1st Semester Anna University EEE- Reg 2021

Professional English – I
2nd Semester 3rd Semester
Matrices and Calculus
Probability and Complex
Professional English - II Functions
Engineering Physics
Statistics and Numerical Electromagnetic Fields
Engineering Chemistry Methods
Problem Solving and Physics for Electrical Digital Logic Circuits
Python Programming Engineering
Electron Devices and
Physics and Chemistry Basic Civil and Mechanical Circuits
Laboratory Engineering
Electrical Machines - I
Engineering Graphics
C Programming and Data
4th Semester Electric Circuit Analysis Structures
Environmental Sciences
and Sustainability 6th Semester
Transmission and 5th Semester
Distribution Protection and
Linear Integrated Power System Analysis Switchgear
Circuits
Power Electronics Power System
Measurements and Operation and Control
Instrumentation Control Systems
Open Elective – I
Microprocessor and
Microcontroller Professional Elective I
Professional Elective IV
Electrical Machines - II Professional Elective II
Professional Elective V
Professional Elective III
7th Semester Professional Elective VI
High Voltage Mandatory Course-I& Mandatory Course-
Engineering II& MC
Human Values and 8th Semester
Ethics
Elective –
Management Project Work /
Internship
Open Elective – II
Open Elective – III
Open Elective – IV
Professional Elective
VII Click on Clouds to navigate other department

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UNIT I - PRELIMINARIES ON POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

Power scenario in Indian grid – National and Regional load dispatching centers – requirements of good
power system - necessity of voltage and frequency regulation – real power vs frequency and reactive
power vs voltage control loops - system load variation, load curves and basic concepts of load
dispatching - load forecasting - Basics of speed governing mechanisms and modeling - speed load
characteristics - regulation of two generators in parallel
PART - A
Course BT
Q.No Questions Out co Competence
Level
me
1
What are the roles of RLDC CO1 1 Remember
2
List out the requirement of good power system CO1 4 Analyze
3
What are the functions of NLDC CO1 1 Remember
4 Demonstrate the term average load. CO1 4 Analyze
5 Define connected load CO1 1 Remember
6
What is meant by daily load curve CO1 2 Understand
7
Differentiate load curve and load duration curve. CO1 4 Analyze
8
What are the major control loops used in large generators CO1 2 Understand
9
Draw the ideal speed droop characteristics of a speed governor CO1 2 Understand
10 What is the need for load forecasting? CO1 3 Apply
11
Mention different types of to find load forecasting CO1 3 Apply
12 What is the necessity to regulate voltage and frequency in the
CO1 2 Understand
power system?
13 Evaluate significance of governor control and system voltage
CO1 1 Remember
control.
14
Define load factor CO1 1 Remember
15 How much power scenario in Indian grid during the year 2019-
CO1 2 Understand
20
16 Show the conditions necessary for sharing load operating in
CO1 4 Analyze
parallel between the two synchronous machines.
17
List the components of speed governing mechanism. CO1 4 Analyze
18
What is meant by free governor operation? CO1 5 Evaluate
A speed governor system cannot completely eliminate
19
frequency error caused by a step load change in power system. CO1 5 Evaluate
Evaluate this statement.

Contrast the functions of “speed Governor” and “speed

20
changer” in a speed governing system of a turbine generator CO1 6 Create
set.

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PART-B

Explain with the detail necessity of voltage and frequency CO1

1 1 Remember
regulation in power system (13)

CO1
(i) Explain role of NLDC & RLDC in power system (6)
2 2 Understand
(ii) List out the current power scenario in India (7) CO1

i) Analyze the need for voltage and frequency regulation in

power system. (5) CO1
3 3 Apply
ii) A generating station has maximum demand of 400 MW. The CO1
annual load factor is 65% and capacity factor is 50% analyse the
reserve capacity of the plant. (8)

What are the components of speed governor system of an

CO1
4 alternator? Derive the mathematical model of speed governor 4 Analyze
system with aid of block diagram (13)

A generating station has the following daily load cycle:

Time 12- 5- 9am- 6pm- 10pm-
5am 9am 6pm 10pm 12am
Load(MW) 20 40 80 100 20 CO1
5 5 Evaluate
Examine the load curve and load duration curve. Calculate
load factor of the plant, maximum demand and energy supplied
by the plant in 24 hours. If the plant as installed capacity
125MW find the capacity factor and utilisation factor. (13)

