 Core Placement Interview Ques ons:

 Can you explain the concept of resistance and its func on in a circuit?
 Resistance is a measure of the opposi on to the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is
defined in ohms (Ω) and plays a cri cal role in controlling current levels. When a voltage is
applied across a resistor, it causes a voltage drop propor onal to the current flowing through
it, as described by Ohm’s Law (V = IR). This voltage drop is essen al for protec ng sensi ve
components and ensuring that circuits operate within their specified limits.

 Can you differen ate between PNP and NPN transistors?

 Yes, the primary difference between PNP and NPN transistors lies in the type of charge
carriers and their opera on. In an NPN transistor, current flows from the collector to the
emi er when a posi ve voltage is applied to the base. Conversely, in a PNP transistor,
current flows from the emi er to the collector when the base is at a lower voltage than the
emi er. This fundamental difference affects how they are used in circuits, with NPN
transistors being more common in various applica ons.

 What is the difference between Harvard architecture and von Neumann architecture?
 The name Harvard architecture comes from the scien st Howard Mark who developed this
architecture. Thus, the most obvious characteris c of Harvard architecture is that it has
physically separate signal and storage for code and data memory execu on. it is possible to
access program memory and data memory simultaneously in other architectures we have to
do something like mul plexing demul plexing so in this we will we have a advantage so that
we can use both memories simultaneously typically code Memory is read only and data
memory is read write. Therefore it is possible for program contents to be modified by
program itself. Thus this means that the program contents can be modified by the program
itself.
 von Neumann architecture. It is named a er the mathema cian and early computer
scien st John von Neumann. Von Neumann machines have shared signal and memory for
code data. Thus the program can be easily modified and itself since it is stored in read write
memory.

 8051 was developed using which technology?

 Intel original MCS 51 family. It is available in Atmel 805, 89C51, 89S51. These are basically
different technologies developed using NMOS, nega ve channel MOSFET technology and
other is CMOS, complementary MOSFET technology. But later versions iden fied the le er C
is named CMOS. So, it is complimentary MOSFET technology and consumes less power and
much more reliable than NMOS technology. This is made more suitable for ba ery powered
devices.

 why 8051 is called 8 bit microcontroller?

 The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available opera ons are
limited to 8 bits.

 What is the width of data bus?

 8-bit data bus
 What is the width of address bus?
 16-bit address bus

 What are the four distinct types of memories in 8051?

 Internal RAM, special function register, program memory, external data memory. We don't
use this memory much but we use these memories at a very high rate. Internal RAM, special
function register, our eight register bank R0, R1, program memory such as flags and etc.
Internal RAM, after that internal RAM is located for address 0 cross 00. Internal RAM in 8051
is located from address 0 to address 0 FFH. It is a hex code. IRAM from 0 cross 00 to 0 7 FH
can be accessible directly. IRAM from 0 80 to 0 FFH. So 0 FFH is the maximum value which is
255 in binary.

 What is the LST file?

 So this file is also called list file. It lists the opcodes, addresses, errors detected by the
assembler. List file produces only when indicated by the user or by the program. It can be
assessed by editor and displayed on monitor screen or printed. So here is a program.

 how are labels named in assembly language?

 Label name should be unique and must contain alphabetic letters in both uppercase and
lowercase. 1st letter should always be an alphabetic letter. It can also use digits and special
characters?,.,@, ,$. Label should not be one of the reserved words in assembly language.
These labels make the program much easier to read and maintain.

 Are all the bits of flag register used in 8051?

 The flag register also called as the program status word uses only 6 bits. The two unused bits
are user definable flags. Carry, auxiliary carry, parity and overflow flags are the conditional
flags used in it. 1 is a user definable bit and PSW.5 can be used as general purpose bit. Rest
all flags indicate some or the other condition of an arithmetic operation.

