1146 IEXE T r a n s a c t i o n s on Magnetics Vol, MAG-13, NO.

5, September 1977

M A W T I C STIRLING CYCLES--A NEW APPLICATION FOR MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Gerald V. Brown
NASA Lewis Research Center
21000 Brookpark Road
Cleveland, OH 44107

Summary The Recuperative Cycle

There i s t h ep r o s p e c t ofafundamental new a p p l i - The r e c u p e r a t i v e c y c l e i s e a s y t o d e s c r i b e i n a n

c a t i o nf o rm a g n e t i cm a t e r i a l sa st h ew o r k i n gs u b s t a n c e embodimentwhichemploysa r e g e n e r a t o r composed o f a
i n thermodynamiccycles.Recuperativecycleswhich l i q u i d column i n a v e r t i c i l t u b e . l The r a r e e a r t h FM,
u s e a r a r e - e a r t hf e r r o m a g n e t i cm a t e r i a ln e a r i t s Curie f a b r i c a t e d i n t o a movable elementwith a l a r g e h e a t
pointinthefieldof a superconducting magnet appear t r a n s f e ra r e a ,p a s s e s upand down t h r o u g ht h ef l u i d
feasibleforapplicationsfrombelow 2OK t o above room cyclicly. I n s t e a d ys t a t eo p e r a t i o n a temperature
temperature. The e l e m e n t so ft h ec y c l e ,a d v a n c e di n an gradienteristsinthefluidwiththehotter end a t
e a r l i e rp a p e r ,a r e summarized,The b a s i ca d v a n t a g e s t h et o p .I nt h es t e a d ys t a t e of a h e a t pump ( o r r e f r i -
includehighentropydensityinthemagneticmaterial, g e r a t o r )c y c l et h e r ea r ef o u rs t e p s( s e eF i g . 1).
c o m p l e t e l yr e v e r s i b l ep r o c e s s e s ,c o n v e n i e n tc o n t r o lo f (1) I s o t h e r m a lm a g n e t i z a t i o na tt h et o p of t h el i q u i d
t h e e n t r o p y by t h e a p p l i e d f i e l d , t h e f e a t u r e t h a t column. The h e a t of magnetization i s t r a n s f e r r e d
h e a t t r a n s f e r i s p o s s i b l ed u r i n ga l lp r o c e s s e s , and t h e t o a h e a ts i n ka s i t i s produced(process A-~B).
a b i l i t y of t h e i d e a l c y c l e t o a t t a i n C a r n o t e f f i c i e n c y . (2) Cooling a ta p p r o x i m a t e l yc o n s t a n tf i e l da st h e FM
The mean f i e l d t h e o r y i s used t o p r e d i c t t h e e n t r o p y of passes down throughtheliquidcolumnto i t s bot-
a f e r r o m a g n e ti na na p p l i e df i e l d and a l s o t h e i s o t h e r - tom (processB+C).
mal entropychange and i s e n t r o p i ct e m p e r a t u r ec h a n g e ( 3 ) I s o t h e r m a ld e m a g n e t i z a t i o na tt h eb o t t o m of t h e
causedbyapplying a f i e l d .R e s u l t sa r ep r e s e n t e df o r column,duringwhichheat i s absorbedfromaheat
J=7/2 andg=2. The r e s u l t sf o ri s e n t r o p i ct e m p e r a t u r e source(process C+D).
c h a n g e a r e compared w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a on Gd. ( 4 ) Zero-orlow-field warming a s t h e FM p a s s e st ot h e
Coarsemixtures of f e r r o m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l s w i t h d i f - t o p o f t h e column to b e g i n a n o t h e r c y c l e ( p r o c e s s
f e r e n tC u r i ep o i n t sa r ep r o p o s e dt om o d i f yt h ep a t h of D+A o r D-PE).
thecycleinthe T-S diagram i n o r d e r t o improve t h e
efficiencyortoincreasethespecific power. T h i s embodiment s t r o n g l y r e s e m b l e s t h e S t i r l i n g
