Manage Constraints

Constraints are rules enforced on data in a database to ensure its integrity and
validity. Common types include PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL,
CHECK, and DEFAULT constraints. These ensure that the data entered into a table
meets specific criteria.

Constraints are rules enforced on data in a database to ensure its integrity and
validity. Common types include PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL,
CHECK, and DEFAULT constraints. These ensure that the data entered into a table
meets specific criteria. Constraints are rules enforced on data in a database to ensure its
integrity and validity. Common types include PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT
NULL, CHECK, and DEFAULT constraints. These ensure that the data entered into a table
meets specific criteria. Constraints are rules enforced on data in a database to ensure its
integrity and validity. Common types include PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT
NULL, CHECK, and DEFAULT constraints. These ensure that the data entered into a table
meets specific criteria. Constraints are rules enforced on data in a database to ensure its
integrity and validity. Common types include PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT
NULL, CHECK, and DEFAULT constraints. These ensure that the data entered into a table
meets specific criteria. Constraints are rules enforced on data in a database to ensure its
integrity and validity. Common types include PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT
NULL, CHECK, and DEFAULT constraints. These ensure that the data entered into a table
meets specific criteria.

Query Example
CREATE TABLE Students (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
Age INT CHECK (Age >= 18),
Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE
);

Explanation:
This query demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data
integrity by applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large
datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also be included while
using such queries in a production environment. This query demonstrates the practical
use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by applying relevant constraints and
rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also
be included while using such queries in a production environment. This query
demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by
applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and
performance optimization should also be included while using such queries in a production
environment.

Real-World Applications
This concept is widely used in industries where database integrity is critical. For
example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are
not created, and all data entries meet required business rules. This concept is widely
used in industries where database integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce
application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries
meet required business rules. This concept is widely used in industries where database
integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that
duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries meet required business rules.

Schemas and Schema Objects

A schema is a logical structure that holds database objects like tables, views, and
procedures. It provides a way to organize and manage database objects efficiently.

A schema is a logical structure that holds database objects like tables, views, and
procedures. It provides a way to organize and manage database objects efficiently. A
schema is a logical structure that holds database objects like tables, views, and procedures.
It provides a way to organize and manage database objects efficiently. A schema is a logical
structure that holds database objects like tables, views, and procedures. It provides a way to
organize and manage database objects efficiently. A schema is a logical structure that holds
database objects like tables, views, and procedures. It provides a way to organize and
manage database objects efficiently. A schema is a logical structure that holds database
objects like tables, views, and procedures. It provides a way to organize and manage
database objects efficiently.

Query Example
CREATE SCHEMA Sales AUTHORIZATION dbo;
CREATE TABLE Sales.Orders (
OrderID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CustomerID INT,
OrderDate DATE
);

Explanation:

This query demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data
integrity by applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large
datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also be included while
using such queries in a production environment. This query demonstrates the practical
use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by applying relevant constraints and
rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also
be included while using such queries in a production environment. This query
demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by
applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and
performance optimization should also be included while using such queries in a production
environment.

Real-World Applications
This concept is widely used in industries where database integrity is critical. For
example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are
not created, and all data entries meet required business rules. This concept is widely
used in industries where database integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce
application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries
meet required business rules. This concept is widely used in industries where database
integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that
duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries meet required business rules.

Create and Modify Table

Tables store data in a structured format. Creating a table involves defining its
columns and data types. Modifications include adding, deleting, or altering columns.

Tables store data in a structured format. Creating a table involves defining its
columns and data types. Modifications include adding, deleting, or altering columns.
Tables store data in a structured format. Creating a table involves defining its columns and
data types. Modifications include adding, deleting, or altering columns. Tables store data in
a structured format. Creating a table involves defining its columns and data types.
Modifications include adding, deleting, or altering columns. Tables store data in a structured
format. Creating a table involves defining its columns and data types. Modifications include
adding, deleting, or altering columns. Tables store data in a structured format. Creating a
table involves defining its columns and data types. Modifications include adding, deleting, or
altering columns.

Query Example
ALTER TABLE Students
ADD DateOfBirth DATE;

Explanation:

This query demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data
integrity by applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large
datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also be included while
using such queries in a production environment. This query demonstrates the practical
use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by applying relevant constraints and
rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also
be included while using such queries in a production environment. This query
demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by
applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and
performance optimization should also be included while using such queries in a production
environment.

Real-World Applications
This concept is widely used in industries where database integrity is critical. For
example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are
not created, and all data entries meet required business rules. This concept is widely
used in industries where database integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce
application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries
meet required business rules. This concept is widely used in industries where database
integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that
duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries meet required business rules.

Database Transactions
Transactions are used to ensure a sequence of operations is executed reliably and
maintain the ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.

Transactions are used to ensure a sequence of operations is executed reliably and

maintain the ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
Transactions are used to ensure a sequence of operations is executed reliably and maintain
the ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. Transactions are used to
ensure a sequence of operations is executed reliably and maintain the ACID properties:
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. Transactions are used to ensure a sequence of
operations is executed reliably and maintain the ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation, Durability. Transactions are used to ensure a sequence of operations is executed
reliably and maintain the ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.

Query Example
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
UPDATE Accounts SET Balance = Balance - 100 WHERE AccountID = 1;
UPDATE Accounts SET Balance = Balance + 100 WHERE AccountID = 2;
COMMIT;

Explanation:
This query demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data
integrity by applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large
datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also be included while
using such queries in a production environment. This query demonstrates the practical
use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by applying relevant constraints and
rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also
be included while using such queries in a production environment. This query
demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by
applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and
performance optimization should also be included while using such queries in a production
environment.

Real-World Applications
This concept is widely used in industries where database integrity is critical. For
example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are
not created, and all data entries meet required business rules. This concept is widely
used in industries where database integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce
application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries
meet required business rules. This concept is widely used in industries where database
integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that
duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries meet required business rules.

Monitor & Resolve Locking Conflicts

Locks are mechanisms to control concurrent access to data in a database. Locking
conflicts can be resolved using monitoring tools and system views.

Locks are mechanisms to control concurrent access to data in a database. Locking

conflicts can be resolved using monitoring tools and system views. Locks are
mechanisms to control concurrent access to data in a database. Locking conflicts can be
resolved using monitoring tools and system views. Locks are mechanisms to control
concurrent access to data in a database. Locking conflicts can be resolved using monitoring
tools and system views. Locks are mechanisms to control concurrent access to data in a
database. Locking conflicts can be resolved using monitoring tools and system views. Locks
are mechanisms to control concurrent access to data in a database. Locking conflicts can be
resolved using monitoring tools and system views.

Query Example
SELECT * FROM sys.dm_tran_locks;

Explanation:

This query demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data
integrity by applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large
datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also be included while
using such queries in a production environment. This query demonstrates the practical
use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by applying relevant constraints and
rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also
be included while using such queries in a production environment. This query
demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by
applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and
performance optimization should also be included while using such queries in a production
environment.

Real-World Applications
This concept is widely used in industries where database integrity is critical. For
example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are
not created, and all data entries meet required business rules. This concept is widely
used in industries where database integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce
application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries
meet required business rules. This concept is widely used in industries where database
integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that
duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries meet required business rules.

Explain the Purpose of Undo

Undo operations are essential for rolling back uncommitted changes and ensuring
data consistency.
Undo operations are essential for rolling back uncommitted changes and ensuring
data consistency. Undo operations are essential for rolling back uncommitted changes and
ensuring data consistency. Undo operations are essential for rolling back uncommitted
changes and ensuring data consistency. Undo operations are essential for rolling back
uncommitted changes and ensuring data consistency. Undo operations are essential for
rolling back uncommitted changes and ensuring data consistency.

Query Example
ROLLBACK;

Explanation:

This query demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data
integrity by applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large
datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also be included while
using such queries in a production environment. This query demonstrates the practical
use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by applying relevant constraints and
rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also
be included while using such queries in a production environment. This query
demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by
applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and
performance optimization should also be included while using such queries in a production
environment.

Real-World Applications
This concept is widely used in industries where database integrity is critical. For
example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are
not created, and all data entries meet required business rules. This concept is widely
used in industries where database integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce
application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries
meet required business rules. This concept is widely used in industries where database
integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that
duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries meet required business rules.
Database Security and Principle of Least Privilege
Database security ensures protection from unauthorized access. The principle of
least privilege restricts users to access only the resources necessary for their tasks.

Database security ensures protection from unauthorized access. The principle of

least privilege restricts users to access only the resources necessary for their tasks.
Database security ensures protection from unauthorized access. The principle of least
privilege restricts users to access only the resources necessary for their tasks. Database
security ensures protection from unauthorized access. The principle of least privilege
restricts users to access only the resources necessary for their tasks. Database security
ensures protection from unauthorized access. The principle of least privilege restricts users
to access only the resources necessary for their tasks. Database security ensures protection
from unauthorized access. The principle of least privilege restricts users to access only the
resources necessary for their tasks.

Query Example
GRANT SELECT ON Students TO GuestUser;
REVOKE INSERT ON Students FROM GuestUser;

Explanation:

This query demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data
integrity by applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large
datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also be included while
using such queries in a production environment. This query demonstrates the practical
use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by applying relevant constraints and
rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and performance optimization should also
be included while using such queries in a production environment. This query
demonstrates the practical use of the discussed concept. It ensures data integrity by
applying relevant constraints and rules. Considerations for large datasets, indexes, and
performance optimization should also be included while using such queries in a production
environment.
Real-World Applications
This concept is widely used in industries where database integrity is critical. For
example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are
not created, and all data entries meet required business rules. This concept is widely
used in industries where database integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce
application, constraints ensure that duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries
meet required business rules. This concept is widely used in industries where database
integrity is critical. For example, in an e-commerce application, constraints ensure that
duplicate orders are not created, and all data entries meet required business rules.