 Explain JNC.?
 It is a command used to jump if no carry occurs after an arithmetic operation. It is called as
jump if no carry (conditional jump instruction). Here the carry flag bit in PSW register is used
to make decision. The processor looks at the carry flag to see if it is raised or not.

 Can port 0 be used as input output port?

 Yes, port 0 can be used as input output port. Port 0 is an open drain unlike ports 2, 3, 4. To
use it as input or output the 10k ohm pull-up resisters are connected to it externally. To
make port 0 as input port it must be programmed by writing 1 to all bits. Example: Imov
AFOFFH

 Which 2 ports combine to form the 16 bit address for external memory access?
 Porto and port2 together form the 16 bit address for external memory.
 Port0 uses pins 32 to 39 of 8051 to give the lower address bits(AD0-AD7)
 Port2 uses pins 21 to 28 of 8051 to give the higher address bits(A8-A15)

 Can single bit of a port be accessed in 8051?

 Yes, 8051 has the capability of accessing only single bit of a port. Here only single bit is
accessed and rest is unaltered. SYNTAX: "SETB X. Y". Here X is the port number and y is the
desired bit.
 Example: SETB Pl .22 Here the second bit of port 1 is set to 1.
  Other than SETB, CLR are there any single bit instruc ons ? There are in total 6 single-bit
instruc ons.
 CPL bit: complement the bit (bit= NOT bit).
 JB bit, target: Jump to target if bit equal to 1.
 JNB bit, target: Jump to target if bit is equal to 0.
 JCB bit, target: Jump to target if bit is equal to 1 and then clear bit

 Why we use Arduino?

 Arduino has been used in thousands of different projects and applica ons. The Arduino
so ware is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac,
Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low cost scien fic instruments, to
prove chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming and robo cs.

 How Can I Get An Arduino Board?

 You can buy an Arduino board from the official store online or from one of the distributors
listed on this page. If you'd prefer to build your own, see the Arduino Single-Sided Serial
board, which can be easily etched and assembled.

 Which Are The Official Arduino Boards?

 The official Arduino boards are the ones listed on the product page. These are boards whose
manufacturers work with the Arduino team to ensure a good user experience, compa bility
with the Arduino so ware, and a quality product. In return for their status as official boards,
the manufacturers pay a licensing fee to the Arduino team to support the further
development of the project.

 Can I Use An Arduino Board Without The Arduino So ware?

 Sure. It's just an AVR development board, you can use straight AVR C or C++ (with ayeggg
and avrdude or AVR Studio) to program it.

 Can I Program An Arduino Board Without The Arduino Ide?

 Yes, you can use Create web editor to program your board without the need of download
the classic IDE.

 Can I Use The Arduino So ware With Other Avr Boards?

 Yes, although it may require some modifica ons to the Arduino core libraries.

 Do I Need An Arduino Board To Use The Li le bits Arduino Module?

 No. The li leBits Arduino module is essen ally an Arduino Leonardo/Micro board with some
added features and li leBits' bit Snap TM connectors. It can be programmed like an official
Arduino board from the Arduino IDE so ware.

 What Is Plc?
 PLC means Programmable Logic Controller. It is a class of industrially hardened devices that
provides hardware interface for input sensors and output control element. The field l/p
include element like limit switches, sensors, push bu on and the final control elements like
actuator, solenoid/control valves, drives, hooters etc. PLC Senses the input through IIP
modules, Processes the logic through CPU and memory and gives output through output
module.
 Applica ons Of Plc?
 PLC can be used in almost all industrial applica on solu ons right from small machine to
large manufacturing plants. Even it caters applica ons of redundant systems at cri cal
process plants

 Explain The Role Of Plc In Automa on ?

 PLC plays most important role in automa on. All the monitoring as well as the control
ac ons are taken by PLCs. PLC Senses the input through I/P modules, Processes the logic
through CPU and memory and gives output through output module.

 Explain The Role Of Cpu ?