r e f r i g e r a t o rw i t h a g a s e o u sr e f r i g e r a n t .I no t h e r em-
Introduction b o d i m e n t st h er e c u p e r a t i o nc o u l db e wore l i k e counter-
flowheatexchange and t h e c y c l e l i k e aLinde-Hampson
The s u r p r i s i n g c a p a c i t y o f a p p r o p r i a t e fexromag- c y c l e o r a Claudecycle.
neticmaterialsto pump h e a t a t t e m p e r a t u r e s f a r a b o v e
t h a t of l i q u i d h e l i u m was p o i n t e d o u t i n a previous A s r e p o r t e di nR e f . 1, t h i s method hasbeen demon-
paper.' A f e r r o m a g n e t i cm a t e r i a l (FM) c a nr e f r i g e r a t e , s t r a t e d o v e r a temperaturespan of 47K between 272K
pump heat, or produce work from heat even a t room tem- and 319K.
p e r a t u r e or h i g h e r i n c y c l e s t h a t a r e a n a l o g o u s t o
t h o s et h a tu s e a g a s e o u sw o r k i n gm a t e r i a lo rr e f r i g e r - BasicAdvantapes
a n t . The h i g hf i e l ds u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnetmakes this
possible,althoughpermanentmagnets and evennormal S e v e r a la d v a n t a g e s of themagneticcycleshould
electromagnets may b e s u i t a b l e i n some a p p l i c a t i o n s . h es t r e s s e d . T h ea d v a n t a g e sa r i s e from t h ee a s e of
T h r e e p r e v i o u s l y known p r i n c i p l e s w e r e combined i n v a r y i n gt h ee x t e r n a lp a r a m e t e r( f i e l d ) andfrom the
Ref. 1 t o y i e l d a p r a c t i c a l c l a s s ofmagneticcycles: factthatheattransfertoor from t h e FM can bemain-
choose a r a r e - e a r t h - b a s e d F", use i t near i t s C u r i e t a i n e de v e nd u r i n gc h a n g e si nf i e l d . So, f o r example,
p o i n t Tc, and use a r e c u p e r a t i v e thermodynamic c y c l e . t h e FM c a n r e j e c t h e a t i s o t h e r m a l l y a s it i s magne-
T h er e a s o n sa r ef i r s t ,t h a tf o r a given Tc, t h e r e - tized,whereas i t i s n o tp r a c t i c a lt oc o m p r e s s R gas
s p o n s et oa na p p l i e df i e l do f a r a r e - e a r t h FM is f a r isothermally.Nonisothermalcowpression i s t h ea o s t
greaterthanthat of a t r a n s i t i o n - e l e m e n t - b a s e d m a t e r - s e r i o u s c a u s e of i n e f f i c i e n c y i n c o n v e n t i o n a l r e f r i -
i a l ; i n f a c t above T c , t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y d e p e n d s g e r a t o r s . The e f f i c i e n c y of t h ei d e a lm a g n e t i cc y c l e
q u a d r a t i c a l l y on J, t h e t o t a l a n g u l a r momentum quantum
number. Secondly,theisothermalchangeinentropy
and t h e i s e n t r o p i c c h a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e t h a t ' a r e
producedbyapplying a f i e l d H a r e l a w near Tc t h a n
a th i g h e ro r lowertemperatures. Thus Tc should be
c a r e f u l l yc h o s e n .T h i r d l y ,j u s ta sg a sr e E r i g e r a t i o n R
c y c l e s employ r e c u p e r a t i o n i n c o u n t e r f l o w h e a t e x -
c h a n g e r so rr e g e n e r a t o r si no r d e rt os p a n a l a r g e tem-
p e r a t u r er a n g e ,t h em a g n e t i cc y c l e mustbe recupera-
t i v e , too. I nt h em a g n e t i cc a s e , much more h e a t must
berecuperated,buthigherheattransfercoefficients
more t h a n o f f s e t t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e .

