DE LA SALLE LIPA

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL
:

Jarabejo, Jared Michael Vohn L.

SC2

EXPERIMENT #5 THE PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT I.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the characteristics of a parallel RLC circuit.

II. DISCUSSION

In working with resistances in parallel, we found that the more resistors we connect in
parallel, the less is the total resistance. In a way, the solution of parallel circuits is a bit
more involved than the solution of series circuits. In solving parallel circuits, we use
the same procedure as before but the results are less predictable.
The total impedance would depend on the nature of the elements. The total
impedance may not always become smaller with the additional elements in parallel.
III. COMPONENTS NEEDED

ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY

AC voltmeter 1
AC ammeter 1
Lamp, 220V, 100 W 1
1H inductor 1
5uF capacitor 1

IV. PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 5.1.

2. Measure and record the voltage and the currents of each element. Measure and
record the total current.
3. Using Ohm’s law, compute for the total impedance.
4. Compute for the total impedance using the capacitance and inductance of the
elements.
5. Compute for the percent difference between Z and Z’.

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 5.1. The Experimental Circuit

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

IT ET IR IL IC IT Z Z’ %diff Ɵ
0.118 223.3 0.416 0.368 0.378 - 534.21 549.85 2.84% 45.83

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COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

VII. QUESTIONS

1. What conditions must be fulfilled for a series circuit to be the exact equivalent of
a given parallel circuit?
- when they both use the same size battery and use the same amount of electricity.

2. What is the significance of equivalent circuits in the analysis of electric and

electronic circuits?
- Equivalent circuits helps in recognizing and predicting a device's operation. Electronic
devices may be disassembled into many fundamental theoretical parts. The analogous
circuit is a model constructed from these perfect parts. It may be applied to simulation,
design, finding defects, and explanations.

VIII. CONCLUSION

- The primary purpose of the similar circuits is to simplify the original circuit. They are
mainly employed in theoretical deduction or in implementation of greater understanding.
As said, it enables ease. additionally for generalization. All you know how to design for
your input is that one sub-system has a certain output. Based just on that wide knowledge,
you have to construct your system. In contrast, you could desire to streamline a large
system that you have. Additionally, you might need to combine an unknown system's
components into a new system even though you already have one. This approach has to be
tested, and then you may even have an acceptable concept of what's in that unknown with
that information.

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 DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL
:

Jarabejo, Jared Michael Vohn L.

EXPERIMENT #6: IMPEDANCES IN SERIES AND PARALLEL I.
OBJECTIVE
To measure the voltages and currents in an AC network.

II. DISCUSSION

Except for the fact that phasor algebra has to be used, AC circuit analysis
is similar to DC circuit analysis. Of course, this is easier said than done. AC circuit
analysis is much, much more difficult than DC circuit analysis. Long and tedious
computations have to be performed before we could get the results.

In this experiment, we are to get the voltages and currents experimentally.

This is much easier than the analytical approach. Of course, the phase angle
cannot be measured with the available instruments. This is often sufficient for
most applications.
.
III. COMPONENTS NEEDED
ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY
AC voltmeter 1
AC ammeter 1
Lamp, 220V, 100 W 2
1H inductor 1
1.2 H inductor 1
4uF capacitor 1
5uF capacitor 1

IV. PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 6.1.

2. Measure and record the voltages and currents indicated in the table.

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 6.1. The Experimental Circuit

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

𝐼𝐴𝐵 𝐼𝐵𝐶 𝐼𝐵𝐷 𝐼𝐴𝐶 𝐼𝐴𝐷 𝐼𝐶𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐵 𝑉𝐵𝐶 𝑉𝐵𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝐶𝐷
0.370 0.260 0.218 0.253 0.371 0.090 365.5 0.446 359.7 365.9 155.4 0.518

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COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

VII. QUESTIONS

1. What is the significance of the phase angle?

- One key component of a periodic wave is its phase angle. It also provides information on
the phase shift that exists between the total electric current and voltage. Additionally, a
periodic change with respect to time, distance, or both describes the displacement of a
periodic wave.

2. Compare the merits of Kirchoff’s law and the superposition theorem in solving AC
networks.

- Since Kirchhoff's Law offers a fundamental equation that is simple to derive, it is

frequently employed in a variety of theorems used in circuit analysis. However, the
Superposition Theorem is frequently applied to circuits that have several voltage sources;
as a result, the theorem offers a far simpler method of simplifying the circuit with that
feature.

VIII. CONCLUSION

- It might be challenging to monitor the voltages and currents in each component of an AC

Series-Parallel combo RLC circuit. Thus, the analysis of such a circuit may likewise be
challenging. To have an accurate computation and equivalent circuit representation when
analyzing the aforementioned circuit, a number of key concepts and theorems must be
applied. On the other hand, the phase angle of a circuit has significance because it
shows how the circuit is related to its impedance, power factor, and other factors.