 This component act as a brain of the system. CPU consist of Arithme c Logic Unit, Program
memory, Process image memory, Internal mers and counters, flags It receives informa on
from I/P device, makes decisions depending upon the informa on and logic wri en and
sends informa on through the O/P devices.

 Explain The Role Of Power Supply In Plc System ?

 Power supply provides system power requirement to processor, 1/0 and communica on
modules. Typically the power supply has input voltage 120 V c— 230 V AC or 24V DC and
back plane output current 2 A to 5 A at 5 V DC

 Explain The Role Of Rack Or Chassis In Plc System ?

 A hardware assembly, which houses the processor, communica on and 1/0 modules. It does
following func ons. Power distribu on Containment of 1/0 modules Communica on path
between 1/0 module and CPU The chassis are available in different slots in various PLC
systems. Addi onal chassis can be connected using chassis interconnec ng cable.

 What Is Role Of 110 Modules?

 Electronic plug in units used for interfacing the i/p and o/p device in the machine or process
to be controlled. I/P module receives data from i/p devices (Pushbu on, Switches,
Transmi ers) and send it to processor. The O/P module receives data from processor and
send it to output device (Relay, Valves). Digital/Discrete Sends and Receives On/Off signal
Analog Sends and receives variable input or output signals

 Explain The Role Of Ee rom Memory Module?

 This module is inserted into processor system for maintaining a copy of project (PLC
program). This is helpful in case of memory corrup on or Extended power loss.

 What Is Role Of 1/0 Modules?

 Electronic plug in units used for interfacing the i/p and o/p device in the machine or process
to be controlled. I/P module receives data from i/p devices (Pushbu on, Switches,
Transmi ers) and send it to processor. The O/P module receives data from processor and
send it to output device (Relay, Valves).
 Digital/Discrete Sends and Receives On/Off signal
 Analog :- Sends and receives variable input or output signals
 Explain The Role Of Memory Module?
 This module is inserted into processor system for maintaining a copy of project (PLC
program). This is helpful in case of memory corrup on or Extended power loss.

 Some Of The Leading Leading Scada Companies?

 Invensys Wonderware InTouch
 Siemens (Earlier COROS)
 Allen Bradley RS View (Earlier Control View)
 (Earlier Fix DMACS)
 GE Fanuc Simplicity

 Wpes Of Wonderware Sg p<a Packages?

 No. of 1/0>— InTouch comes is 64, 128, 256, 1000 and 64,000 tags package. Development +
Run me + Network (DRN) / Run me + Network (R+N) and View Node
 D+R+N : With this package development and edi ng of the applica on is possible, Run me
monitoring and control of the plant is possible and Networking is possible.
 R+N : With this package development and edi ng of the applica on is NOT possible,
Run me monitoring and control of the plant is possible and Networking is possible.
 Factory Focus : With this package development and edi ng of the applica on is NOT
possible, Run me monitoring is possible but control of the plant is NOT possible and
Networking is possible. This package is used a view node

 What Type Of User Input Used In Intouch ?

 User inputs include data entry Discrete, Analog, String/Message, Sliders and pushbu ons.

 What Type Of Anima on Can Be Given In touch ?

 Colour Fill, % Fill, Blinking, Size Control, Loca on, Orienta on, Visibility, Ac on, Hide Show
Window

 What Is The Use Of Scripts In Intouch ?

 Is a way of wri ng logic in InTouch. InTouch has its own instruc ons and way of wri ng
program.
 Applica on : Linked to the en re applica on.
 Window : Linked to a specific window.
 Key : Linked to a specific key or key combina on on the keyboard.
 Condi on : Linked to a discrete or expression.
 Data Change : Linked to a tag name and/or tag name, field only.

 What Is Driver ?
 A so ware which allows a computer to access the external devices using com ports or
communica on cards.

