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3-Sampling Distribution

The document discusses the concept of sampling distributions, which are collections of sample means from a population. It explains the standard error of the mean, the Central Limit Theorem, and how sample sizes affect the normality of the sampling distribution. Additionally, it provides practical applications and examples related to calculating probabilities and standard errors for different sample sizes.

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7 views16 pages

3-Sampling Distribution

The document discusses the concept of sampling distributions, which are collections of sample means from a population. It explains the standard error of the mean, the Central Limit Theorem, and how sample sizes affect the normality of the sampling distribution. Additionally, it provides practical applications and examples related to calculating probabilities and standard errors for different sample sizes.

Uploaded by

g-06551861
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling

Distribution
Dr. Marlissa Omar
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 2
A distribution of sample means is:
the collection of sample means for all the possible
random samples of a particular size (n) that can be
obtained from a population.

Example:
There are 10 classes in a school, calculate the mean
height for all students in each class.

Average height:
5’9″, 5’8″, 5’10”, 5’9″, 5’7″, 5’9″, 5’9″, 5’10”, 5’7″, and 5’9″

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 3


the mean of the sampling distribution

X = 

the standard deviation of sampling distribution


(“standard error of the mean”)


X =
n

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 4


Standard Error (Selisihan Piawai)

The “standard error” of the mean is:


The standard deviation of the distribution of sample means.
The standard error measures the standard amount of difference
between x-bar and  that is reasonable to expect simply by
chance.
indicates how different the population mean is
 likely to be from a sample mean. It tells you how
SE = much the sample mean would vary if you were to
n repeat a study using new samples from within a
single population.

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 5


Consider a finite population of 4000 students of a certain college. Of this 200 students are selected
randomly and their mean weight is calculated. It was computed as x-bar = 135 lbs. If we draw 20 different
samples of 200 students, instead of just one as we did previously. We can’t expect the same mean weight of
these 20 samples chosen randomly. It is due to sampling variability i.e. each sample drawn randomly from
the same population differs from each other in their computed 'statistic'.

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 6


A key distinction

Population Distribution – distribution of all individual scores in the


population

Sample Distribution – distribution of all the scores in your sample

Sampling Distribution – distribution of all the possible sample means


when taking samples of size n from the population. Also called “the
distribution of sample means”.

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 7


Clarifying Formulas
Distribution of
Population Sample Sample Means


=
X
X X= X = 
N n


=
ss
s=
ss X =
N n −1 n

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 8


Regardless the shape of the underlying population distribution, the sampling
distribution of the mean becomes approximately normal as the sample size
increase.
Thus
-if the random variable X is normally distributed, then the sampling distribution of
the sample mean is normally distributed also regardless the size of the sample
-for all other random variables X, the sampling distributions are approximately
normally distributed if the size of the sample is large enough (n≥30)

1. will have a mean of  


2. will have a standard error of
n
3. will approach a normal distribution as n approaches infinity

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 9


The Central Limit Theorem Applies to
Sampling Distribution of Any Population

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 10


Practical Rules Commonly Used:
1. For samples of size n larger than 30, the distribution of the
sample means can be approximated reasonably well by a
normal distribution. The approximation gets better as the
sample size n becomes larger.

2. If the original population is itself normally distributed, then


the sample means will be normally distributed for any
sample size.
small n large n

normal population X is normal X is normal

non-normal population X is nonnormal X is normal

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 11


Applications of the Central Limit
Theorem
The primary use of the distribution of sample means is to find
the probability associated with any specific sample using the
standard normal distribution.

𝑋−𝜇 𝑋ത − 𝜇
𝑍= 𝑍= 𝜎
𝜎
𝑛

Population Sampling
distribution distribution

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 12


Given the population of women has normally distributed
weights with a mean of 64 kg and a standard deviation of 4
kg,

1. if one woman is randomly selected, find the probability that


her weight is greater than 68 kg.
Population distribution

P ( X  68) =

 = 64 68

0
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 13
Given the population of women has normally distributed
weights with a mean of 64 kg and a standard deviation of 4
kg,

2. if 16 women are randomly selected, find the probability that


their mean weight is greater than 68 kg.

Sampling distribution

P ( X  68) =
 = 64 68

0
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 14
Practice
Given a population of 4000 academic books with a mean price = RM 50,
and a standard deviation = RM 6,

1. What is the standard error of the sample mean for a sample of size 1?

2. What is the standard error of the sample mean for a sample of size 4?

3. What is the standard error of the sample mean for a sample of size 25?

4. What is the standard error of the sample mean for a sample of size 36?

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 15


Practice
Given a population of 4000 academic books, with a mean price = RM 50,
and a standard deviation = RM 6,

1. if one book is randomly selected from the population, find the probability
that its price is greater than RM 53.

2. If 4 books are randomly selected from the population, find the probability
that their mean price is greater than RM 53

3. If 25 books are randomly selected from the population, find the probability
that their mean price is greater than RM 53

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 16

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