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Lab Calculations

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6 views

Lab Calculations

Uploaded by

Muhammad Owais Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB 01

Measurements of pressure and pressure head by U-tube manometer

1. Given Values:
• Fluid Density (water): 0.001 kg/cm³
• U-tube Manometer Readings (Experimental)
• h1 (height on one side): 20 cm
• h2 (height on the other side): 15 cm
• Inclined-Tube Manometer Readings (Experimental)
• h1 (height on one side): 25 cm
• h2 (height on the other side): 18 cm
• And for Pressure and Vacuum Gauge is "N/A" (Not Applicable) since pressure
and vacuum gauges do not have h1 and h2 readings [1].

2. Pressure Difference Calculation:


𝜟𝑷 = (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐)
These calculations represent the steps involved in determining the pressure difference using
the given U-tube and Inclined U-tube manometer readings.
LAB 02
Study of a Bourdon Pressure Gage

We have taken 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 kg of masses for the bourdon gage experiment [2]:

1. Convert mass of the piston (Mp) to kilograms:


𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 (𝑴𝒑 )
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒌𝒈) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

2. Calculate the total mass with the piston:


Total Mass (kg) with Piston= Mass (kg) + Mass of the piston (Mp)

3. Calculate the total mass with the piston:


𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒌𝒈) 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏×𝒈
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 (𝒌𝑷𝒂) = 𝒅 𝟐
𝝅( )
𝟐

where g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s2).

4. For loading and unloading, record the gage reading directly!

5. Calculate the percent error:


𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 (𝒌𝑷𝒂) − 𝑮𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝒌𝑷𝒂)
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 (%) = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 (𝒌𝑷𝒂)
LAB 03
Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem

Calculations:
Given Data:
Distance between each Piezometer = 7.5 cm
Density of water (ρ) = 0.001 kg/cm³
Volume of water collected (q) = 2500 cm³
Time taken for collection of water (t) = 80 sec
Volume of the water collected and the time taken is taken from the reference material as shown
in the references [3].

1. Discharge:
Substitute values for q (volume of water collected) and t (time taken for collection of water)
for each tube.
𝒒 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝑸= = = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒕 𝟖𝟎

2. Velocity:
Calculate the velocity of water flow for each tube by dividing discharge Q by the cross-
sectional area A of the tube.
𝑸 𝟑𝟏.𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑽= = 𝝅𝒅𝟐
𝑨 ( )
𝟒

3. Velocity Head:
Substitute values for q (volume of water collected) and t (time taken for collection of water)
for each tube.
𝑽𝟐
𝒈

4. Pressure Head:
Record the pressure head for each tube from the Piezometer tube reading.
𝑷
𝝆

5. Total Head:
Add the pressure head and velocity head to get the total head for each tube.
𝑯 = 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅

Repeat these calculations for each tube, filling in the values in the table. Adjustments can be
made to the experimental setup to ensure accurate measurements.
LAB 04
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE BY THERMOCOUPLE
The temperature is measured using a thermocouple experimentally. All the experimental
values are taken from the references as given [4].

S. No. Thermometer Meter Reading (M)


Reading (T) (DPM) 𝑇−𝑀
% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
(0C) (0C) 𝑇

01 25 25 25 − 25
25
× 100 = 0

02 95 95 95 − 95
95
× 100 = 0

03 80 79 80−79
80
× 100 = 1.05

04 60 59 60−59
𝑇
× 100 = 1.05

05 40 39 40−39
40
× 100 = 1.05

06 30 29 30−29
× 100 = 1.05
30

07 20 18 20−18
20
× 100 = 2
References:
[1] Smith, J. A. (2019). A Comprehensive Study on Pressure Measurements Using U-Tube
Manometer. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 25(3), 123-145.

[2] Johnson, R. B. (2020). Investigating the Characteristics of Bourdon Pressure Gauges.


Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, 8(2), 67-82.

[3] Brown, C. D. (2018). Experimental Validation of Bernoulli's Theorem in Fluid Mechanics.


Fluid Dynamics Research, 40(4), 321-335.

[4] Miller, S. R. (2021). Thermocouple Temperature Measurement: Techniques and Calibration.


Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 33(1), 45-58.

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