SW 103 REVIEWER and valued by cultural reference

others groups, social networks

FILIPINO PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL WORK  Companionship
 Sense of
The Mission of Social Work belonging
Personal fulfillment: Educational, recreational,
 “The primary mission of the social work  Education religious,
profession is to enhance human well-being and  Recreation employment and other
help meet basic human needs, with particular  Accomplishment social institutions
attention to the needs of vulnerable, oppressed,  Aesthetic
and poor people (NASW, 1996). satisfaction
 “Social work profession as committed to the  Religion
enhancement of human well-being and the
alleviation of poverty and oppression” (CSWE,
Physical needs: Economic, legal, and
1995).
 Food health care institutions;
 These statements place social work as a helping
 Clothing formal social welfare
profession to enhance human well-being and
 Housing systems, law
alleviate poverty and oppression.
 Health care enforcement, and
 Safety disaster relief
Purposes of Social Work - Social work practitioners
 Protection organizations
serve clients towards specific objectives while the
means of accomplishing those objectives vary according
to the unique circumstances of each problematic
Table 1 shows that human beings are extremely
situation.
dependent on the environment for the fulfillment of
basic needs.
Four (4) purposes:
2. The planning, formulation and implementation
1. The promotion, restoration, maintenance, and
of social policies, services, resources, and
enhancement of the social functioning of
programs needed to meet basic human needs
individuals, families, groups, organizations, and
and support the development of human
communities by helping them to accomplish
capacities.
tasks, prevent and alleviate distress, and use
3. The pursuit of policies, services, resources, and
resources.
programs through organizational or
 Prevention – timely provision of
administrative advocacy and social or political
services to vulnerable persons,
action, to empower groups at risk and to
promoting social functioning before
promote social and economic justice.
problems develop.
 To pursue social change on behalf of
 Restoration – is aimed at assisting
vulnerable or oppressed people based
clients in the restoration of functioning
on poverty, discrimination, and other
that has been impaired by physical or
forms of injustice.
mental difficulties.
 The focus of efforts on the population
 Remediation – entails the elimination
at risk should increase the power of
or amelioration of existing social
such persons to influence their own
problems.
lives.
 Enhancing social functioning involves
addressing common human needs that
4. The development and testing of professional
must be adequately met to enable
knowledge and skills
individuals to achieve a reasonable
degree of fulfillment and to function as Social Work Values - Values represent strongly held
productive and contributing members beliefs about how the world should be, about how
of society. people should normally behave, and about preferred
 Social workers aim “to match resources conditions of life.
with needs to increase the ‘goodness of
fit’ between them, largely by harnessing  The values of the profession of social work
potential provider systems to perform similarly refer to strongly held beliefs about the
this function rights of people to free choice and opportunity.

Five (5) values that guide social work education:

Table 1. Human Need and related loci of resources 1. Social worker professional relationships are
Human Needs Loci of Resources built on regard for individual worth and dignity,
Positive self-concept: Nurturance, acceptance, and are advanced by mutual participation,
 Identity love and positive acceptance, confidentiality, honesty and
 Self-esteem feedback provided by responsible handling of conflict.
 Self-confidence significant others  Social workers’ primary goal is to serve
(parents, relatives,  Social workers respect the inherent
teachers, peer group) dignity and worth of the person
Emotional: Parents, marital partner,  Social workers behave in a trustworthy
 Feeling needed friends, siblings, manner
 2. Social workers respect the individual’s right to  Offer services and use approaches congruent
make independent decisions and to participate with client values, culture and religion
actively in the helping process.  Offers services for which the costs to the client
 Empowerment and strengths lead us to in time and money are reasonable
assist clients in increasing their personal  Achieve immediate success, even if a small one
 Encourage client to utilize mutual support and
potential and political power such that clients can self-help groups.
improve their life situation  Facilitate the client’s acquisition of knowledge
and skills that will decrease his or her need for
3. Social workers are committed to assisting client professional assistance and formal resources in
systems to obtain needed resources. the future.
4. Social workers strive to make social institutions
more humane and responsive to human needs. Guidelines for Selecting a Practice Framework - The
5. Social workers demonstrate respect for and choice of a particular framework students and new
acceptance of the unique characteristics of social worker must guard against becoming overly
diverse populations. committed to a single practice framework.
 Social workers must be informed about and
respectful of differences. When selecting a practice framework, one must be
guided with the question:
Social Work’s Code of Ethics - By promoting
accountability, a code of ethics serves additional vital  What types of clients
purposes, including the following:  What kinds of problems
 In what practice settings
1. Safeguards the reputation of a professional by  What circumstances will a particular framework
providing explicit criteria that can be employed provide relevant and useful guidance?
to regulate the behavior of members’
2. Furthers competent and responsible practice by What is a Theory?
its members
3. Protects the public from exploitation by  A theory is a set of ideas that help explain why
unscrupulous or incompetent practitioners something happens or happened in a particular
way, and to predict likely outcomes in the
future. Theories are based on evidence and
reasoning, but have not yet been conclusively
Requirements of Practice Framework - A framework proved. (Cotrell)
used in social work practice should meet the following  An attempt to explain a framework for
criteria: understanding a set of ideas linked together to
help us make sense of a particular issue
 It is consistent with the purpose, values, and (Thompson)
ethics of the profession  A set of ideas or principles used to guide
 Its key concepts, principles, and terminology are practice which are sufficiently coherent that
clearly described and defined they could it necessary be made explicit in a
 It provides guidance and direction to the form which was open to challenge (Beckett)
change process.  Theory is an “attempt to retrospectively explain
 It rests on an empirical foundation (based on and to prospectively predict”
facts and observations).
 It helps the worker analyze and understand Categories of Theories
complete situations.
 Theories of evolution
Social worker practice in wide variety of settings and  Theories of personality (development) and
encounter clients with many different types of problems learning theories
and concerns, it is not possible to identify a single  Theories of social organization and social
framework. However, to yield the desired outcomes for change, theories of social stratification
the client the social worker is encouraged to do the  Theories of individual and group behavior
following:  Theories of deviance, crime and correction
 Theories of economic growth and development,
 Build a collaborative worker-client relationship theories of group dynamics and leadership
based on trust and the worker’s respect,  Theories of social work (clinical practice) etc.
empathy, caring and compassion for the client.
 Assess and address the client’s concern within In social work, the term “theory” covers three different
an environmental context (view children’s possibilities:
problem within the context of family and family
problems within a community context) 1. Provable explanations why something happens
 Allow and encourage the client to make (explanatory theory)
decisions related to the intervention’s goals and 2. Organized description of activity in a structured
the methods to be used to reach those goals. form (Models)
 Recognize and build on client strengths and 3. Ways of conceptualizing the world or a
avoid focusing exclusively on limitations, particular subject (Perspective)
deviance and psychopathology
 Be proactive and reach out to client with offers Conceptual Frameworks
of services that he or she considers relevant
 therapy, which is derived from
the psychology of learning
Practice Model Is a set of concepts and
principles used to guide
intervention activities. The term
model is also used when
 Theories OF Social Work – Focus on the referring to a conceptual
profession and explain its purpose, domain, and framework that is borrowed
character within the society. They describe from one field and applied in
what the profession is all about and why it another.
functions as it does. Example: Medical Model (study,
 Theories FOR Social Work – Focus on clients diagnose, treat) and the legal
and helping activities. They explain human model (an approach to social
behaviors, the social environment, how change action and client advocacy,
occurs and how change can be facilitated by the involving competition and
social worker in order to benefit. conflict among adversaries).
PRACTICE FRAMEWORKS
Orienting Describe and explain behavior GENERALIST PERSPECTIVE
Theories and how and why certain
problems develop. They provide  The generalist perspective directs the social
important background worker to approach every client and every
knowledge and are usually situation with openness to using various
borrowed from other disciplines models, theories, and techniques and a
such as biology, psychology, willingness to consider more than one level of
sociology, economics, cultural intervention, from micro to macro.
anthropology and the like.  The word generalist refers to a person with
Examples: Various theories broad general knowledge and possessing skills
related to human development, in several; disciplines, fields or areas.
personality, family systems,  Thus, the term generalist practice and
socialization, organizational generalist social work refer to a practitioner
functioning, and political power, who has a broad range of knowledge and skills,
as well as theories related to who draws on several perspectives, theories,
specific types of problems such and models, and who can move with minimal
as poverty, family violence, difficulty from one field of practice to another.
mental illness, teen pregnancy,  The generalist social worker is prepared to
crime and racial discrimination engage and work with a variety of client
systems – for example, an individual, a whole
Practice This particular way of viewing family; a group formed for a purpose of therapy
Perspective and thinking about practice. It is or social support; a committee or task group;
a conceptual lens through which formal organization, such as an agency or a
one views of social functioning network agency; and legislators and
and it offers very broad policymakers.
guidance on what may be
important considerations in a Four (4) elements characterize the generalist
practice situation. Like a camera perspective:
lens, a perspective serves to
focus on or 1. A multidimensional orientation that emphasizes
magnify a particular feature. the interrelatedness of human problems, life
Two perspectives, the general situations and social conditions. At the heart of
system this perspective is an appreciation for the
perspective and ecosystems interplay and interdependence of people and
perspective, are commonly used various systems that constitute the
in assessing relationships environment or context in which they live in.
between people and their The level of intervention (micro, mezzo, macro)
environment. the practice framework, and specific techniques
Practice Theory It offers both an explanation of and procedures are not to be selected until
certain behaviors or situations after careful consideration of the various and
and guidance on how they can multiple ways that a client’s concern and
be changed. A practice theory situation might be defined, conceptualized and
serves as a road map for approached.
bringing about a certain type of 2. An approach to assessment and intervention
change. Most practice theories that draws ideas from many different practice
are rooted in one or more frameworks and considers all possible actions
orienting theories. that might be relevant and helpful to the client.
Example: Psychosocial therapy, The generalist perspective requires that the
which is based primarily on social worker be eclectic (draws ideas and
psychodynamic theory and ego techniques from many sources) and versatile
psychology. Another is behavior enough to at least initiate practice activities in a
 variety of situations. This is not to say that the change and transformation within the country,
generalist is expected to be an expert in the transcending to the global community. We believe in
application of all theories and models. Rather, the values and principles of social, economic, cultural,
the generalist is knowledgeable enough to and environmental justice; human rights; collective
know when he or she can responsibly serve the responsibility; and respect for all forms of diversities.
client and when to refer elsewhere for more We commit to promoting equitable, inclusive, and
specialized interventions. sustainable social change; social welfare; social
3. Selection of intervention strategies and worker development; and the empowerment of people,
roles are made primarily on the basis of the particularly those at the margins. We are sensitive to
client’s problem, goals, situation and the size of cultural and ethnic diversities and we strive to end
the systems that are targeted for change. The discrimination, oppression, poverty, and other forms of
generalist perspective calls for the social worker social injustice based on sexual orientation, gender
to adapt his or her practice activities to the identity and expression and sex characteristics
client situation. (SOGIESC), ethnicity, faith, class, and social status,
4. A knowledge, value and skill base that is among others. We seek to enhance the capacity of
transferable between and among diverse people to address their own needs and to promote the
contexts, locations and problems. The more responsiveness of organizations, communities, and
specialized frameworks may, implicitly or other social institutions to each individuals’ needs and
explicitly, prescribe or limit the settings where a social problems. We believe that these activities may be
worker is prepared to practice or the type of in the form of direct practice, community organizing,
client, problem, or concern the worker is supervision, consultation, social work counseling,
prepared to address. administration, advocacy, social and political action,
policy development and implementation, education,
research, and evaluation.

