9TH

GRADE

Exponents and
Polynomials
 Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression is a quantity which contains numbers and
variables. The variable represents the unknown numbers or represented
by letters and number written next to the variable is called the
numerical coefficient. A single number is called a constant.

Any constant or variable or indicated product and quotient of constants

and powers of variables is called a term.
Examples of terms are:

4𝑚𝑛
7, -1.6, 9𝑧 2 . -5xy, 5𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐,
𝑃
 Like Terms
A. 4x , 5𝑥 2 Unlike Terms, since
exponent on x are not the
same
B. 3𝑥𝑦 2 , 7𝑥𝑦 2 , −2𝑥𝑦 2 Like terms, since each
variable and its exponent
are the same.
C. 4mn, nm Like terms, mn = nm by
commutative property of
multiplication
D. −𝑔3 , 𝑔3 Like terms
 Example: Simplify each
expression by combining like
terms
a. 3x + 2x + 8 + 4
b. 1- 6y + 2y + 7
c. 4(3g - 2) + 5
d. 9 – (5h + 3) + 2h
e. 2(3d – 4 )+5 (2 – 3d)
f. 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
 Index Law
𝒑
𝒂 𝒂
𝒃𝒏 ∙ 𝒃𝒎 = 𝒃𝒏+𝒎 (𝒂𝒃)𝒑 = 𝒂𝒑 𝒃𝒑 , ( )𝒑 = 𝒑
𝒃 𝒃

𝒂𝒏 𝒏−𝒎 −𝒎
𝟏
= 𝒂 𝒂 = 𝒎
𝒂𝒎 𝒂
𝟏ൗ 𝒏
𝒂 𝒏 = 𝒂
(𝒂𝒏 )𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎𝒏

𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏
 A polynomial in x is the sum of the finite number of
terms of the form 𝒂𝒙𝒏 , where a is any real number
and n is a whole number. Usually theses polynomials
are written in descending powers of the variable, as
in

4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
● A multivariable polynomial is a polynomial with more than one variable. Example
of a multivariable polynomials:
9𝑥 4 − 7𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 + 3
● The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of all the variables in the term.
Example :
Term Degree
4𝑥 5 5

9𝑥𝑦 4 − 7𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 + 3 5
 The polynomial 0 is said to have no degree, since 0 times variable to
any power is zero. Similarly, a polynomial consisting of a constant is
said to have no degree.
Polynomial with one Monomial 2x, 3bc, 5𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧
term
The sum and Binomial 2x + 4
difference of two 3ab – 4d
monomials which are 7 + 5𝑥 4 𝑦 3
unlike terms.
The sum and Trinomial 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥
difference of three
monomials
 The product and the sum and
difference of two terms is the
difference of the squares of the terms.
The square of a binomial is the sum of
the square of the first term, twice the
product of the two terms, and the
square of the last term.
The square of trinomial is the sum of
the square of each term plus twice the
sum of the products of the terms taken
two at a time
 Special Products

1. 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴2 − 𝐵 2
2. (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 2AB + 𝐵 2
3. (𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶)2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 𝐶 2 + 2AB + 2BC + 2AC
4. (𝐴 + 𝐵)3 = 𝐴3 + 3𝐴2 𝐵 + 3𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵 3
Binomial to the nth Power

Pascal Triangle
 EXERCISE 3.3

1. 𝑥−7 𝑥+7
2. 8𝑒 − 7𝑓 8𝑒 + 7𝑓
3. 3𝑚 + 2𝑛 3𝑚 − 2𝑛
4. (𝑦 − 12)2
5. (4𝑧 − 7)2
 Division of Polynomial

The division of polynomial is subdivided by three: division of polynomial

by a monomial, polynomial by other polynomials using long division, and
division of polynomial by other polynomial using synthetic division.
 Division of Polynomial by a
Monomial
To divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the
numerator by the denominator; then write the sum or difference of the
results. We are using the property of fractions that states that

𝑎±𝑏±𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= ± ±
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
 Examples
𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟓
𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟔 −𝟒𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟕
𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑
𝟓𝟎𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟔 +𝟐𝟓𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟒 𝒄
𝟓𝒂𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
 Division of Polynomial
by other Polynomial using Long Division

Division of a polynomial by other polynomials is similar to long division

in arithmetic.
 Division of Polynomial
by other Polynomial using Long Division
Steps in Division of Polynomials using Long Division:
1. Write the polynomial in a long-division format, stating each in
standard form.
2. Write the terms of the dividend and divisor in descending powers of

the same variable.

3. Use a zero placeholder for any missing terms in the dividend.

4. Subtract the product of the divisor and the new quotient term after

each division.
5. Continue the process until the degree of the remainder is less than
the degree of the dividend.
6. Write the remainder as the numerator of a fraction that has the

divisor as its denominator.