Two synchronous generators operating in parallel. Their

capacities are 300MW and 400MW. The droop characteristics
of their governors are 4% and 5% from no load to full load.
CO1
6 Assuming that the generators are operating at 50HZ at no load, 6 Create
how would be a load of 600MW shared between them.
Calculate the system frequency at this load? Assume free
governor action. (13 )

Two 1000KW alternators operate in parallel. The speed

regulation of first alternator is 100% to 103% from full load to
CO1
7 no load and that of other 100% to 105%. Show how will the 3 Apply
two alternators share load of 1200KW and at what will one
machine cease to supply any portion of the load. (13)

Draw the load curve and load duration curve. Also explain the
CO1
8 importance of these curves in connection with economic 2 Understand
operation of power system (13)

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a) Define the following:

Connected load, Average demand, Diversity factor, Plant
capacity factor and base load (6)
1 Rememeber
b)A generating station has the following daily load cycle CO1
9 4
Time in (hrs) 0- 6- 10- 12- 16- 20- CO1 Analyze
6 10 12 16 20 24
Load(MW) 40 50 60 50 70 40
Draw the load curve and calculate maximum demand, units
generated per day, average load and load factor. (7)

(i)Demonstrate the basic approach of quadratic curve fitting 2 Understand,

10 technique of load forecasting with a suitable example (7) CO1
(ii)Compare load curve and load duration curve. (6) 4 Analyze
CO1

(i)what is the need of a governing mechanism? Illustrate with

neat diagram the operation of speed governing mechanism. (7) 6 Create
CO1
11 (ii) Analyze the governor speed droop characteristics, the basic Analyze
4
of load sharing between two synchronous machines in parallel.
CO1
(6)
Two generators rated 400MW and 700MW are operated in
parallel. The droop characteristics of their governors are 3%
and 4% respectively from no load to full load. Assuming that
CO1
12 the governors are operating in 50Hz at no load, how would a 4 Analyze
load of 1000MW is shared between them? What will be the
system frequency at this load? Assume linear governor
operation. Determine the full load speed for each machine.(13)
Draw the P - f and Q - V control channel of a synchronous 2 Understand
CO1
13 generator and explain how voltage and frequency are
maintained constant (13)
Derive an expression for load sharing between two alternators. 6 Create
CO1
14 Also list out the effects of fuel supply and change of excitation
(13)
PART-C

1 What is the necessity of load forecasting and explain different CO1

4 Analyze
methods load forecasting techniques in power system. (15)

Consider an inductive load Z=R+jX.

(i)Evaluate by how much percentage the real load drop, if the

2 value is reduced by 5%? (8) CO1
5 Evaluate
(ii) Evaluate how 2% drop in frequency affect the real load; if
the load power factor is 0.8 derive the relations used. (7)

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Two generators rated at 120MW and 250 MW are operating in

parallel. The governor setting on the machines are such that
have 4 percent and 3 percent drops. Determine (i) The load
3 CO1
taken by each machine for a total load 200MW.(ii) The 6 Create
percentage no load speed and rated output of machine 1 to made
by the speeder motor if the machine are to share a load equally
(iii) Rated output of machine 1. (4+4+5)

A generating station has the following daily loads :

0-6hrs=4500kw; 6-8hrs=3500kw;
8-12hrs=7500kw; 12-14hrs=2000kw;
4 CO1
14-18hrs=8000kw;8-20hrs=2500kw; 6 Create

20-24hrs=5000kw;
Sketch load duration curve and formulate load factor and plant
capacity factor, if the capacity of plant is 12Mw. (15)

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UNIT II REAL POWER - FREQUENCY CONTROL

Load Frequency Control (LFC) of single area system-static and dynamic analysis of uncontrolled and
controlled cases - LFC of two area system - tie line modeling – block diagram representation of two area
system - static and dynamic analysis - tie line with frequency bias control – state variability model -
integration of economic dispatch control with LFC.
PART - A
Q.No Questions Cou rse BT Level Co mpetence
Outcome