 What is a transformer?
 A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagne c induc on. It works on the principle of Faraday’s law of
electromagne c induc on and can increase (step-up) or decrease (step-down) the voltage in
an alterna ng current (AC) circuit.
 Use of transformer
 Transformers are used for various purposes, including:
 Stepping up or stepping down voltage levels in power transmission.
 Isola ng different sec ons of electrical systems.
 Matching impedance for maximum power transfer.
 Supplying power to electronic circuits with specific voltage requirements.

 Types of transformers
 Step-up Transformer: Increases voltage.
 Step-down Transformer: Decreases voltage.
 Power Transformer: Used in transmission networks.
 Distribu on Transformer: Used in distribu on networks.
 Isola on Transformer: Provides electrical isola on without changing voltage.
 Instrument Transformer: Used for measuring voltage and current (CTs and PTs).

 Induc on motor
 An induc on motor is an AC motor where the electric current in the rotor needed to
produce torque is obtained by electromagne c induc on from the magne c field of the
stator winding. It is also known as an asynchronous motor.

 How to control the speed of a motor

 Varying the Supply Frequency: Using a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD).
 Changing the Number of Poles: By pole-changing methods in the stator windings.
 Voltage Control: Adjus ng the supply voltage.
 Rotor Resistance Control: For slip ring induc on motors.

 Pole find out (Provide some examples & solve this)

 The number of poles (P) of an induc on motor can be determined using the formula:
P=120×f/Ns Where: f = frequency (Hz); Ns= synchronous speed (RPM) Example: If the supply
frequency is 50 Hz and the synchronous speed is 1500 RPM: P=120×50/1500=4 poles

 Parts of the induc on motor

 Stator: The sta onary part of the motor that produces a rota ng magne c field.
 Rotor: The rota ng part of the motor.
 Bearings: Support the rotor and allow it to rotate.
 Windings: Copper coils on the stator and rotor that create the magne c field.
 Sha : Transfers mechanical power from the rotor.

 How to change the rota on of the motor

 Three-phase motor: Swap any two of the three power supply connec ons.
 Single-phase motor: Reverse the polarity of either the start winding or the main winding.

 What is power electronics

 Power electronics is the branch of electrical engineering that deals with conver ng electrical
power from one form to another using electronic devices like diodes, thyristors, transistors,
and MOSFETs. Applica ons include power supplies, motor drives, and inverters.
 What is diode and symbol
 A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only. It has
two terminals: anode and cathode.
Symbol: |>|
Anode---|---| Cathode

 Zener diode and symbol

 A Zener diode allows current to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage exceeds a
certain value, known as the Zener breakdown voltage.
->|
Anode---|---|-| Cathode

 PLC and SCADA

 PLC (Programmable Logic Controller): A digital computer used for automation of industrial
processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines.
 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): A system used to monitor and control
industrial processes. It gathers real-time data from remote locations to control equipment
and conditions.
  Subject Wise Interview Questions:

1. Analog and Digital Electronics

1. What is the function of a Zener diode?

o It maintains a constant voltage across a load.
2. Define the gain of an operational amplifier.
o Gain = Output voltage / Input voltage.
3. What is a flip-flop?
o A basic memory element used to store 1-bit data.
4. What is the maximum efficiency of a Class B amplifier?
o 78.5%.
5. What is the purpose of a Schmitt trigger?
o Converts a noisy input signal into a clean digital output.
6. State the main advantage of CMOS over TTL.
o Lower power consumption.
7. Define duty cycle.
o Percentage of time a signal remains high in one cycle.
8. What is a full adder?
o A circuit that adds three binary inputs and produces a sum and carry.
9. What is the function of a capacitor in a rectifier circuit?
o Smoothens the output by reducing ripples.
10. What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?

 Latch is level-triggered; flip-flop is edge-triggered.

