it

Understand the concept email

6.1 Web Browsing

The way Internet has evolved over the years, makes it difficult for us to believe that it was created to
allow data transfer and communications in case of a nuclear attack on US or a big disaster. Internet
has come a long way from a restricted-use network created for such a special purpose. People today
communicate with friends, family and business contacts, participate in community activities
developed around their interest areas, shop, bank, study, entertain themselves, and research using
the Internet. It is therefore becoming essential for people to learn how to use Internet and email.

Before we begin learning how to use the Internet and email, we must get familiar with some of the
fundamental concepts. Internet is a huge network of computers. People connect their computers to
local networks, which in turn are connected to regional networks and these regional networks are
connected to a central structure called backbone.

6.1.1 TCP/IP

Just like two people can communicate easily if they talk in the same language and its rules. Similarly,
all computers connected to Internet follow same rules and procedures, also called protocols, to
communicate with each other. These protocols, or the common language, of the Internet are known
as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol or TCP/IP.

Every computer on the Internet has a unique address. This is a four-part numeric address called
Internet Protocol Address or IP address, and it contains information that identifies the location of this
computer. Some examples of IP addresses are 255.230.54.1, or 10.11.0.220. Therefore, we can see
that each part of IP address is a number ranging between 0 and 255.

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6.1.2 DNS

Most computers also have an address called a Domain Name System address or DNS address. A DNS
address has two parts: a host name which stands for the name the computer; a domain name that
identifies the type of organisation from which the computer is connected. Some of the most used
domain names today are .com which is used by commercial organisations; .edu used by educational
institutions; .net used by network service providers; .org used by non-profit organisations; and .gov
used by government departments and organisations.

6.1.3 World Wide Web

When we mention Internet, we are actually referring to the World Wide Web (WWW or the web). The
web was developed as a method for incorporating footnotes, figures, and cross-references into online
hypertext documents, also called web pages. These web pages are files encoded by using the
hypertext markup language or HTML, and this language allows developers to insert hypertext links in
the documents. It is through this facility that the web has become so useful for all of us. The web users
can click any link on a web page to access more information about these links. A collection of related
web pages is called a website. The first page of a website is called its home page. On the home page,
links to various webpages of the website are listed.

6.1.4 Web Browsers

You need a web browser to access web pages on the web. A web browser is a software application
specially designed to look up and open web pages on the user's computer. The two most popular web
browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer, and Netscape Navigator. For the purpose of this tutorial we
will refer to the Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 which is used by a vast majority of web users.

6.1.5 URL

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The World Wide Web is built on a set of rules called the Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). This
protocol requires the Internet addresses in a special format, called URL or Uniform Resource Locator.
A typical example of a URL is as follows:

http://www.enablingdimensions.com/home/home.html

Let us see what the various parts of a URL stand for:

 http:// :stands for a server that uses the hypertext transfer protocol b. www : means the
website is on the World Wide Web
 enabling dimensions: part of the Internet stands for the name of the
service/company/organisation
 home: whose website you are accessing refers to a web folder belonging to the website of
enabling dimensions
 home.html refers to the specific web page in the web folder named home.

Sometimes the name of the web page is not displayed in the URL. However, each web page on the
web has a unique URL. To access a website, you must know its URL and that URL should be typed in
the Address bar of the web browser used by you.

6.1.6. Emails

To send and receive mails in electronic format, an email account and an Internet connection are
required. There are email programs available to help you manage your emails on your computer. Some
of the most commonly used email programs are Microsoft Outlook Express and Netscape Messenger.
However, it is not essential to have an email program to be able to send and receive emails. There are
several free email service providers on the web, including Hotmail, Yahoo!, Rediffmail and Indiatimes.
You need to register with them and open an account with them to start sending and receiving emails

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After you drop your letter in the post box, the post-man collects and takes it to the central post office.
From here it is dispatched to the recipient's city. Similarly, after an email is sent from a computer, it is
sent to the nearest mail server. Here, depending on the recipient's domain and top-level domain
name, the mail is forwarded to the mail servers closest to the recipient.

To deliver a letter, a postman collects the recipient's mail from the central post office and delivers it
to the recipient's home. Similarly, whenever the recipient connects to his mail server, the email
program retrieves the mail from there and presents it to the recipient.

Irrespective of what time of the day you send a mail, and no matter how far your recipient is, the
whole process of sending and receiving mails takes a few seconds.

6.1.7. Email Address

Just like every letter should have an address where it can be delivered, there are addresses for
sending and receiving emails also. Every email user has a unique email address.