Ecosystem Perspective (Environmental) II. PURPOSE OF THE PHILIPPINE SOCIAL WORK CODE
OF ETHICS
Assessment from an ecological perspective…
The Social Work Code of Ethics serves as the principal
 Individuals exist with families framework by which the profession’s values, principles
 Families exist within communities and and standards, as well as its beliefs and commitments,
neighborhoods are articulated to define and guide the social workers’
 Individuals, families, and neighborhoods professional conduct. It aims to:
exist in a political, economic and cultural
environment a. Define the responsibilities and expectations for
 The environment impacts the actions, the ethical conduct of social workers for
beliefs, and choices of the individual themselves, their colleagues, the agencies or
the organizations that they are a part of, their
Strengths Perspective clients, the profession itself, the duly accredited
integrated professional organization, and the
 A client strength can be defined as any client society as a whole;
attribute, capacity or experiences that b. Demonstrate how social work values are linked
contribute to a positive satisfying life and to beliefs and commitments and to ethical
effective social functioning. principles and standards that guide the social
 Client strength can take many forms, such as an workers in their conduct in order to maintain a
ability or skill, the desire to learn and change, professional social work practice;
personal integrity, fortitude and a commitment c. Inspire social workers to strive for the ideals to
to help others. which the profession aspires to and to do what
is ethical and honorable;
Ethnic-Sensitive Perspective
d. Empower social workers in making informed
and ethical decisions, particularly when
 Culturally competent practitioner
confronted with professional ethical dilemmas;
e. Inform the general public of the standard
ethical behavior and conduct which they can
PHILIPPINE SOCIAL WORK CODE OF ETHICS AND hold social workers accountable to;
ETHICAL STANDARDS (Annex A) f. Enforce the standards for adjudicating ethical
complaint/s filed against social workers; and
I. PREAMBLE g. Guide the profession in developing,
maintaining, and/or transforming a dynamic
We, the Filipino Social Workers, subscribe to the social work practice that is responsive to the
definition adopted by the International Federation of changing human conditions relative to the
Social Workers (2014) that “social work is a practice- present and future trends and directions of
based profession and an academic discipline that professional practice.
promotes social change and development, social
cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of III. THE PHILIPPINE SOCIAL WORK VALUES
people.” We adhere to the primary mission of the social
work profession which is to restore, promote, and The Social Work Code of Ethics stresses the congruence
transform the social well-being of individuals, groups, between the professional core values and the Filipino
and communities, while simultaneously advancing social cultural values in effecting a contextual, competent, and
ethical social work practice. These Filipino social work
values are articulated herein with the objective of e. Personal and professional integrity (dangal or
aligning them with the core values of the social work karangalan), honor, dignity, self-awareness, and
profession at the global level while at the same time, objectivity, propelled by a shared inner
highlighting the unique, diverse, and nuanced perception (pakiramdam);
expressions of these values in various social work f. Cultural competence (pangkulturang
practice settings in the Philippines. kakayahan) is the ability of the person to
understand, be sensitive to, be aware of,
These values permeate the everyday life of the Filipino become responsive to, and be inclusive of
– in their identity, traits, behaviors, and aspirations – cultural diversity and difference;
and these are what guide the social work practice g. Human relationships at the levels of the
through their expression in the following: individual, family, and community are propelled
by the value of altruism, shared humanity or a
a. Kapwa or shared identity – the nexus of all the genuine act of generosity (bayanihan spirit),
core Filipino values; kindness, and caring characteristics of
b. Pakiramdam or shared inner perception – the compassion (kagandahang-loob) as an innate
pivotal interpersonal value; component of empathy; and h. Resilience
c. Kagandahang-loob or shared humanity – a (katatagan), perseverance, and patience
linking socio-personal value; (tiyaga).
d. Pakikisama and pakikipagkapwa or smooth
interpersonal relationship (SIR) – the All social work practices must be anchored on the
accommodative surface values; following professional core values from which ethical
e. Lakas ng loob or courage; pakikibaka or principles emanate:
collective struggle for a social and political
cause; and padayon or moving forward – the Value: Commitment to Professional Service
confrontative surface values;
f. Karangalan or dignity; katarungan or justice; Ethical Principles:
and kalayaan or freedom – the societal values’
g. Bayanihan or communal unity and the spirit of a. Commitment to empower clients’ capacity to
heroism – these are based on our patriotism help themselves;
and love of our fellow human beings and b. Respect for clients ‘self-determination
willingness to act alone, with others, or as a c. Provision of rights and need-based social
community (whether locally, nationally, or services;
internationally) in times of need. d. Use of professional judgment as a basis for the
provision of strength-based social services; and
Ethical social work practice must relate the social work e. Practice of professional responsibility and
core values of service, social justice, dignity and worth accountability.
of the person, professional integrity, competence, and
importance of human relationships with the core Value: Social Justice and Human Rights
Filipino values from which all social work ethical
principles emanate. Ethical Principles:

The blending of Filipino and professional core values a. Respect for human diversity in an inclusive
becomes more effective, relevant, and contextualized society, for gender equity and equality, and for
when applied to ethical social work practice. The Social the potentialities inherent in a human being;
Work Code of Ethics identifies the following social work b. Equitable distribution and enjoyment of
core values that are merged with Filipino values and resources from both the government and the
which serve as the basic tenets of the profession’s private sectors which serve as duty bearers to
competency and ethical practice standards: jointly promote social justice and ensure
political, economic, and social well-being of all
a. Service (kawanggawa/paglilingkod) or people – all towards their personal and social
collective and purposeful provision of social fulfillment;
service; c. Right to self-determination and participation, in
b. Social justice and equality (katarungan at recognition of each person’s natural and social
pagkakapantay-pantay), human rights rights, capacities, and responsibilities to
(karapatang-pantao), and freedom (kalayaan) develop one’s full potential as a human being;
are propelled by Filipino societal values and the and
right to self-determination and inclusive d. Right to challenge all forms of discrimination,
participation, without being limited to gender, exploitation, and oppression.
vulnerable groups, and indigenous groups;
c. A person’s dignity and self-worth are reinforced Value: Dignity and Worth of the Person
by distinct ways of showing respect for shared
Ethical Principles:
identity or inner self (kapwa), demonstrating
humaneness at the highest level, and
a. Respect for the dignity and worth of the person
manifesting a unique moral obligation of
as a bio-psychosocial-spiritual being within the
treating one another as co-equal;
context of his/her socio-economic political and
d. Sense of spirituality or lived human experiences
cultural environments;
with an inner sense of meaning and gratitude or
b. Acceptance of the person’s historical and
affiliation with an organized practice of
cultural past, personal barriers, and challenges;
faith/religion;
and
 c. Recognition of the person’s inherent or innate b. Compassion, caring, and kindness;
strengths, potentials, and capacities thereby c. Spirit of communal unity;
affirming his/her individuality and identity. d. Effective, open, and diplomatic interpersonal
communication;
Value: Personal and Professional Integrity e. Respect, authenticity, and empathy; and
f. Participatory and collective decision-making.
Ethical Principles:
Value: Dynamism in Personal, Family, and Community
a. Conscious use of professional self; Life
b. Dignity and honor;
c. Self-awareness and objectivity; Ethical Principles:
d. Non-discrimination;
e. Non-judgmental attitude; a. Respect for privacy and confidentiality;
f. Empathy or shared inner perception and trust; b. Respect for family traditions, rituals, as well as
and diverse and evolving family structures; and
g. Transparency and accountability. c. Patriotism and involvement in socio-cultural
and political causes.
Value: Resilience and Perseverance
Value: Use of Technology and Social Media
Ethical Principles:
Ethical Principles:
a. Steadfastness and patience;
b. Capability and potential to overcome a. Responsible use of confidential information to
adversities; benefit clients;
c. Presence of the individual’s own inherent b. Appropriate use of technology and social
strength, internal locus of control, and networks for efficient and effective delivery of
willpower to act upon any situation; social services;
d. Ability to adapt to changing internal and c. Safeguarding the integrity of electronic records
external environments; and privileged information;
e. Capability to transition to and transform d. Accountable and careful use of technology
towards positive personal and social change; when obtaining client consent before, during,
and and after delivery of social service;
f. Ability to recognize the individual’s hope and e. Proper use of technology and technological
intrinsic motivation as resilience factors. devices on clients with disability concerns (i.e.
language, speech, and social communication);
Value: Spirituality or Sense of Meaning and
f. Adherence to relevant laws such as, but not
Ethical Principles: limited to, the Data Privacy Law and Freedom of
Information Law, in the management and
a. Belief in a Supreme Being or in how the person utilization of any data and information in the
defines or exercises faiths and beliefs; course of social work practice.
b. Belief in the basic goodness of the person;
c. Practice of altruism; and
d. Respect for cultural beliefs, including and
regardless of superstitious beliefs, connecting
nature with the environment, based on
historical lived experiences.

Value: Competence

Ethical Principles:

a. Competence-based education, continuing

professional development, career, and lifelong
learning;
b. Ethical application of theory-practice/practice-
theory praxis and evidence-based interventions;
c. Sharing and transfer of expertise through
effective supervision to build capabilities of
second-liners;
d. Demonstration of analytical ability, critical
thinking and self-reflection, and correction; and
e. Professional self-care, and adherence to health
and safety protocols;

Value: Importance of Human Relationship

Ethical Principles:

a. Dynamic interplay of a genuine act of

generosity with a sense of gratitude;