2. Communication Systems

1. Define modulation.
o The process of varying a carrier signal's properties based on a message signal.
2. What is the bandwidth of an FM signal?
o Approximately 2×(Δf+fm).
3. State the function of an antenna.
o Converts electrical signals to electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
4. What is the Nyquist criterion for sampling?
o Sampling rate ≥ 2×max signal frequency.
5. Define noise figure.
o Ratio of output SNR to input SNR.
6. What is PSK?
o Phase Shift Keying; modulates the phase of a carrier signal.
7. Explain the role of a mixer in communication.
o Combines two signals to produce sum and difference frequencies.
8. What is Shannon’s capacity formula?
o C=B log2(1+SNR).
9. Define attenuation.
o Loss of signal strength during transmission.
10. What is the difference between AM and FM?
o AM varies amplitude; FM varies frequency of the carrier wave.
3. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

1. What is the difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller?

o Microprocessors need external components; microcontrollers are self-contained.
2. Name the interrupt types in the 8051 microcontroller.
o External, Timer, and Serial interrupts.
3. Define opcode.
o Operation code; specifies the instruction to execute.
4. What is the size of the data bus in the 8085 microprocessor?
o 8 bits.
5. What is the purpose of the Program Counter?
o Holds the address of the next instruction to execute.
6. Define polling.
o Continuously checking device status by the CPU.
7. What is an ISR?
o Interrupt Service Routine; a function executed during an interrupt.
8. Explain the stack.
o A memory region used for temporary storage during program execution.
9. What is the difference between CALL and JUMP instructions?
o CALL saves return address; JUMP does not.
10. What is the purpose of timers in microcontrollers?
o Measure time intervals or generate time delays.

4. Control Systems

1. What is an open-loop system?

o A system without feedback.
2. Define transfer function.
o Ratio of Laplace-transformed output to input with zero initial conditions.
3. What is steady-state error?
o The difference between desired and actual output as time approaches infinity.
4. What is the purpose of a PID controller?
o Improves stability, accuracy, and response time.
5. Define stability in a control system.
o The ability of a system to return to equilibrium after disturbance.
6. What is a Bode plot?
o Frequency response plot of gain and phase versus frequency.
7. Define time constant.
o The time required for a system to reach 63.2% of its final value.
8. What is a pole in control systems?
o A value of s where the denominator of the transfer function becomes zero.
9. What is damping ratio?
o Measure of how oscillations decay after a disturbance.
10. Explain the purpose of a feedback system.
o To improve stability and accuracy of the system.
5. Signal Processing

1. What is the Fourier transform?

o Converts a signal from the time domain to the frequency domain.
2. Define convolution.
o Mathematical operation combining two signals.
3. What is an LTI system?
o Linear Time-Invariant system.
4. What is aliasing?
o Distortion due to undersampling.
5. Define impulse response.
o Output of a system when input is a unit impulse.
6. What is a low-pass filter?
o Passes low frequencies, attenuates high frequencies.
7. What is quantization in digital signal processing?
o Approximating a continuous signal with discrete levels.
8. What is sampling?
o Converting a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal.
9. What is the Z-transform?
o Converts a discrete-time signal to the z-domain.
10. What is the difference between FIR and IIR filters?
o FIR has finite impulse response; IIR has infinite impulse response.

6. Electromagnetic Theory

1. State Gauss’s law.

o The total flux through a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by ϵ0.
2. What is skin effect?
o Tendency of AC to flow on the surface of a conductor.
3. Define wave impedance.
o Ratio of electric to magnetic field in a wave.
4. What is a TEM wave?
o A wave with both electric and magnetic fields transverse to the direction of propagation.
5. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
o Induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
6. What is wave polarization?
o Orientation of the electric field in a wave.
7. Define the Poynting vector.
o Represents the power flow per unit area in an electromagnetic wave.
8. What is the cutoff frequency in waveguides?
o The minimum frequency for wave propagation.
9. What is mutual inductance?
o The ability of one coil to induce EMF in another.
10. Define Brewster’s angle.
o The angle at which no reflection occurs for a specific polarization.