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 DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL
:

Jarabejo, Jared Michael Vohn L.

SC2
EXPERIMENT #7: POWER DISSIPATION IN AC CIRCUITS I. OBJECTIVES

1. To study power dissipation in complex circuits.

2. To measure and compare the true power with the apparent power in such a
circuit.

II. DISCUSSION

The power dissipated by a resistive network can be defined as the product of the
rms voltage and rms current. This definition is found to be inadequate when there is
some angle between the instantaneous voltage and current. That is, the definition
given above does not hold when the network contains reactive elements.
In a purely reactive circuit, there is a 90 degree difference between the
instantaneous voltage and current such that shown in Fig. 7.1. In this sketch the
voltage is represented by the solid line while the current is represented by the dotted
line. The instantaneous power is arrived at by taking the product of the instantaneous
voltage and current. If the voltage and current are exactly 90 degrees out of phase,
then the average power will be zero since the instantaneous power is positive half of
the time and negative the other half of the time. If power is measured using the
voltmeter-ammeter method, the result will not be zero. This nonzero result is called
the “apparent power”, 𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠.

On the other hand, if the instantaneous voltage and current are in phase or are
out of phase by some angle less than 90 degrees, the situation shown in Fig. 7.2, 7.3
and 7.4 will result. Again the average power will be less than the value computed by
taking the product of the rms voltage and the rms current in Fig. 7.3 and 7.4.
The average power dissipated in an AC circuit is called the “true power” and the
product of the rms voltage and the rms current is called the “apparent power”. We see
that in a complex circuit, the apparent power will in general exceed the true power.

Fig. 7.1. Purely resistive load (inductive)

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COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

Fig. 7.2. Unity power load

Fig. 7.3. Lagging power factor load

Fig. 7.4. Leading power factor load (capacitive)

III. COMPONENTS NEEDED

ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY

AC voltmeter 1
AC ammeter 1
Lamp, 220V, 100W 1
1H inductor 1
5uF capacitor 1

IV. PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 7.5.

2. Record the rms voltage and the rms current.
3. Compute the apparent power and record it.

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COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL
:

4. Measure the power dissipated in the lamp using wattmeter and record it.
5. Compute the power dissipated in the lamp using the formula 𝑃 = 𝐼2𝑅. Note: The
power dissipated in an inductor is given by 𝑃𝐿 = 𝐼2𝑅𝐿. Neglect the power dissipated
in the capacitor.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for the circuits shown in Fig. 7.6 And 7.7.

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 7.5. The experimental circuit (1)

Fig. 7.6. The experimental circuit (2)

Fig. 7.7. The experimental circuit (3)

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

Circuit E I S QL QC PR PT (comp) % diff

Fig. 7.5 212.0 0.115 34.38 X 0.794 23.78 24.37 2%
Fig. 7.6 212.0 0.100 21.20 0.684 X 17.91 21.19 17.92%
Fig. 7.7 212.0 0.117 24.80 X X 24.61 24.80 0.77%

7
 DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL

VII. QUESTIONS

1. Compare the power in watts with the apparent power in volt-amperes for the
following apparatus in AC circuits: (a) electric lamp, (b) choke coils and (c)
capacitor.

- Depending on the device, there are many connections between apparent power (volt-
amperes) and actual power usage (watts) in AC circuits. For instance, incandescent
bulbs, which effectively transform electricity into light, have values that are almost equal.
Capacitors and choke coils, on the other hand, show differences. Because they store
reactive energy, choke coils (inductors) have a higher apparent power than capacitors,
which absorb and release reactive energy instead of instantly consuming it.

2. What type of energy is stored up in a capacitor? In a storage cell? In an inductive

circuit? Why are capacitors not used in place of secondary batteries?
- Energy stored in a capacitor is electrical potential energy, storage cells: chemical energy,
and, Inductive circuit: magnetic flux. The reason why capacitors are not used in place of
secondary batteries is due to capacitors having a limited energy density compared to
batteries, they are not suited for long-term energy storage or providing a constant power
source. However, they may store energy only.

3. A coil is connected across 220 v 60 hz mains. The current in the coil is 4 A and
the power delivered is 324 w. Find the resistance and the inductance of the cell.

4. A certain coil is equivalent to a resistance and an inductance in series. The coil

takes 20 A from a 120 V 50 hz line. Determine the resistance of the coil and the
power dissipated by the coil when connected across the 120 V 50 hz line.

VIII. CONCLUSION

-The power dispersed by each component in an AC circuit, such as a resistor, inductor, or

capacitor, varies. For instance, in a resistor, the power and apparent power dissipated are equal,
while in inductors and capacitors, the power dissipated is less and the apparent power is larger.
Whether the component is leading or lagging, the phase angle of the component causes this
difference.

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COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CKTS002 – CIRCUITS 2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT MANUAL
: