Sub: Introduction to Civil Engineering (BESCK104A/204A)

MODULE 2: Societal and Global Impact of Infrastructure

Chapter 1: Infrastructure: Introduction to sustainable development goals, Smart

city concept, clean city concept, Safe city concept
Chapter 2: Environment: Water Supply and Sanitary systems, urban air
pollution management, Solid waste management, identification of Landfill sites,
urban flood control
Chapter 3: Built-environment: Energy efficient buildings, recycling, Temperature
and Sound control in buildings, Security systems; Smart buildings

Prepared by, Prof Gowtham B, Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SVIT,
Bengaluru-64

Chapter 1: Infrastructure

Infrastructure:

Infrastructure is the set of facilities required for the societal and economic functioning of a country,
city, or an area. Infrastructure includes structures such as roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, water
supply, sewers, electrical grids, and telecommunications, Internet connectivity, Buildings etc.

Sustainable development goals:

On 1 January 2016, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 came in to force. This
is taken on the basis of historic UN summit of different countries held in September 2015. These
new Goals apply to all nations who are supposed to achieve in the coming 15 years.

The following are the sustainable development goals:

 No Poverty: No poverty means that everybody has enough money for their basic needs
 No Hunger: Everyone should get the food and there is no hunger
 Good Health and Well-Being: It aims to prevent suffering from preventable diseases and
premature death by focusing on key targets that boost the health of a country's overall
population
 Quality Education: This goal ensures that all girls and boys complete free primary and
secondary schooling by 2030.
 Gender Equality: Empowering women and promoting gender equality is crucial to
accelerating sustainable development. Ending all forms of discrimination against women
and girls.
 Clean Water and Sanitation: Access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene is the most
basic human need for health and well-being.
 Affordable and Clean Energy: Lack of access to energy supplies and transformation
systems is a constraint to human and economic development. The environment provides a
series of renewable and non-renewable energy sources i.e. solar, wind, hydropower,
geothermal, biofuels, natural gas, coal, petroleum, uranium.
 Decent Work and Economic Growth: The SDGs promote sustained economic growth,
higher levels of productivity and technological innovation. Encouraging entrepreneurship
and job creation are key to this. Totally avoid forced labour, slavery and human illegal
usage. With these targets in mind, the goal is to achieve full and productive employment,
and decent work, for all women and men by 2030.
 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Investment in infrastructure and innovation
are crucial drivers of economic growth and development. With over half the world
population now living in cities, mass transport and renewable energy are becoming ever
more important, as are the growth of new industries and information and communication
technologies. Technological progress is also key to finding lasting solutions to both economic
and environmental challenges, such as providing new jobs and promoting energy efficiency.
Promoting sustainable industries, and investing in scientific research and innovation, are all
important ways to facilitate sustainable development.
 Reduced Inequalities: Income inequality is on the main inequality; the richest 10 percent
have up to 40 percent of global income whereas the poorest 10 percent earn only between
2 to 7 percent. If we take into account population growth inequality in developing
countries, inequality has increased by 11 percent. These widening disparities require sound
policies to empower lower income earners.
 Sustainable Cities and Communities: More than half of us live in cities. By 2050, two-
thirds of all humanity 6.5 billion people will be urban. Sustainable development cannot be
achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban
spaces. Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities, safe
and affordable housing, and building. It involves investment in public transport, creating
green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management. sustainable means
creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing.

 Responsible Consumption and Production: The efficient management of our shared

natural resources including food consumption and the way we dispose of toxic waste and
pollutants are important targets to achieve this goal. Encouraging industries, businesses
and consumers to recycle and reduce waste is equally important, as is supporting
developing countries to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption by 2030.
 Climate Action: There is no country that is not experiencing the drastic effects of climate
change. Greenhouse gas emissions are more than 50 percent higher than in 1990. Global
warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate system, which threatens
irreversible consequences if we do not act.
 Life Below Water: Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity
for their livelihoods. However, today we are seeing 30 percent of the world‟s fish stocks
overexploited, reaching below the level at which they can produce sustainable yields.
Enhancing conservation and the sustainable use of ocean-based resources through
international law will also help mitigate some of the challenges facing our oceans.
 Life On Land: Human life depends on the earth as much as the ocean for our sustenance
and livelihoods. Plant life provides 80 percent of the human diet, and we rely on agriculture
as an important economic resources. Forests cover 30 percent of the Earth‟s surface,
provide vital habitats for millions of species, and important sources for clean air and water,
as well as being crucial for combating climate change. Urgent action must be taken to
reduce the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity which are part of our common heritage
and support global food and water security.
 Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: We cannot hope for sustainable development
without peace, stability, human rights and effective governance, based on the rule of law.
Yet our world is increasingly divided. Some regions enjoy peace, security and prosperity,
while others fall into seemingly endless cycles of conflict and violence. This is not
inevitable and must be addressed. The SDGs aim to significantly reduce all forms of
violence, and work with governments and communities to end conflict and insecurity.
Promoting the rule of law and human rights are key to this process, as is reducing the flow
of unlawful arms and strengthening the participation of developing countries in the
institutions of global governance.

