Scribd
Upload
5 views20 pages

Mod1 p3

Uploaded by

xt PAVAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views20 pages

Mod1 p3

Uploaded by

xt PAVAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Chapter 9

Introduction
To
Data-Link
Layer

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
9-1 INTRODUCTION

The Internet is a combination of networks


glued together by connecting devices (routers
or switches). If a packet is to travel from a host
to another host, it needs to pass through these
networks.

9.2
Figure 9.1: Communication at the data-link layer
Only one d/l layer
involved at the source
and destination, but two
d/l layers are involved at
each router

9.3
9.9.1 Nodes and Links

Communication at the data-link layer is


node-to-node.

A data unit from one point in the Internet needs to


pass through many networks (LANs and WANs) to
reach another point. Theses LANs and WANs are
connected by routers.

It is customary to refer to the two end hosts and the


routers as nodes and the networks in between as
links.
.
9.4
Figure 9.2: Nodes and Links

Figure is a simple representation of links and nodes when the path of the data unit is
only six nodes. The first node is the source host, last node is the destination host. The
other four nodes are four routers. 1,3,5 links represent the three LANs and 2,4
represent the two WANs

9.5
Figure 9.3: A communication with only three nodes
The datagram received by d/l layer of source host is encapsulated in a
frame. The frame is logically transported from the source host to the
router. The frame is decapsulate at the d/l layer of the router and
encapsulated at the another frame. The new frame is logically transported
from the router to the destination host. Though only 2 d/l layers are
shown router actually has 3 d/l layers because it is connected to 3
physical links.

9.6
9.9.2 Services

The data-link layer is located between the physical


and the network layers.

The data-link layer provides services to the network


layer; it receives services from the physical layer.

Let us discuss services provided by the data-link


layer.

9.7
Services provided by Data link layer
Framing- d/l layer has encapsulate /decapsulate
datagram
Flow control- let the receiving d/l layer drop the frames if
its buffer is full. Or let receiving d/l layer send a feed back to the
sending d/l layer to ask it to stop or slow down. In t/l layer flow
control occurs at higher degree of importance
Error control- A frame is susceptible to error. It needs to
be detected, corrected at Rx and discarded or retransmitted at
Tx. To detect (damaged, lost, duplicate) frames
Congestion control- most d/l layer protocol do not
directly use a congestion control , in general it is considered an
issue in n/w layer or t/l layer because of its end to end nature.

1.8
9.9.3 Two Categories of Links
Although two nodes are physically connected by a
transmission medium such as cable or air, we need to
remember that the data-link layer controls how the
medium is used.

We can have a data-link layer that uses the whole capacity


of the medium; we can also have a data-link layer that uses
only part of the capacity of the link.

In other words, we can have a point-to-point link or a


broadcast link.

In pt to pt link is dedicated to two devices and in


broadcast link is shared between several pairs of devices.
9.9
9.9.4 Two Sublayers

To better understand the functionality of and the


services provided by the link layer, we can divide the
data-link layer into two sub layers:

data link control (DLC) and media access control


(MAC).

9.10
Figure 9.3: Dividing the data-link layer into two sublayers

9.11
5-4 LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING

In a internetwork such as the Internet we cannot make a datagram


reach its destination using only IP addresses. The source and
destination IP addresses define the two ends but cannot define
which links the packet should pass through.

IP address in a data gram should not be changed. Or packet never


reaches its destination.

A link layer address(- link address–physical address- MAC


address-) the address belong to the d/l layer

9.12
Figure 2.19 Physical
addresses

Also known as the link address, is the address of a node as


defined by its LAN or WAN
It is included in data link layer frames
Size and format will vary depending upon the n/w(eg.
Ethernet uses 6 bytes)

2.13
•Logical Address:
A universal addressing system is needed in which each host
can be identified uniquely, regardless of the underlying physical n/w
•Currently a 32 bit address is used
IP
addresses

2.14
9.2.2 ARP

Anytime a node has an IP datagram to send to


another node in a link, it has the IP address of the
receiving node.
However, the IP address of the next node is not
helpful in moving a frame through a link; we need
the link-layer address of the next node
. This is the time when the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) becomes helpful.
It belongs to N/W layer , accepts IP address from IP
protocol and map it corresponding link layer address
and passes to d/l layer

9.15
Figure 9.6: Position of ARP in TCP/IP protocol suite

9.16
Figure 9.7: ARP operation

9.17
Figure 9.8: ARP packet

Hardware type is type of link layer protocol and protocol


type is type of network layer protocol

9.18
Example 9.4
A host with IP address N1 and MAC address L1 has a
packet to send to another host with IP address N2 and
physical address L2 (which is unknown to the first host).
The two hosts are on the same network. Figure 9.9 shows
the ARP request and response messages.

9.19
Figure 9.9: Example 9.4

9.20

You might also like