590/ logic guide

1.C 11.A 21. D 31.C 41.D

2.A 12.C 22.C 32.A 42.B
3.C 13.A 23.D 33.B 43.C
4.A 14.D 24.A 34.A 44.D
5.A 15.A 25.B 35.B 45.A
6.B 16.D 26.B 36.B 46.D
7.B 17.B 27.B 37.A 47.A
8.D 18.C 28.B 38.C 48.C
9.C 19.B 29.D 39.A 49.A
10.A 20.A 30.A 40.B 50.D
Mark guide paper two Disjunction v / the vee

1,a (i) To distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning. To develop D(i) conversion, obversion, contraposition and inversion.
a critical and mature mind. To develop good reasoning skills.
I
(ii)The principle of identity, the principle of contradiction, the
principle of excluded middle, the principle of sufficient reasoning. (ii)From the truth of either contradictory, we infer the falsity of the
other and from the falsity of either contradictory, we infer the truth
b (i) a proposition has a truth- value but a sentence does not. A of the other.
proposition is an assertion or claim which can be true or false but a
sentence can take the forms of a command, question, declaration, e(i) an enthymeme is a formally valid syllogism with one of the
exclamations etc. premises or conclusion omitted./ it is an argument which is stated
incompletely.
(ii) The quantity of a proposition shows the extent of the claim,
that is how much is denied or affirmed. It tries to find out whether (ii) The conclusion of a simple dilemma is stated categorically and
the proposition refers to ALL or SOME. /Quality refers to the the conclusion of a complex dilemma is stated in a disjunctive
character of the proposition. Determines whether it is affirmative manner.
or negative. /EXAMPLES ARE ACCEPTED.
3,a (i)simple apprehension and judging.
C (i) variable are letters which can stand for any statement. Eg
P,Q,R,S etc. (ii) Ostensive definition is made by pointing out with examples or
indicating in some behavioral way the extension of the term being
(ii) Parentheses are punctuation marks used to group individual defined.
symbols in symbolic logic.
B(i) a hypothetical proposition is a conditional statement expressed
d (i) premises are statements that support a conclusion in reasoning. in the form if…then.

(ii)Inductive reasoning proceeds from particular cases to general (ii) The quantifier, subject, copula and predicate terms.
conclusions.
C(i)conjunction-a conjunction is true only when both conjuncts are
e(i)the first order enthymeme is when the major premise is omitted ture.
such that only the minor premise and the conclusion are stated.
Negation- if a statement is true, its negation is False and vice versa.
(ii)The constructive and the destructive Dilemma.
D(i)The major premise is the first proposition of an argument./ it
2,a Terms according to relation --------contradictory and contrary. contains the major term and the middle term. And the minor
premise is the second proposition in an argument. / It contains the
Terms according to quantity---------collective and particular. minor term and the middle term.

Terms according to quality----------affirmative and negative. (ii) Immediate inference is a type of reasoning where the
conclusion is drawn from only one premise. While Mediate
Terms according to origin------------ no answer here. inference is drawn from two or more premises.
Terms according to definiteness of meaning-------univocal and E(i) this a syllogism whose major premise is hypothetical ,while
equivocal. the minor premise and conclusion are categorical
B(i) both propositions are universal. (ii) A Dilemma is destructive when the minor premise denies the
consequents of the major premise.
(ii) A proposition is in the standard logical form when all its parts
are expressed. Ie the quantifier,subject, copula and predicate terms. 4,a (i) Orphan
C(i) a statement is simple when it stands on its own and it is (ii) Well-being is a state where one is not sick.
compound when two or more statements are joined together. /
examples are accepted. B(i)Some social anthropologists are researchers.

(ii) Conjunction . /the dot (ii) Undistributed, undistributed

C(i)p. q

(ii)p ↄ q

D (i) No anthropologies Anthropologists are humanitarians

(i) AAA-3

e(i) The third order enthymeme.

(ii)A valid modus ponens argument.

5,a (i) well-being.

(ii) Present and absent.

b(i) some educationists are disciplined persons

(ii)If I eat well , then I will be happy.

C(i)some parents are caring persons.

(ii)p.q

D(i)False

(ii)No pre-logical persons are Africans.

E(I) Therefore Tih has not pay her fees.

(iii) Simple constructive Dilemma.

6, a(i) the principle of contradiction.

(ii) Directory function/ performatory function.

B(i)bike riders are either wise or smart persons.

(ii)

Girls ///// lazy persons

///////

//

C(i)P.Q

(II)

p q p.q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

D(I) therefore, Lucy is putting on skirts.

(ii) E--- DOUBTFUL/ O------TRUE.

E(I)First order enthymeme.

(ii)Argumentum ad Ignorantiam.