 Partnerships for the Goals: The world is more interconnected than ever. Improving
access to technology and knowledge is an important way to share ideas and foster
innovation. Coordinating policies to help developing countries manage their debt, as well
as promoting investment for the least developed, is vital for sustainable growth and
development.
Smart City:
A smart city is an urban development vision to integrate information and communication
technology (ICT) and Internet of things (IOT) technology in a secure fashion to manage a city's
assets. These assets include local departments' information systems, schools, libraries,
transportation systems, hospitals, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law
enforcement, and other community services.

The core elements of Smart City Infrastructure include

1. Assured Supply of Electricity

2. Adequate Supply of Water
3. Solid Waste Management
4. Sanitation
5. Efficient Urban Mobility
6. Affordable Housing
7. Public Transport
8. Digitalization
9. IT Connectivity
10. Sustainable Environment
11. Good Governance
12. Health and Education
13. Security of the Citizens

Smart City Concepts:

 Smart Governance: Smart Governance includes political and active participation,

citizenship services and the smart use of e‐Government. In addition, it often relates to the
use of new communication channels, such as e-government or "e‐democracy".
 Smart Citizen: People are smart in terms of their skill and educational levels, as well as
the quality of social interaction in terms public life and their ability to open to the outside
world.
 Smart Energy: The power generation from renewable energy sources, generation and
consumption are connected in an efficient and intelligent way
 Smart Technology: Technological development, supported by Innovation, is essential to
offer competitive products and services. The new relationship emerging from e‐
Government has led to the emergence of a new kind of citizen, the e‐citizen. It also includes
 areas such as new means of marketing and more efficient organizational and managerial
systems
 Smart Infrastructure: Smart Infrastructure designs will need to be anticipatory and
proactive to be truly sustainable. For example, not only provide food for urban dwellers,
but serve as storm water management systems, allowing water and waste to be recycled at
the smallest scale with real-time sensors telling the centralized system how much less will
have to be processed.
 Smart Mobility: Smart Mobility aims to improve operational efficiency through linking
traffic road information, the vehicle condition, real-time data acquisition and integration of
urban traffic capacity, thus achieving smooth flow of traffic running with automatic toll
collection technology and other data gathering instruments.
 Smart Building: At the most fundamental level, smart buildings deliver useful building
services that make occupants productive (e.g. illumination, thermal comfort, air quality,
physical security, sanitation, and many more) at the lowest cost and environmental impact
over the building lifecycle
 Smart Healthcare: The application of new technologies for health care, from diagnosis to
monitoring patients, including the management of the organizations involved in these
activities, is defined as Smart Healthcare.

Clean City concept

Definition: The term 'clean city' refers to a city that is free from pollution and environment
degradation. Both these terms are relative in nature. A city that has many trees than buildings all
over will be free from environmental problems as trees help to purify the air and maintain the
cycle of nature.
Necessity:

 India has a population of over one billion, of which almost 300 million people are living
in 600 towns and cities. It is unfortunate that, as a result of stressed environmental
conditions, most of these towns and cities are unable to keep the pace for development.
 Water pollution, Depletion of Groundwater, inadequate sanitation, open dumping of
waste, and loss of forest cover are the problems. These impact on the health of the people
and also does an economic impact on the country.
 Similarly, water diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, and cholera are Increasing daily on the
basis of pollution done by us and are affecting both human health and economic
productivity.
 This situation demands a proper solution in the management of rapidly growing urban
 environmental problems. The grade of the environment needs to be monitored regularly
and scientific work needs to extend beyond the laboratory and become more community-
centered.
Objective of Clean City Concept:

 CLEAN-India program was launched for the Development of Alternatives with the vision
of developing a cleaner environment for our urban centers.