 Example

1. (2𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 − 47𝑥 − 4) ÷ (𝑥 − 4)

2. (2𝑥 2 +5𝑥 + 7) ÷ 𝑥 + 1
3. (3𝑥 4 +8𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 9) ÷ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)
 Division of Polynomial
by other Polynomial using Synthetic Division

Synthetic division is a shortcut procedure in dividing a polynomial by

another polynomial.
 Steps in Division of Polynomials using Long Division:
1. Write the numerical coefficients of the terms of the dividend in descending powers.
2. Use a zero placeholder for any missing terms in the dividend.
3. If the divisor is in the form of x+c, rewrite it as x-(-c); where c is a constant.
4. Bring down the coefficient of the highest power of x, multiply it by c, and add the result to
the coefficient of the next highest power of x. Multiply this sum by c and add the result in the
next coefficient. Continue this process until there is a product added to the constant term.
5. The last number in the bottom row is the remainder. The numbers to the left of the
remainder are the respective coefficients of the quotient. The degree of the quotient is one
less than the degree of the dividend.
6. If the divisor is in the form of ax+x, rewrite it as (x+c/a) and use x-(c/a) as your divisor. Apply
step 4 and 5. Remember that when divided by a the resulting quotient will be increased by a
times, hence the partial quotient should be divided by a, excluding the remainder.
 Example

1. (2𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 − 47𝑥 − 4) ÷ (𝑥 − 4)

2. (2𝑥 2 +5𝑥 + 7) ÷ 𝑥 + 1
3. (3𝑥 4 +8𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 9) ÷ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)
 Factoring
Polynomials
 Factoring

1. 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴 𝐶 + 𝐷
2. 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 − 𝐵
3. 𝐴2 ± 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 = (𝐴 ± 𝐵)2
4. 𝐴𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐵𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
5. 𝐴3 − 𝐵3 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2
6. 𝐴𝑛 ± 𝐵𝑛 = (𝐴 ± 𝐵)(𝐴𝑛−1 ± 𝐴𝑛−2 𝐵 + 𝐴𝑛−3 𝐵2 ± ⋯ ± 𝐵𝑛−2 + 𝐵𝑛−1
 Factoring a Polynomial with
Common Factors
1. Determine the greatest common numerical factor.
2. Determine the greatest common variable factor.
3. The common factor is the first part of the answer.
4. After removing the common factors enclosed the
remaining terms by a parenthesis.
5. Check the answer by multiplications
 Examples
1. 8𝑥 2 + 10𝑥

2. 5𝑥 5 − 10𝑥 3

3. 8𝑥 4 𝑦 5 𝑧 6 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 4 − 24𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑧 3

4. 6𝑥𝑧 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑧
 Factoring Difference of Two Squares
•
𝐴2 − 𝐵2 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 − 𝐵 Note: The exponents on variables of
perfect squares are always even numbers.

a. 𝑥 2 − 100

b. 4𝑚2 − 49𝑛2

• Note: The sum of two squares cannot be factored such as 𝐴2 + 𝐵2

 Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

𝐴2 ± 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 = (𝐴 ± 𝐵)2 • Note: In a perfect-square trinomial, the terms of the

binomials are the square roots of the perfect squares
and the sign in the binomial is the sign of the middle
a. 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9 term of the trinomial.
c. 16𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 d. 25𝑥 2 − 30𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 e. 2𝑥 2 − 32𝑥𝑦 + 128𝑦 2
 Factoring by Grouping

For polynomials with four or more terms the most appropriate technique would be
factoring by grouping. Instead of examining the whole polynomial at one time, we
first group together terms with common factors. Thus factoring by grouping is the
process of spotting the common factors and the special products.
 Factoring by Grouping
a. 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 6𝑥𝑧 b. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥
 Factoring by Grouping
c. 6𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 3 d. 5𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
 Factoring Trinomials of the Form 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

A quadratic trinomial is the trinomial of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where a = 1 and b

are non-zero coefficients and c is not equal to zero. To factor a quadratic binomial
means to express the trinomial as the product of two binomials.
 Factoring Trinomials of the Form 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

a. 𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 36 b. 𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 44
 Factoring Trinomials of the Form 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

c. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 35 d. 𝑦 2 + 13𝑦 − 14
 Factoring Trinomials of the Form 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

e. 3𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 − 120 f. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7
 Factoring Trinomials of the Form 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

Always remember that not all trinomials can be factored. To discover if a trinomial is
factorable, we will use the ac test. The ac test states that a trinomial of the form
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is factorable if (and only if) there are two numbers, h and k, such that
𝑎𝑐 = ℎ𝑘 and 𝑏 =ℎ+𝑘
 Factoring Trinomials of the Form 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

a. 6𝑥 2 + 31𝑥 + 5 b. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 −15
 Factoring Trinomials of the Form 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

c. 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 d. 6𝑥 2 + 26𝑥 + 24
 Factoring Sum and Difference of Two Cubes

𝐴3 − 𝐵3 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 𝐴3 + 𝐵3 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴2 − 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2
a. 343𝑥 3 − 125 b. 8𝑥 6 + 27𝑦 3

• Note: The exponents of the variables of perfect cubes are always divisible by 3.