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De Exact-Equation

An exact equation is a differential equation of the form M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0, where there exists a function f(x, y) such that df = Mdx + Ndy. The equation is exact if the compatibility condition ∂M/∂y = ∂N/∂x holds in a region R. The method for solving involves integrating M with respect to x, determining a function g(y), and combining these to find the implicit solution F(x, y) = C.

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21 views2 pages

De Exact-Equation

An exact equation is a differential equation of the form M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0, where there exists a function f(x, y) such that df = Mdx + Ndy. The equation is exact if the compatibility condition ∂M/∂y = ∂N/∂x holds in a region R. The method for solving involves integrating M with respect to x, determining a function g(y), and combining these to find the implicit solution F(x, y) = C.

Uploaded by

beyondordinaryshort
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXACT EQUATION

A differential equation of the form

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0


Is called exact if there is a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) whose total differential is equal to 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 that is

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦
Recall that the total differential of a function 𝑓 is given by 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑦 provided that the partial derivatives of the
function 𝑓 with respect to x and y exist.

Example:

The general solution of the differential equation

(2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (−𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Is given by 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝑐

Test for Exactness

Suppose the first partial derivatives 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous in a rectangle R. Then

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0


Is an exact equation in R if and only if the compatibility condition
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Holds for all (𝑥, 𝑦) in R

Method for Solving Exact Equation


𝜕𝐹
(a) If 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact, then = 𝑀. Integrate this last equation with respect to x to
𝜕𝑥
get
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = න 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
(b) To determine 𝑔(𝑦), take the partial derivative with respect to 𝑦 both sides of the above
𝜕𝐹
equation and substitute 𝑁 for 𝜕𝑦 and then solve for 𝑔′(𝑦)
(c) Integrate 𝑔′(𝑦) to obtain 𝑔(𝑦) up to a numerical constant. Substituting 𝑔(𝑦) into the
equation gives 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)
(d) The solution to 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is given implicitly by
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶
𝜕𝐹
(Alternatively, starting with 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑁, the implicit solution can be found by first integrating
with respect to y)
Example 1: Solve the differential equation (3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 ′ = 0

Example 2: Solve the differential equation (𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 ) + (sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 − 1)𝑦 ′ = 0

Example 3: Solve the differential equation (6𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 4: Solve the differential equation (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1 sin 𝑥 9
Example 5: Solve the IVP [cos 𝑥 ln(2𝑦 − 8) + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(1) = 2
𝑦−4

Example 6: Solve (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 7: Solve the initial value problem (𝑒 𝑡 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑦)𝑑𝑡 + (𝑡𝑒 𝑡 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = −1

1
Example 8: Solve the initial value problem (tan 𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑦

1 𝑦
Example 9: Solve the initial value problem (𝑦 2 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(𝜋) = 1

1 𝑑𝑦
Example 10: Solve the initial value problem (1+𝑦 2 + cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦(𝑦 + sin 𝑥), 𝑦(0) = 1

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