 To clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India's cities, smaller towns, and rural
areas.

 Clean, non-dirty roads. Clean railway station and clean bus stand. Clean and clear
drainage and sewage system. Lush green trees on roadside.

 Implementation of proper solid waste management system

 This nation-wide program focuses on environmental assessment, awareness, and action

on school children who are the future citizens. The underlined realization is that „each
one of us is responsible for the current state of our environment and we cannot wait for
someone else to solve it‟.

 The CLEAN-India program aims to deploy responsibility to the people for the assessment
of environmental consequences and improvement in all major cities and states in India
through schools and NGOs linked with governments and other private organizations.

 Clean and green cities around the world show us that first impressions count. Neat and
tidy public green areas, roads, and paths do not only contribute to a good image for
visitors and the local inhabitants. Moreover, it is a sign that this council encourages
people to keep the city clean and tidy.

Launched in 2015, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), has come a long way. The program made sure
that cleanliness and sanitation found a place in India‟s governance landscape. The program was
aimed at transforming the behavior of the masses on issues of sustainable waste management.

To further strengthen and evaluate the performance of the mission, the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India (GoI) kick started India‟s first and largest
cleanliness survey, Swachh Survekshan in 2016. Since, then the survey has evolved significantly,
engaging citizens, administrative systems and civil society towards creating a robust waste
management system.
Swachh Bharat 2020 Results

 Indore from Madhya Pradesh emerged as the cleanest city for the fourth time. Surat from
Gujarat and Navi Mumbai from Maharashtra claimed second and third rank respectively.
 Varanasi was emerged as cleanest Ganga town Jalandhar cantonment was ranked the
cleanest cantonment in the country.
 Indore from Madhya Pradesh emerged as the cleanest city for the fourth time.
 Surat from Gujarat and Navi Mumbai from Maharashtra claimed second and third rank
respectively.
 Varanasi was emerged as cleanest Ganga town
 Jalandhar cantonment was ranked the cleanest cantonment in the country

Safe City Concept:

Definition: Safer City is a plan to enhance public security and welfare by deploying networked
security systems across several entities in a society to optimize the necessary response from
detection to action. The emergence of smart technology is driving the creation of Safer Cities.

It refers to the duty and function of the state to ensure the safety of its citizens, organizations and
institutions against threats to their well-being as well as the traditional functions of law and order.

The safe city concept is based on a consolidated ICT (Information and communication
Technology) platform which combines public-safety information of different types and from
different sources, obtained through sensors and multi-agency collaboration.
Major requirements and also uses of Safe city concept are

 It provides reliable and comprehensive security measures to predict threats and hazardous
situations
 It aids to public-safety organizations in collecting, sharing and analyzing data more
effectively to provide early warnings and raise situational awareness
 It enables the key organizations in the city to react to security threats in real time
 It provides post-event examination and analysis, identify victims and provide assistance in
rescue actions

 Foster an environment in public places that is safe, secure, and empowering for women.

 To provide the security and safety required to protect citizens from crime and terrorism
as well as mitigate, as much as possible, the impact of natural disasters and other threats.
 Chapter 2: Environment
Water supply systems:
Water supply systems are essential for providing clean and safe water for various human needs,
such as drinking, cooking, washing, and firefighting etc,.
Types of water supply systems:
 Grid iron systems

In gridiron systems, the main water supply line goes through the central part of the area, while sub
mains branch out perpendicular to the main line. This system has no dead-ends, as all of the
individual pipes are interconnected.

 Ring systems

In circular or ring systems the supply main forms a circle or ring around the area of distribution. In
this system, the branches are cross-connected to the supply mains and each other.
  Radial systems

In radial systems, the distribution area is divided into different distribution districts or zones. Each
zone has an elevated distribution reservoir in the middle from which supply lines run in a radial
pattern towards the distribution district periphery.

 Dead-end systems

Dead-end water supply systems are the best choice for cities and towns without definite road
patterns. In this type of system, there is one main line that runs through the town or city with sub-
mains branching off from left and right. These sub-mains then divide into a number of branch lines
that provide service connections.

Components of water supply systems:

 Water source: The sources of drinking water can come from groundwater, lakes, reservoirs,
rivers, canals, rainwater, and saltwater.

Water purification & treatment facilities: Different treatment systems are used depending on
the source of the water.
 Transmission & distribution systems: The treated water is transported from the source via
water mains and sub-mains to the end-users.
 Storage systems: these may include water tanks, reservoirs, and water towers. In smaller
systems, pressure vessels and cisterns may be used.
 Pumping stations: in order to maintain optimal water pressure, additional pressurizing
components, called pumping stations, are often used.
 Accessories: these may include support components such as valves, service lines,
generators, meters, fire hydrants, and other accessories needed to ensure a smoothly running
system.
Urban air pollution management:
“Air Pollution is the release of pollutants such as gases, particles, biological molecules, etc. into
the air that is harmful to human health and the environment.”
Types of Air Pollutants:
 Primary Pollutants

The pollutants that directly cause air pollution are known as primary pollutants. Sulphur-dioxide
emitted from factories is a primary pollutant.
 Secondary Pollutants
The pollutants formed by the intermingling and reaction of primary pollutants are known as
secondary pollutants. Smog, formed by the intermingling of smoke and fog, is a secondary
pollutant.

Causes of Air Pollution:

 Burning of Fossil Fuels

The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur dioxide. Carbon monoxide
released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also results in air pollution.
 Automobiles
The gases emitted from vehicles such as trucks, cars, buses, etc. pollute the environment. These
are the major sources of greenhouse gases and also result in diseases among individuals.
 Agricultural Activities
Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during agricultural activities. The
insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers emit harmful chemicals in the atmosphere and
contaminate it.
 Factories and Industries
Factories and industries are the main source of carbon monoxide, organic compounds,
hydrocarbons and chemicals. These are released into the air, degrading its quality.
 Mining Activities
In the mining process, the minerals below the earth are extracted using large equipment. The
dust and chemicals released during the process not only pollute the air, but also deteriorate the
health of the workers and people living in the nearby areas.
 Domestic Sources
The household cleaning products and paints contain toxic chemicals that are released in the air.
The smell from the newly painted walls is the smell of the chemicals present in the paints. It not
only pollutes the air but also affects breathing.
Effects of Air Pollution:
 Diseases

Air pollution has resulted in several respiratory disorders and heart diseases among humans. The
cases of lung cancer have increased in the last few decades. Children living near polluted areas
are more prone to pneumonia and asthma. Many people die every year due to the direct or
indirect effects of air pollution.
 Global Warming

Due to the emission of greenhouse gases, there is an imbalance in the gaseous composition of
the air. This has led to an increase in the temperature of the earth. This increase in earth‟s
temperature is known as global warming. This has resulted in the melting of glaciers and an
increase in sea levels. Many areas are submerged underwater.
 Acid Rain

The burning of fossil fuels releases harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides in
the air. The water droplets combine with these pollutants, become acidic and fall as acid rain
which damages human, animal and plant life.
 Ozone Layer Depletion

The release of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere is

the major cause of depletion of the ozone layer. The depleting ozone layer does not prevent the
harmful ultraviolet rays coming from the sun and causes skin diseases and eye problems among
individuals.
 Effect on Animals

The air pollutants suspend in the water bodies and affect aquatic life. Pollution also compels the
animals to leave their habitat and shift to a new place. This renders them stray and has also led
to the extinction of a large number of animal species.
Air Pollution Control:
 Avoid Using Vehicles

People should avoid using vehicles for shorter distances. Rather, they should prefer public
modes of transport to travel from one place to another. This not only prevents pollution, but also
conserves energy.
 Energy Conservation

A large number of fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. Therefore, do not forget to
switch off the electrical appliances when not in use. Thus, you can save the environment at the
individual level. Use of energy-efficient devices such as CFLs also controls pollution to a
greater level.
 Use of Clean Energy Resources

The use of solar, wind and geothermal energies reduce air pollution at a larger level. Various
countries, including India, have implemented the use of these resources as a step towards a
cleaner environment.

Solid waste management:

Solid waste management is the process of handling and disposing of the unwanted materials
produced by human activities.
Sources of Solid Waste
1. Residential (domestic or household)
2. Commercial
3. Institutional
4. Construction Demolition
5. Treatment plant sites
6. Solid Industrial Waste
7. Solid Agricultural Waste
8. E waste
9. Bio medical waste
Types of Solid Waste
Importance of Solid Waste Management:
1. Solid waste can be a breeding ground for bacteria, viruses, and pests that can cause diseases.
2. Poor solid waste management practices can lead to the spread of infectious diseases and other
health hazards.
3. Proper management and disposal of solid waste can help prevent the spread of disease and
promote public health.
4. Proper management of bio medical waste and e waste is very much required to avoid mixing
up of dangerous chemicals with environment
Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management:
 Waste generation- The materials that are identified and collected are thrown away or
gathered for disposal.
 On-site handling, storage, and processing- The activities associated with the handling,
storage, and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation.
 Collection- The collection and disposal of solid waste from various locations.
 Transfer and transport- The transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to
the larger transport equipment, to the disposal site.
 Processing and recovery- Those techniques equipment and facilities are used both to
improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable materials,
conversion products, or energy from solid wastes.
 Disposal- The dumping of waste in a specific place for segregation.

Common Solid Waste Disposal Methods

 Composting: Composting is the natural process of recycling organic matter, such as
leaves and food scraps, into a valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants.
 Controlled Tipping/Burying: Solid wastes that are not recycled or used should be
disposed of. Disposal is affected in many ways. A method that satisfies this is known as
controlled tipping. It is a way of isolating any type of waste without bothering to sort or
separate it.
 Ploughing in the Fields: Ploughing of lands helps the segregation of the organic waste
that is biodegradable waste helps the recovering and reusing of waste for soil
conditioning.
 Incineration: Incineration is a high-temperature dry oxidation process that reduces
organic and combustible waste to inorganic, incombustible matter and resulting in a very
significant reduction of waste volume and weight.
Identification of Landfill sites,
Landfill: “A place where waste is buried in the ground in large amounts”
Factors that must be considered in evaluating potential solid waste disposal sites(Landfill)
1.Available Land area : In selecting the: disposal site, it is important to ensure that sufficient area
is available.
2.Haul Distance : Length of haul significantly affects the overall design in the operation and will
have significant impact on operating cost.
3.Soil condition & topography : Because it is necessary to cover the solid waste placed in the
landfill each: day and to provide final cover after landfilling operation is completed.
4.Climatic condition : Local weather condition must also be considered in the evaluation of
potential sites. Provision must be made for wet weather condition.
5.Surface water hydrology :The surface water hydrology of the area is important in establishing
the existing natural drainage & runoff characteristics that must be considered.
6.Local Environmental conditions : Although it has been possible to build and opposite landfill
sites in close proximity to both residential & industrial developments, they must be operated very
carefully if they are to be environmentally acceptable with respect to traffic, noise, odor, dust, air
borne debris, health hazards etc. To minimize the impact of landfilling operations, landfills are now
sited more in remote areas.
7.Ultimate use of completed landfill

Urban flooding:
Urban floods are an immersion of land in a built setting, especially in thickly populated regions. It
happens when precipitation or allied situations exceeds the capacity of sewerage systems. Urban
floods are a significant issue in many regions of the world and are natural disasters that happen each
year.
Some of the reasons of Urban floods are
 Melting of snow
 Heavy rain falls and floods
 Overflow from drainage
 Water discharged from damaged drain systems

Impacts of Urban Floods:

 On Transport and Communication: Disruption in communication- impact on the
telephone lines, internet cables, Increased traffic congestion, disruption in rail services
 On The Environment: Impact on animals in the zoo, Loss of tree cover, loss of habitat.
  On Economy:
i. Post-disaster rescue and rehabilitation add to the financial burden of the government
ii. Impact on heritage or archaeological site
iii. Disruptions to utility supplies
iv. Disruptions to industrial production
v. Damage to buildings, roads, and other infrastructures
 On Human Life:
 A rise in mosquito-borne diseases
 Contamination of water supplies leading to diseases
 Increased stress, psychological problems
 Loss of life & physical injury

Methods to Control of Urban Floods:

1. Need for Climate Resilient Infrastructure.
2. Early Warning Systems and Communication.
3. Design and Management of Urban Drainage System.
4. Rainwater Harvesting.
5. Conservation of Water Bodies.
6. Role of Science and Technology.
 Chapter 3: Built-environment
Energy efficient buildings:
An energy-efficient building creates comfortable living conditions inside the dwelling with the least
possible amount of energy consumption maximizing efficiency in use of resources.
An energy-efficient building balances all aspects of energy use in a building by providing an
optimized mix of passive solar–design strategies, energy-efficient equipment, and renewable
sources of energy.
Aspects of Energy efficient buildings:
1.Nearly: Zero-Energy Passive Building Design:
The design of a nearly zero-energy passive building involves adopting all solar passive strategies at
the design stage before actual construction begins. For instance, passive solar heating/cooling,
building day lighting, and provision for rainwater harvesting.
In a hot and dry climate, passive cooling designs, such as wall and roof cooling, solar refrigeration,
and earth water heat exchangers should be integrated into the building.
In the cold zones, passive heating designs should be adopted, such as air handling units, sun space,
etc.
2. Utilization of Low Embodied Energy Building Materials:
The usage of low embodied energy materials for building construction is important for reducing the
impact of global warming and making the building energy-efficient.
Some of the examples of low embodied energy construction materials are fly ash bricks, fiber-
reinforced bricks, woods, stabilized adobe blocks, cement-replacement materials such as silica
fume, slag, and fly ash which is mostly by-products in factories.
3. Usage of Energy-Efficient Equipment
This involves using energy-efficient equipment in a building that requires the lowest possible
energy, such as LED lights, fans, air-conditioners, and refrigerators. Energy star-approved
fluorescent bulbs are highly desirable because they are more durable, and their maintenance cost is
75% less than conventional bulbs.
4. Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in Different Applications:
Solar water heaters, small wind turbines to generate electricity, solar electricity generation are
examples of renewable energy technologies installed in a building to reduce operational energy
consumption. Other renewable energy sources like hydroelectricity, biomass, and biofuels can also
be used.
Recycling:
Recycling is the process of breaking down and reusing materials that would otherwise be thrown
away as waste.
There are numerous benefits of recycling, and with so many new technologies making even more
materials recyclable, with everyone‟s help, we can clean up our Earth. Recycling not only benefits
the environment but also have a positive effect on the economy.
1.Mechanical Recycling
One of the most globally used methods of giving residues new usages is mechanic recycling. This
method is used to recycle plastics, either obtained from industrial scrap, or domestic, or commercial
disposals. The residues are mechanically transformed into new materials without changing their
chemical structures.
2. Energy Recycling:
The method used to convert plastics into both thermal and electric energy is called energy recycling.
The process is done by leveraging, through incineration and the heat is released in the form of fuel.
3.Chemical Recycling
Among all types of recycling, chemical recycling is the most complex method. In this process, the
chemical structures of plastics are modified after reprocessing them. The final product is produced
to be used as raw material in different industries. It can also be used as a basic input in
manufacturing new plastic products.

Temperature control in buildings:

Heat-reflecting roofs, insulation, and energy efficient windows will help to reduce that heat
conduction.
Radiation is heat traveling in the form of visible and non-visible light. Sunlight is an obvious source
of heat for homes. In addition, low-wavelength, non-visible infrared radiation can carry heat
directly from warm objects to cooler objects. Infrared radiation is why you can feel the heat of a hot
burner element on a stovetop, even from across the room. Older windows will allow infrared
radiation coming from warm objects outside to radiate into your home; shades can help to block this
radiation. Newer windows have low-e coatings that block infrared radiation. Infrared radiation will
also carry the heat of your walls and ceiling directly to your body.
Heat transfer in and out of a building occurs in only three ways:
1. Radiation
2. Conduction
3. Convection
1. Reduction of Radiation heat transfer:
 Use light colors on the roof and external walls
 Increase wall shading with verandahs, carports on North walls
 Reduce window sizes on West facing walls
 Add window shading, on East, North and West walls
 Consider window tinting or reflective film

2.Condction is the pathways the heat travels though

 Keep external surfaces cooler in summer, e.g. by shading or using light colours
 Insulation reduces thermal conduction through roof, ceiling and external walls
 Window coverings with pelmets add additional isolation spaces from outside temperatures
 Slate or ceramic tiled floors conduct heat better than timber, cork, vinyl or carpet

3.Thermal Convection is improved by airflow controls:

 Window size and position, cross ventilation breeze paths and ceiling fans
 Roof ventilation reduces roof cavity temperature
 Controlled infiltration or leakage of external air into the house
 Weather stripping, flue dampers, closeable vents including down lights or skylights

Sound Control in buildings:

Acoustic control of Buildings is the science of controlling the unwanted noise in the living
environment. It is a minimization of sound transmission from one place to another place and the
control of the characteristics of sound. It is an implementation of techniques for making structure
soundproof.
Construction Techniques for Noise Control in Buildings:
 Walls are the important structural components of the Buildings which protect the internal
environment from the external noise.
 The use of cavity walls in partition proves to be very efficient for sound resistance in the
Buildings.
 The more the mass of material more will be noise resistance. The concrete walls provide
more sound insulation as compared to wooden walls because of its higher mass.
 Isolation blankets which can increase sound attenuation when placed in the airspace.
 Windows are one of the major sources from where the sound enters into the structures. So
that is necessary to take into consideration while acoustic planning of the structures.
 The noise can be resisted by increasing the thickness of the glass. It is also necessary that
proper sealing should be done in order to increase the effectiveness of soundproofing.
Building security systems
Building security systems realize convenience and peace of mind through sensing, connectivity, and
user interface technologies.

Following are the types of building security systems:

1. Monitoring Systems
Monitoring systems may include motion sensors for crime monitoring and fire detectors, carbon
monoxide detectors, and the like to monitor for emergencies within the building. The monitored
information is sent via the network to a supervisor in the form of emergency signals and images.
This information can also be stored and managed on a secure data server if needed. Essentials of
monitoring system,
1. Motion detectors
2. Smoke and high temperature detectors
3. Carbon monoxide detectors
4. Room ingress and engress management
5. Surveillance cameras
2. Crime Prevention Systems
Crime prevention systems may incorporate sensors such as door open-close detectors and glass
break detectors to detect emergencies as well as ingress and egress management functions to
enforce entrance and exit regulations and keep logs of those entering and leaving. They control the
entrance and exit of persons to and from the building in conjunction with the information from the
monitoring systems. Essentials of Crime Prevention system,
1. Glass break detectors
2. Door open close detectors
3. Emergency notification
4. Building ingress and engress management
3. Communication Networks of Security Systems
Via the network, the large volumes of data making up the security logs, operation logs, and entrance
and exit logs from the monitoring and crime prevention systems are tracked on security monitoring
PCs and stored and managed on secure data servers. This information may also be linked via a
network to other building automation systems (air conditioning systems, lighting systems, etc.) to
enable more efficient building security management.
Smart Buildings:
A smart building involves the installation and use of advanced and integrated building technology
systems. These systems include building automation, life safety, telecommunications, user systems,
and facility management systems.
Advantages of Smart Buildings:
 Smart buildings give smart data:

The smart buildings give us the necessary data pertaining to electricity, water consumption, Sewage
recycling, etc. This data further helps the residents to take corrective action pertaining to their
constructive utilization. The best part is all the data gets collected centrally and hence simplifies the
entire process even further.
 Efficient consumption of energy:

One of the most important aspects of a smart building is that it offers greater efficiency. Energy gets
optimized to the fullest. Smart buildings are designed in such a way that the energy gets utilized
efficiently irrespective of the internal and external conditions.
 Smart buildings result in increasing the asset value:

When smart applications become a part of the building, the asset value is bound to increase. Smart
energy efficiency measures ensure that the building is well maintained and hence doesn‟t depreciate
over a period of time.
 Decreased consumption:

Greater the efficiency, lower the consumption. That‟s the principal these smart buildings tag
themselves with. One can always conduct energy audits and based on the inference implement
effective measures to lower the consumption and hence further decrease the cost.
 Smart buildings give birth to smart equipment:

For monitoring the all activities of buildings the development of smart equipment's are developed as
an advanced research.
 Question Bank of Module 2:

1. Explain briefly major sustainable development goals

2. Define & Illustrate Smart city Concept. Explain core elements of smart city
Infrastructure
3. Illustrate Clean city definition & Enumerate the objectives of Clean city concept.
4. Illustrate Safe city definition & Enumerate the requirements of safe city concept.
5. Illustrate water supply system definition. Explain the different types of water supply
system.
6. Enumerate the causes and effects of sir pollution.
7. Explain the methods of air pollution control.
8. Explain the sources and types of solid waste.
9. Explain the importance & functional elements of solid waste management.
10. Explain common solid waste disposal methods.
11. Illustrate land fill definition. Enumerate factors considered while selecting landfill for
solid waste disposal.
12. Define urban flooding. Explain reasons and impact of urban flooding.
13. Explain methods to control urban flooding.
14. Explain energy efficient buildings. Explain the aspects of energy efficient buildings.
15. Explain recycling of waste product. Explain the different methods of recycling the
solid waste.
16. Explain temperature control in buildings in detail.
17. Explain Sound control in buildings in detail.
18. Explain different types of building security systems.
19. Illustrate smart building definition. Explain the advantages of smart building.