A typical example of an Email address is as follows:

 [email protected]

Email addresses have three parts:

 User name - 'sam' in the example. The user name refers to the mailbox of the recipient.
 Domain name - 'internet' in the example. The domain name refers to the mail server - a type
of computer where the recipient has an electronic mailbox. It is usually the name of a
company or an Internet service provider. A domain name and user name are always
separated by the axiom symbol '@'.
 Top-level domain - '.com' in the example. The top-level domain is always preceded by a dot
and refers to the country or type of organisation where the recipient's domain mail server is
located. Some of the commonly used top-level domains are
o .com - A commercial enterprise or an online service
o .edu - An educational institution or university
o .org - A non-profit organization
o net - A network

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To be able to use Internet and email, you need to set up a connection with an Internet Service Provider
(ISP). Internet connections are available over the telephone line through dial-up modems or DSL; over
cable through Cable T. V. wires; and through wireless. The most common way of connecting to the
Internet is over telephone line using a dial-up modem. However, lately Internet over cable is also
becoming quite popular. There are also a large number of cyber cafes in the country offering Internet
Access facility on hourly rental basis.

Before you begin, ensure that you have an Internet connection on your PC. If you are accessing from
home, you need to connect to the net using the software provided by your service provider. This
software can be launched from the Program sub-menu in Start Menu or from Desktop, if there is a
shortcut on the desktop.

6.2 Starting Microsoft Internet Explorer

To access websites on the web, we need to launch a web browser. Here we will learn to access
websites using the web browser from Microsoft - the Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0. To launch
Internet Explorer, follow the instructions given below

1. Press the start button to open the start menu. Go to Programs and open the programs sub-
menu.

2. Now use the down arrow direction key to reach the option labeled Internet Explorer, and
press Enter.

3. Alternatively, you can use the shortcut icon for Internet Explorer on the desktop.

6.2.1 Components of Microsoft Internet Explorer

The components of Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 are quite similar to the Windows Explorer. It
consists of the following parts:

1. Title Bar - It is the topmost part of the web browser, and is a thin rectangular strip. The left hand
corner of Title bar displays, the icon of Internet Explorer, name of the web site, and name of the
program i.e. Internet Explorer. On the right hand corner the three buttons - Minimize, Maximize
and Close are displayed.
2. Menu Bar - This consists of a horizontal row of command options. These are File, Edit, View,
Favorites, Tools, and Help.
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3. Standard Tool Bar - It displays shortcut icons of some of the most frequently used commands
on the browser.
4. Short cut links bar - This may or may not be present. It displays shortcuts to a few most
preferred links by the user
5. Address Bar - It displays the URL of the website being accessed by the user.
6. Contents Pane - The contents of the web page will be displayed here.
7. Status Bar - It displays the status of download, connectivity and the URL of the link being
downloaded.

6.2.2. Accessing websites

To access websites, follow the instructions given below:

1. Ensure that you are connected to the Internet. Launch the Internet Explorer from the start
menu, programs sub-menu.
2. Go to file menu option of the Internet Explorer by pressing the Alt key. Open the file menu drop
down by using the down arrow direction key. In this drop down, use the down arrow direction
key to go to the option labelled 'open'. This will open the 'Open' dialog box. Alternatively, you
can press Control key and O key. The cursor will be in an edit text box. Here type the URL of the
website you want to visit. We will take the example of Enabling Dimensions website. So, type
www.enablingdimensions.com in the open edit text box, and press Enter.
3. The browser will then look for the Enabling Dimensions website on the web. The status bar will
display "searching www.enablingdimensions.com". When it finds the website, the status bar
will display 'website found'. After this a process of displaying the website on your computer will
begin, this process is called downloading. The page that appears after downloading is complete
is called the home page of the website.

6.2.4. Using Search Engines:

The web has become a huge repository of information on a variety of topics. This makes it a preferred
mode to research on a large number of topics. However, the volume of information is so large, that it
makes the access to right information difficult and slow. This is the reason for the popularity of Search
Engines. Search Engines help web-users to find information quickly. Some of the most popular search
engines are Google, Altavista, and Hotbot. Usually search engines have a text box, where the users
have to enter the information they want to search on the web. On pressing Enter, the search engine
looks for a match to the words entered in the text box. After a few moments, a list of search results is
displayed on the screen. This list usually consists of a listing of links to various websites containing and
a brief description of each link. These results are arranged according to their accuracy, i.e. the closer

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the match with the text entered by the user, the higher up the list it is placed. The user, then has to
browse through this list to find which results are relevant and open the links by pressing Enter key on
them.

We will learn to conduct search on Google.

1. Open Internet Explorer.

2. Press control key + O key to open the 'Open' dialog
box, type www.google.com and press enter key.
3. In a few moments the home page of the Google website will be
opened. The cursor will be placed in the search text box, press
enter key to put on the forms mode. Now, type the text you want
to search on the web in this box and press enter key.
4. In a few seconds, the search results will be listed on your
computer.
5. Use Tab to browse the links. Or if you are already know the link,
press Insert key + F7 key to open the links listing dialog box.
Now, use the arrow direction keys to reach the link you want to
access, and press enter key.

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