Assignment I

Name – Shriharsh Tanaji Salokhe

PRN - 1032221515

Subject - Principles of Green Technology

1. Mention in brief about twelve principles of green chemistry.:

The twelve principles of green chemistry, proposed by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aim to make
chemical processes more sustainable by reducing environmental and health risks:

1. Prevention – It is better to prevent waste generation than to treat or clean it after formation.

2. Atom Economy – Maximize the use of reactant atoms in the final product to minimize waste.

3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis – Design synthetic methods that reduce or eliminate
toxic substances.

4. Designing Safer Chemicals – Create chemicals that perform their function while being non-
toxic.

5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries – Avoid the use of hazardous solvents and auxiliary
substances.

6. Design for Energy Efficiency – Conduct reactions at ambient temperature and pressure to
save energy.

7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks – Utilize raw materials from renewable sources instead of
depleting finite resources.

8. Reduce Derivatives – Minimize unnecessary modifications such as blocking groups, which

9. Catalysis – Use catalysts to speed up reactions and increase efficiency, reducing the need for
excess reagents.

10. Design for Degradation – Ensure chemical products break down into harmless substances
after use.

11. Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention – Use analytical methods to monitor and control
processes, reducing harmful by-products.

12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention – Design chemicals and processes that
reduce risks such as explosions, fires, and toxic releases.
2. Write in brief about sustainable development and green chemistry.

Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet theirs. It includes environmental protection, economic growth, and social
equity.

Green chemistry contributes to sustainable development by minimizing waste, reducing toxicity, and
improving efficiency in chemical processes. It promotes environmentally friendly alternatives, such as
biodegradable products, renewable resources, and energy-efficient manufacturing, ensuring minimal
environmental impact and long-term sustainability.

3. Explain – Atom Economy

Atom economy is a measure of how efficiently reactant atoms are converted into the desired product
in a chemical reaction. It is calculated using the formula:

Atom Economy=(Molecular weight of desired productTotal molecular weight of reactants)×100\text{

A higher atom economy means less waste, making the process more sustainable. Reactions like
addition and rearrangement tend to have high atom economy, while substitution and elimination
reactions have lower atom economy.

4Write in brief about Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)

IPPC is a European regulatory framework that aims to reduce industrial pollution by integrating
environmental protection measures. It emphasizes:

• Preventing pollution at the source rather than treating it afterward.

• Using Best Available Techniques (BAT) to minimize emissions.

• Encouraging resource efficiency (energy, water, and raw materials).

• Implementing a holistic approach to control air, water, and land pollution.

Industries must obtain permits that ensure compliance with environmental standards, reducing their
overall environmental impact.

5. Mention in brief about the concept and methodology of inherently safer design.:

Concept: Inherently Safer Design (ISD) aims to eliminate or significantly reduce hazards in industrial
processes rather than relying on protective measures.

Methodology:

1. Minimize – Reduce the quantity of hazardous substances used.

2. Substitute – Replace hazardous materials with safer alternatives.

3. Moderate – Use less extreme conditions (e.g., lower temperature and pressure).
 4. Simplify – Design simpler processes with fewer opportunities for failure.

By incorporating ISD principles, industries can enhance safety, reduce costs, and improve
sustainability.

6. Mention in brief about how non-conventional energy sources are important in promotion

of green technology.:

Non-conventional energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, are essential in
promoting green technology because they:

• Reduce dependence on fossil fuels, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.

• Provide a renewable and sustainable energy supply.

• Lower environmental pollution and ecological impact.

• Support cleaner production technologies, making industries more eco-friendly.

By integrating non-conventional energy into industrial processes, we can move toward a low-carbon
economy and sustainable development.

7. Explain - microwave assisted reactions:

Microwave-assisted reactions use microwave radiation to heat reactants efficiently, offering

• Faster reaction rates due to uniform and rapid heating.

• Higher yields with fewer side reactions.

• Reduced energy consumption, making the process more sustainable.

• Minimal solvent use, promoting green chemistry principles.

Microwave-assisted reactions are widely used in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical development, and
material science.