EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

By the time of the discovery of the computer through Charles Babbage, technology
had advanced and superior in a completely vast manner. This development in
technology and consequently the improvement of computer systems are grouped in
numerous generations. Each generation of computer systems has a few vast
alternates of their function and far greater benefit than the preceding generation of
computer systems. So, it is often stated that a generation is regularly referred to as an
alternate and development in the era. Basically, there are 5 generations of computer
systems indexed under and they vary from each other in terms of architecture,
occupying space, language, specification, function or operation performed, etc.
Following is the list of computer generations:

Generations of Evolving
Time-Period Key Changes
Computer Hardware

Large computers using

Vacuum Tube vacuum tubes. Limited
First Generation 1940s – 1950s
Based processing speed and
storage.

Transistors replaced vacuum

Second Transistor tubes, making computers
1950s – 1960s
Generation Based smaller, faster, and more
reliable.

Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Third Integrated made computers even
1960s – 1970s
Generation Circuit Based smaller, faster, and more
affordable.

Microprocessors enabled
Fourth 1970s – Microprocessor personal computers. The
Generation Present Based internet and networking
became widely used.

AI, cloud computing, and IoT

Artificial advanced computing.
Present –
Fifth Generation Intelligence Quantum computing
Future
Based promises much higher
power.
 Vacuum Tube

First Generation Computer

Transistor
Second Generation Computer

Integrated Circuit
Third Generation Computer
WHAT ARE THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
Here are the fundamental components of a computer along with their functions:
1. Central processing unit (CPU)
The CPU is the primary control center of the computer, and it facilitates communication
and collaboration between different hardware and software computer components. It is
also usually the most complex and valuable part of the entire system because of its
complicated design and utility. Without the CPU, the other parts of a computer serve no
function. The power supply gives the CPU the necessary energy to process different
operations. CPUs require regular maintenance, like cleaning, dust removal, checking
the fan and ensuring that all circuits are connected. The CPU contains the circuit
boards, memory and RAM of a computer.
2. Motherboard
The motherboard acts as the central electrical circuit by connecting different parts,
distributing power as per energy requirement and delivering information and instructions
across the computer system. The motherboard processes the actual exchange of
information and data in a computer system and comprises the CPU, memory and
secondary storage devices. Motherboards are very sensitive and may malfunction if
exposed to high temperatures, pressure or humidity. They require maintenance to
check for corrosion and electrical connections.
3. Random access memory (RAM)
RAM is the memory space that houses temporary data, processes, information and
commands. When you launch a program or use an application, it uses the RAM to stay
active and work optimally. Different types of computers may use different RAMs. The
higher the RAM in your computer, the more is its processing power and ability to run
various applications simultaneously. In many personal computers and laptops, people
increase the RAM to complement an update in the operating system or other software.
4. Video graphics array port
A video graphic array (VGA) port is a connector usually present in desktops and other
display devices. It is typically present on the side or back of a monitor or display screen
and helps share the screen or visuals with another machine. Special VGA cables may
be required to facilitate this sharing. You may also require the VGA port to connect a
computer or laptop to a projector. The quality of visuals often depends on the number of
connectors in the port.
Newer video cards may not have a VGA output port, and smaller laptops may also omit
them due to their compact design. In such a case, a signal converter may be necessary
to connect them to a projector.
5. Power supply
The power supply port provides electricity that activates the entire computer system.
Usually, the power chord is present at the back of the CPU or the PC tower and goes
directly into the electricity socket. Places with variable power supplies may use a UPS
or uninterrupted power supply unit to ensure that fluctuations do not impact the
computer's performance. Many modern personal computers have in-built UPS units.
Laptops operate on removable batteries that require charging periodically. The life cycle
of laptop batteries is finite, and their performance decreases after a few years.
6. Cooling fan
A computer system or laptop uses electricity to operate and produces heat in the
process. All CPUs and laptops have a cooling fan to circulate air in the internal system
and prevent overheating. High-end computers may also have more than one cooling fan
to ensure that the user can use heavy-duty applications that require high performance
from the system. Usually, gaming computers and computers for professional purposes,
like video editing and sound mixing, have more than one cooling fan. If your computer is
frequently overheating, make sure you check the fan and clean it to remove any debris.

7. Hard drive
Hard drives are the storage devices that save the file, information and programs. They
are usually magnetically coated discs that store all this data digitally. Hard drives with
high storage can naturally save more data. You can also purchase external removable
storage devices to manage data more efficiently. Alternatively, you can also move your
data to cloud-based storage services and save storage memory on your system. Hard
drives are susceptible to failure, and backing up your drives regularly is a good practice.
8. Display monitor
The display monitor of a computer is the screen where you can view different programs
and operate the system. The resolution and pixel density of a monitor determines its
sharpness and quality. The performance of a monitor is usually a top priority for all
computer and laptop users. Laptop and computer screens emit artificial light that can be
detrimental to your eyes if exposed for long durations without any break. You can affix
an anti-glare film on your monitor or wear glasses while using the computer to minimize
the effect of this light.
9. Keyboard
The computer keyboard is an important piece of hardware used to input text, characters
and other important commands. The keyboard contains keys for alphabets, numerals
and symbols, alongside having special keys for specific purposes and commands. In
many tablets and virtual PCs, the keyboard may also be virtual. Different types of
keyboards are available in the market, but most of them have the same set and
arrangement of keys. A keyboard can be wireless or wired. Most keyboards also have a
backlight to illuminate the keys and enable users to use the computer at night or in low-
light conditions.
10. Printer
The printer generates a copy of virtual text or images on paper using ink. For example,
if you make a text-based report on your computer, you can print several copies of this
document. Inkjet and laser printers are the two most commonly used printers. Most
leading computer companies also offer printers. Printers require maintenance, which
includes regularly replacing ink cartridges and toner, removing jammed papers and
cleaning connectors. 3D printers are also available, and you can produce 3D objects
using the right code and raw materials.
11. Computer mouse
The mouse in a computer is a small device that controls the cursor and gives input to
the system. A mouse can be wired or wireless, has left and right click-buttons and
usually has a small scrolling wheel to help users navigate a long page. Mouses come in
different shapes and sizes and can also be suitable for left or right-handed individuals.
They usually require a flat surface to work optimally. Smaller-sized mouse devices are
also available for users who want to travel with their computers or laptops.