1 Quote about coherent group of generators CO2 K1 Remember

2 Distinguish between primary and secondary feedback
loops in frequency control CO2 K4 Analyze
3 What is the control area CO2 K2 Understand
4 What are the type load frequency control for
CO2 K1 Remember
interconnected power system
5 What is the need of integral control single area load
CO2 K4 Analyze
frequency control
6 What are the assumptions made in dynamic response of K1
CO2 Remember
uncontrolled case
7 What is meant by single area power system CO2 K4 Analyze
8 What are the assumptions made in the simplified analysis
CO2 K5 Evaluate
of the integral control?
9 Specify the use of static and dynamic response of ALFC
CO2 K2 Understand
loop
10 What is the function of load frequency control CO2 K3 Apply
11
Describe the advantages of multi area operation CO2 K2 Understand

12 Illustrate the advantages of state variable model CO2 K3 Apply

13
Define area control error. CO2 1 Remember
14 What is the difference of ACE in single-area and two- CO2 2 Understand
area power systems
15
What is the basic principle of pool operation CO2 K1 Remember

16 Draw the block diagram of load frequency control of a

CO2 K6 Create
two-area control system
17 What is the main difference of load frequency and
economic dispatch controls CO2 K3 Apply
18 Quote about AFRC CO2 K1 Remember
19 Explain the principle of tie line bias control. CO2 K4 Analyze
What is load frequency control in a two-area power
20
system? Why is it essential to maintain constant CO2 K6 Create
frequency in an inter-connected power system?
PART-B

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Draw the transfer function block diagram for a single

CO2
1 area system provided with static analysis of uncontrolled K4 Analyze
case and controlled case. (13)
An isolated power system has the following parameter
Turbine rated output=300MW
Nominal frequency=50Hz
Governor speed regulation=0.05p.u
Inertia constant=5
CO2
2 Turbine time constant=0.5 sec K6 Create
Governor time constant=0.2 sec
Load change=60MW
The load value by 0.8 percent for a 1 percent change in
frequency. Determine the steady state frequency
deviation in Hz (13)
Explain the proportional plus integral control for load
CO2
3 frequency control for a single area system. (13) K3 Apply

Discuss in detail the dynamic response of single area CO2

4 K4 Analyze
system of uncontrolled case and controlled case (13)
Two generating units having the capacities 600 and 900
MW and are operating at a 50 Hz supply. The system
load increases by 150 MW when both the generating
units are operating at about half of their capacity, which
CO2
5 results in the frequency falling by 0.5 Hz. If the K4 Analyze
generating units are to share the increased load in
proportion to their ratings, what should be the individual
speed regulations? What should the regulations be if
expressed in p.u. Hz/p.u. MW (13)
Deduce the expression for steady state frequency change
for single area system with the following cases. CO2
6 K6 Create
(i)Changes in load with fixed speed (6)
(ii) Changes in speed with fixed demand (7)
Estimate the primary ALFC loop parameters for a
control area: Total rated area capacity Pr=2000MW.
Normal operating load Pd=1000MW.
Inertia constant H=5.0,
Regulation R=2.40 Hz/pu MW (all area generators) CO2
7 K5 Evaluate
We shall assume that the load frequency dependency as
linear meaning that the old load would increase 1% for
1% .frequency increase. Having the following data. (13)

Draw the block diagram of uncontrolled two area load

CO2
8 frequency control system and describe the salient K2 Understand
features under static condition. (13)

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A two area system connected by a tie line has the following

parameters with base MVA for each area with the
frequency of 50Hz and synchronising power coefficient
T12 = 2p.u.A load change of 400MW occurs in area
1.Determine the steady state frequency deviation and the
change in tie line flow (13)
Area 1 2
Turbine output power 2000MVA 1000MVA CO2
9 K3 Apply

Inertia constant 3% 4%
Generator gain constant 50Hz/pu MW 40
Governor time constant 0.3 0.2
Turbine time constant 0.6 0.4

Explain with neat block diagram integration of economic CO2

10 K2 Understand
dispatch with load frequency control (13)

Two areas of a power system network are interconnected

by a tie line, whose capacity is 250 MW, operating at a
power angle of 45o. If each area has a capacity of 2,000
MW and the equal speed-regulation coefficiency of 3
CO2
11 Hz/p.u. MW, determine the frequency of oscillation of K3 Apply
the power for a step change in load. Assume that both
areas have the same inertia constants of H = 4 s. If a step-
load change of 100 MW occurs in one of the areas,
determine the change in tie-line power (13)

Develop the state variable model of a two area system CO2

12
and state the advantages of the model. (13) K4 Analyze

Explain in detail about dynamic analysis uncontrolled CO2

13 K5 Evaluate
case of two area system. (13)

14
Explain with neat block diagram tie line with frequency CO2
K6 Create
bias control of two area system (13)
PART-C

For an isolated area have the following data:

Inertia constant H=5MWsec/MVA capacity
Regulation R=5Hz/p.u MW
1 Frequency=50Hz CO2
K4 Analyze
Change in load ∆PD=0.075
KP=100
KI=0.1
Find the steady state error (15)

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A single area consists of two generating units with the

following characteristics
Unit Rating Speed of regulation
1 700MVA 7%
2 500MVA 4%
The units are operating in parallel, sharing 1000MW at
the nominal frequency . Unit 1 supply 600MW and unit 2
2 CO2
supplies 400MW at 50Hz,The load is increased by 100 K5 Evaluate
MW.
(a) Assume there is no frequency dependent load. Find
the steady state frequency deviation at the new
generation on each unit (7)
(b) The load varies 1.5 percent for every 1 percent change in
frequency deviation and the new generating on each unit
(8)

Two interconnected Area-1 and Area-2 have the capacity

of 2,000 and 500 MW, respectively. The incremental
regulation and damping torque coefficient for each area
3 on its own base are 0.2 p.u. and 0.8 p.u., respectively. CO2
K6 Create
Find the steady-state change in system frequency from a
nominal frequency of 50 Hz and the change in steady-
state tie-line power following a 750 MW change in the
load of Area-1. (15)

The area system connected by a tie line describe the

following characteristics :
Area 1 Area 2
R=0.01 p.u R=0.02 p.u
4 D=0.8p.u D=1.0p.u CO2
K5 Evaluate
Base MVA =500 Base MVA =500
A load change of 100MW (0.2p.u) occurs in area 1. What
is the new steady state frequency, what is the change in
tie line flow? Assume both areas were at nominal
frequency (60Hz). (15)

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UNIT III REACTIVE POWER – VOLTAGE CONTROL

Generation and absorption of reactive power - basics of reactive power control – Automatic Voltage
Regulator (AVR) – brushless AC excitation system – block diagram representation of AVR loop - static
and dynamic analysis – stability compensation – voltage drop in transmission line - methods of reactive
power injection - tap changing transformer, SVC (TCR + TSC) and STATCOM for voltage control .
PART - A
Course
Q.No Questions Outco BT Level Competence
me

1 What is the different types of Static VAR Compensator CO3 K4 Analyze

2 State the advantage of switched capacitors in voltage control CO3 K1 Remember

3 State the main objectives of Reactive power and Voltage CO3 K4 Analyze
control in power systems
4 Outline the role of synchronous generators adopted generating CO3 K1 Remember
and absorption of reactive power
CO3 K6 Create
5 Formulate the need of reactive power control in electrical
power transmission lines?
Distinguish between load compensation and system CO3 K2 Understand
6
compensation.
7 Point out the formula for surge impedance of transmission CO3 K4 Analyze
system.
8 Summarize the methods used for compensating the CO3 K2 Understand
uncompensated transmission lines?
9 State reactive power generation. CO3 K2 Understand

10 Write any two applications of synchronous condensers. CO3 K3 Apply

11 Write down the TCSC base reactance value. CO3 K3 Apply
12 Summarize the common advantages of STATCOM? CO3 K2 Understand
13 Give the explanation about reactive power exchange CO3 K1 Remember
between converter and the ac system.
14 Define the term Static VAR Compensator. CO3 K1 Remember
15 K Explain booster transformer? Where is it used? CO3 K2 Understand

16 Analyze the methods to improve the voltage profile in the CO3 K4 Analyze
power system.
17 Distinguish between ON load tap changing transformer and CO3 K4 Analyze
OFF load tap changing transformer.
18 Summarize the SVC slope in the dynamic characteristics? CO3 K5 Evaluate
19 Invent importance of V-I characteristics of STATCOM? CO3 K5 Evaluate
20 Develop the V-I characteristics of the SVC. CO3 K6 Create

PART-B

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Examine various methods of voltage control and explain any CO3
1 three in detail . (13) K1

(i) Name the generators and consumers of reactive power in a

power system. (6) CO3
2 (ii) Describe static VAR compensators? Quote the advantages K1 Remember
of SVC. (7)
Explain the following methods of voltage control (i) Tap
changing transformers (ii) Shunt reactors (iii) Synchronous CO3
3 phase modifiers (iv) Shunt capacitors (v) series capacitors. K2
(3+3+3+2+2)
Examine the circuit for a typical excitation system and derive CO3
4 the transfer function model and draw the block diagram. (13) K3

Describe the different methods of FACTS control? Examine

CO3
5 any two methods in detail. (13) K2 Understand

Develop an IEEE Type 1 excitation arrangement to control CO3 K5 Evalua te

6
the voltage of an alternator and explain. (13)
Explain with neat diagram and V-I characteristics , the basic CO3 Underst
7 operating of TCR and TSC. (13) K2
and
(i)Demonstrate in brief about Brushless excitation system. (7)
CO3
8 (ii) Point out the relations between voltage, power and reactive K3
power at a node for applications in power system control (6)
Analyze various methods of static excitation system and CO3
9 explain any two in detail. (13) K4 Analyze

10 Discuss static and dynamic analysis of AVR. (13) CO3

K6 Create
A 415kV line is fed through an 132/415 kV transformer from a
constant 132kV supply. At the load end of the line, the voltage
is reduced by another transformer of ratio 415/132 KV. The
total impedance of line is 40+ j80 ohms both transformers are
CO3
11 equipped with tap changing; the product of the two off K5 Evaluate
nominal setting is unity. if the load on the system is 200 MW
at 0.8 p.f lagging. Calculate the settings of the tap changers
required to maintain the voltage at 132KV. (13)

Explain in detail, the stability compensation and effects of CO3

12 generator loading. (13) K5 Evaluate
(i). Discuss the events which affect the speed and probability of
voltage collapse in power system operating strategy (6) (ii)
CO3
13 Explain with neat block diagram the excitation system and it K6 Create
modeling with relevant transfer function (7)

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(i). A three phase overhead line has resistance and reactance
per phase of 5Ω and 25 Ω, respectively. The load at the
receiving-end is 15 MW, 33kV,0.8 p.f. lagging. Find the
capacity of the compensation equipment needed to deliver this CO3
14 K6 Create
load with a sending-end voltage of 33 kV. (8)
(ii) Discuss the generation and absorption of reactive power.
(5)
PART-C
1. Explain the operation of tap changing transformer and discuss CO3 Evaluate
K5
its application. (15)
2. Develop the block diagram of AVR and obtain its transfer CO3
K6 Create
function and explain the static and dynamic response. (15)
3. The load at the receiving end of a 3 phase OHL is 25 MW at
0.8 p.f lag at a line voltage of 33kv.the line has a resistance 5
ohm per phase and an inductive reactance at 20 ohm per phase
.calculate the sending end voltage. A synchronous compensator
connected at the receiving end and the voltage at both end of Evaluate
the line is maintained at 33kv.calculate CO3
K5
(i)the MVAR of the compensator
(ii)transmission losses and efficiency with and without
compensator and
(iii)the maximum load that can be transmitted with the
compensator. (15)
4. Find the rating of synchronous compensator connected to the
tertiary winding of 60kV star connected,33kV star
connected,11kV delta connected three winding transformer
to supply a load of 60MW at 0.8p.f lagging at 33kV across
the secondary. Equivalent primary and tertiary winding CO3
K6 Create
reactances are 18Ω and 0.12Ω respectively. While the
secondary winding reactance is negligible. Assume that V1 is
66kV and maximum off nominal setting between transformer
primary and secondary is 1:1.1 (15)

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UNIT IV ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM

Statement of economic dispatch problem - input and output characteristics of thermal plant - incremental
cost curve - optimal operation of thermal units without and with transmission losses (no derivation of
transmission loss coefficients) - base point and participation factors method - statement of unit
commitment (UC) problem - constraints on UC problem – solution of UC problem using priority list –
special aspects of short term and long term hydrothermal problems .
PART - A
Course BT
Q.No Question s Outco Competen ce
Level
me
1 Define penalty factor CO4 K-2 Understand

2 Show the condition for the optimal power dispatch in lossless K-3 Apply
CO4
system.
3 Prepare the incremental fuel cost curve CO4 K-1 Remember
4 Define spinning reserve? CO4 K-1 Remember

5 Explain the significance of Unit Commitment. CO4 K-6 Create

6 Explain about FLAC? CO4 K-1 Remember
7 List the equality and inequality constraints considered in the K-3 Apply
CO4
economic dispatch problem.
8 Demonstrate spinning reserve constraint in unit Commitment K-2 Understand
CO4
problem
9 Differentiate minimum up and minimum down time in unit Apply
commitment problem? CO4 K-3
10 Analyze participation factor. CO4 K-4 Analyze

11 Interpret participation factor with respect to Economic K-2 Understand

load dispatch. CO4

12 Express co-ordination equation taking losses into account. CO4 K-2 Understand
13 Define crew constraints. CO4 K-3 Apply
14 Differentiate unit commitment and Economic load dispatch CO4 K-2 Understand

15 List the few constraints that are accounted in unit Remember

commitment problem. CO4 K-1

16 Describe priority list method CO4 K-1 Remember

17 What is the need of hydro thermal scheduling Remember
CO4 K-1
18 Analysis different methods for solving hydro thermal scheduling CO4 K-4 Analyze
19 Define incremental transmission loss. CO4 K-5 Evaluate
Differentiate between load frequency controller and economic
20 dispatch controller K-4 Analyze
CO4

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PART-B

What is meant by unit commitment and explain briefly the

1 CO4 K-4 Analyze
constrains on unit commitment (13)
The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as
F1= 0.2P12+40P1+120Rs/hr
F2=0.25P22+30P2+150Rs/hr
Calculate the economic operating schedule and the
corresponding cost of generation. The maximum and the
2 CO4 K-3 Apply
minimum loading on each unit are 100MW and 25MW.
Assume the transmission losses are ignored and the total
demand is 180MW. Also determine the saving obtained if the
load is equally shared by both the units. (13)

(i) With the help of Flow chart explain Economic dispatch

by λ Iteration method without loss.
(ii) The fuel cost of two units are given by
Apply
3 F1=F1 (PG1) = 1.5+20P G1+0.1PG12 Rs\hr CO4
K-4,
2 K-3
F2=F2 (PG2) = 1.9+30P G2+0.1P G2 Rs\hr Analyze
If the total demand on the generator is 200 MW. calculate the
economic load scheduling of the two units. (6+7)

(i)Describe unit commitment problem? List the constraints

that are to be accounted i n unit commitment problem.
(ii)Give out the priority list of unit commitment
using full load average production cost for the given data:
Heat rate of unit1 H1= 510+7.2PG1+0.00142 P G12MW\hr
Heat rate of unit2 H2= 310+7.85P G2+0.00194P G22MW\hr
Heat rate of unit3 H 3= 78+7.97P G3 +0.00482P G3 2MW\hr.
4 P D=500MW CO4 K-3 Apply
Unit Min(MW) Max(MW) Fuel cost
1 150 600 1.1
2 100 400 1.0
3 50 200 1.2
(6+7)

The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in

$/h are given by
F1=0.0045P g12 +5.2Pg1+580
F2=0.0056P g22+4.5Pg2+640
5 F3=0.0079Pg32+5.8Pg3+820 where Pg1,Pg2,P g3 are in MW. CO4 K-4 Analyze
Estimate the optimal dispatch and the total cost when the
total load is 925 MW with the following generator limits.
250MW ≤P g1≤450MW,
200MW≤P g2≤350MW,
125MW≤Pg3≤250MW (13)

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Explain the mathematical formulation of long-term hydro-thermal
6 scheduling. (13) CO4 K-2 Understand

(i)Evaluate the priority list for the units

given below.
H1=510+7.20P1+0.00142P12
Pmin=150MW.Pmax=600MW.
Fuel cost=1.1Rs/MBtu. H2=310+7.85P2 +0.00194P 22
Pmin=100MW.Pmax=400MW.
7 Fuel cost=1.0Rs/MBtu CO4 K-5 Evaluate
H3=78+7.97P 3+0.00482P32
Pmin =50MW.P max=200MW.
Fuel cost=1.2Rs/MBtu
ii) With the help of Flow chart explain Economic dispatch by λ
Iteration method with losses (7+6)

The cost characteristics of three plants of a system are

C1 =0.05P12 +17.0P1 +160Rs/hour
C2=0.06P22+14.4P2+200 Rs/hour
C3=0.08P32+9.0P3+240 Rs/hour
8 Where P1,P2,P3 are in MW. CO4 K-1 Remember
The incremental transmission losses for the network with
respect to plants 1,2 and 3 are 0.05,0.10 and 0.15 MW per
MW of generation. Examine t h e optimal dispatch for a total
load of 100MW and also its incremental cost of received
power. (13)

The input output curve characteristics of three units are

F1=750+6.49P g1 +0.0035Pg12.
F2=870+5.75P g2 +0.0015Pg22.
9 F3=620+8.56P g3 +0.001Pg32. CO4 K-2 Understand
The fuel cost of unit 1 is 1.0 Rs/MBtu, 1.0 Rs/MBtu for unit
2 and 1.0 Rs/MBtu for unit 3. Total load is 800MW. Use
the participation factor method to Estimate the dispatch for a
load is increased to880MW? (13)

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A system consists of two power plants connected by a

transmission line. The total load located at Plant-2 is as shown in
figure. Data of evaluating loss coefficients consist of information
that a power transfer of 100 MW from Station-1 to Station-2
results in a total loss of 8 MW. Find the required generation at
each station and power received by the load when λ of the system
in Rs. 100/MWh. The IFCs of the two plants are given by

10 CO4 K-2 Understand

(13)

(i)Explain different types of hydro thermal scheduling problem

(ii) Compose the priority list method of solving unit commitment
11 Problem. State merits and limitations of this method. (7+6) CO4 K-6 Create

Assume that all three of the thermal units described are

running. Find the economic dispatch Schedules as requested in
each part. Use the method and starting conditions given.
Maximum
Minimum
Fuel Cost(Rs/M
Unit Data Fuel
(MW) Btu)
(MW)

12 H1=225+8.4Pi+0.0025P12 45 350 0.80 CO4 K-5 Evaluate

H2=225+8.4Pi+0.0025P22 45 350 1.02
H3=225+8.4PI+0.0025P3 2 47.5 450 0.90
i. Use Lambda iteration method to find the economic
dispatch for a total demand of 450MW
ii. With the solution obtained in (iii), using base point and
participation factor find the economic schedule for a demand of
495 MW (4+4+5)
A plant has two generators supplying the plant by and neither
is to be operated below 20MW or above 135MW. Incremental
costs with PG1and PG2in MW are
dF1/dPG1=0.14PG1+21 Rs/MWhr
13 CO4 K-6 Create
dF2/dPG2=0.225PG2+16.5Rs/MWhr
For economic dispatch, find the plant when the demand equals
(a)45MW (b) 125 MW (c)250MW
(13)

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In a power system having two units, the loss co- efficient are
B11= 0.0015 MW-1, B12= -0.0006 MW-1,
B21= -0.0006 MW-1, B22= 0.0024 MW-1
The incremental production cost of the units are
df1/dpg1 = 0.08 pg1. + 20 Rs/ MWhr K-5 Evaluate
14 CO4
df2/dpg2 = 0.O9 pg2+16 Rs/ MWhr
Find the generation schedule for X = 18 and 22.
find also the change in transmission losses between the two
schedules. (13)
PART-C

What is short term hydro-thermal scheduling? What is the

1 K-5 Evaluate
objective function and constraints of short term hydrothermal CO4
scheduling? Explain in detail (15)

Four units to be committed to serve 1 hr load pattern. Find the

optimum unit commitment. Use forward dynamic programming
method. Fuel cost of each unit is 2.15 Rs/MBtu. (15)

2 CO4 K-6 Create

A two-plant system having a steam plant near the load center and
a hydro-plant at a remote location is shown in figure. The load is
500 MW for 16 hr a day and 350–MW, for 8 hr a day. The
characteristics of the units are
C1 = 120 + 45 PGT + 0.075 P2GT
w2 = 0.6 PGH + 0.00283 P2GH m3/s
3 Loss coefficient, B22 = 0.001 MW−1 Find the generation schedule,
CO4 K-5 Evaluate
daily water used by the hydro-plant, and daily operating cost of
the thermal plant for γj = 85.5 Rs./m3-hr. (15)

Analyse the coordination equation for economic dispatch

including losses and give the steps for economic dispatch
4 CO4 K-6 Create
calculation, neglecting losses. (15)

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UNIT V -COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS
Need of computer control of power systems-concept of energy control centers and functions – PMU - system
monitoring, data acquisition and controls - System hardware configurations - SCADA and EMS functions
- state estimation problem – measurements and errors - weighted least square estimation - various
operating states - state transition diagram.
PART - A
Q.No Questions Course BT Competence
Outco Level
1 me
What are the advantages of computer control CO5 K-1 Remember
2 Define state estimation. CO5 K-2 Understand
3 Define restorative state. CO5 K-1 Remember
4 Quote any two functions of Load Dispatch Centre. CO5 K-2 Understand
5 What is meant by PMU CO5 K-1 Remember
6 List the different operating states in power system. CO5 K-1 Remember
7 Distinguish between reliability and security of power CO5
K-1 Remember
system.
8 Explain the EMS functions? CO5 K-2 Understand
9 K-4 Analyze
Mention four types of SCADA system and its application area CO5

10 Explain what do you understand by security control. CO5 K-1 Understand

11 What are the methods to find bad data during measuring CO5 K-4 Analyze
12 K-4 Analyze
Give out functions of SCADA CO5

13 Illustrate the typical sensors used in power system K-1 Remember

CO5
application
14 Define weighted least square criterion. CO5 K-3 Apply
15 Compare load flow and state estimation CO5 K-5 Evaluate

16 K-5 Evaluate
What are the applications of state estimation CO5

17 K-3 Apply
Explain the hierarchical levels used in EMS. CO5

18 Point out the importance of state estimation in power K-3 Apply

CO5
system.
19 K-6 Create
What is meant by maximum likelihood criterion CO5

20 Prepare the functions of load control centre? CO5 K-6 Create

PART-B
Discuss various functions of SCADA with neat diagram. K-1 Remember
1 CO5
Also list some of the common features (13)
oDfisclussCthe varioyuts functions, system monitoring and control K-1 Remember
2 of load dispatch centre. (13) CO5

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Explain in detail phasor measurement unit in computer
control of power system (13) K-5 Evaluate
3 CO5

Explain the security monitoring using state estimation with K-1 Remember
4 necessary diagrams . (13) CO5

(i)Prepare need of computer control of power system. (6) K-6 Create

5 (ii) Evaluate the major functions of system security control. CO5
(7)
Explain in detail different methods of measurement scheme K-5 Evaluate
6 to identify bad data for reduction measurement error. (13) CO5

Illustrate the various functions of energy control centre. (13) K-2 Understand
7 CO5

Explain the need of computer control of power system (13) K-2 Understand
8 CO5

Infer short notes on energy control centre EMS and its K-5 Evaluate
9 functions. (13) CO5

Explain the power system security and control with neat flow K-3 Apply
10 chart. (13) CO5

Draw a state transition diagram of a power system

showing different sets of operating states classified
according to security level. Mark on the diagram and
11 explain the state transition that may occur due to system CO5 K-2 Understand
disturbances and also the different control action that
can be taken to improve the security level of the system.
(13)
What is EMS? Explain in detail major functions in power K-3 Apply
12 system operation and control? (13) CO5

Explain in detail the state estimation of power system using K-4 Analyze
13 WLSE method (13) CO5

Explain the substation control function arranged through

14 SCADA system. (13) CO5 K-5 Evaluate

PART-C

1 Discuss briefly how the system states are continuously CO5 BTL 4 Analyze
monitored and controlled. (15)

2 Write short notes on state estimation? Explain the help of flow CO5 BTL 6 create
chart the weighted least square estimation. (15)

Explain in detail, the system hardware employed to control CO5 BTL 5 Evaluate
3
the power system operation. (15)

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4 BTL 6 Create

Determine the state vectors, line flow and power injections

at the buses using state estimation for the given
measurements for the figure
Take 100MVA base, X12=0.2, X13=0.4, X23=0.25
Without errors measurements are M13=5MW, M32=40MW
With errors, measurement are M12=62MW, M13=6MW,
M32=37MW (15)

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