The useof FM's i n t h e r m a l c y c l e s c o n s t i t u t e s a

b a s i c a l l y new p r a c t i c a la p p l i c a t i o n .I ne x i s t i n g power
applicationsmagneticmaterialsmerelyinterchange
e l e c t r i c a l a n dm e c h a n i c a le n e r g i e s .U n t i l now FM'S
havenoteffectedtheconversionbetween (low grade)
t h e r m a l and ( h i g hg r a d e )m e c h a n i c a lo re l e c t r i c a l
I
e n e r g i e s ,e x c e p tn e a ra b s o l u t ez e r o .
TOTAL ENTROPY
'j. Figure 1. - T-S Diagram for the recuperative ferromagnetic
cycle.

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 1147
( w i t hi s o t h e r m sa n dp e r f e c tr e c u p e r a t i o n )c a na p p r o a c h Ng2/-(i J(J + l)K = 3kTc. (3)
theCarnotefficiencyiftheprocess D - t A i n f i g . 1 is
E q u a t i o n s (1)-(3) c a nb es o l v e ds i m u l t a n e o u s l yf o ra n y
r e p l a c e db yt h ep r o c e s s D - t E (drawn p a r a l l e l t o BC).
valueof H b yg r a p h i c a lo rn u m e r i c a lm e t h o d s .T h e mag-
Thiscanbedoneeitherbychangingthefield H appro- n e t i c e n t r o p y Sm is givenby.
p r i a t e l y as t h e F'M warms o r b y u s i n g FM m i x t u r e s a s
d e s c r i b e db e l o w .T h ep o s s i b i l i t yo fc k n g i n g H at w i l l Sm/R = l o g s i n h { (2J+l)x!(2J)]/sinh[x/(2Jg)-xB~(x) (4)
d u r i n g t h e c y c l e a l s o p e r m i t sn o n - i s o t h e r m a ls o u r c e s w h e r et h ev a l u eo f x i s t a k e n from t h e s o l u t i o n o f
and s i n k s t o b ee f f i c i e n t l yu t i l i z e d .F u r t h e r m o r et h e (1)- (3).
i d e a l c y c l e c o n t a i n s no i n h e r e n t l y i r r e v e r s i b l e pro-
cesses (such as Joule-Thomsonexpansionof a gas). It i s c o n v e n i e n tt oi n t r o d u c en o n d i v e n s i o n a l
Note t h a t t h e f i e l d may b e r e v e r s i b l y r a i s e d o r l o w e r e d v a r i a b l e sd e f i n e db y
incrementallywhileheattransferoccurs;pressurecan-
t T/Tcand h = €I/ [3kT,/(J + l)pBg] (5)
n o tb e so f l e x i b l y c o n t r o l l e d . The useof a s o l i d work-
i n g medium o f f e r s a n o t h e r a d v a n t a g e - - a l l h e a t e x c h a n g e T h em a g n e t i ce n t r o p y ,c a l c u l a t e d from ( 4 ) i s p r e s e n t e d
c a nb eb e t w e e nt h es o l i d and a l i q u i d ( o r i n some low i nf i g u r e 2 i n terms of t and h f o r 5 = 7 / 2 and = 2,
t e m p e r a t u r er a n g e s , a h i g hd e n s i t yg a s ) . Hence t h e v a l u e sa p p r o p r i a t ef o rm a t e r i a l sb a s e d on Gd. (Con-
heattransfercoefficientsare much h i g h e r t h a n f o r ductionelectroncontributions are n o t i n c l u d e d . ) The
s o l i d - t o - g a s ;e n o u g hh i g h e rt o more t h a n o f f s e t t h e f a i l u r e of t h e t h e o r y t o i n c l u d e s h o r t r a n g e o r d e r is
h i g h e rv i s c o s i t yo ft h el i q u i d and t o p e r m i t t h e e v i d e n ta tz e r of i e l di nt h ea b r u p tc o r n e r and i n t h e
greaterdegreeofrecuperation needed by the solid over a t t a i n m e n to ft h ef u l lm a g n e t i ce n t r o p y a t T,. The
thegas. i s o t h e r m a l e n t r o p y c h a n g e AS caused by a f i e l d c h a n g e
Ahfollowsimmediately and is p l o t t e d i n f i g u r e 3.
Possible Applications The e n t r o p y pumping c a p a c i t y o f a n y FM based on Gd w i t h
a n y T, i n t h e p l o t ' s r a n g e c a n b e e s t i m a t e d from f i g u r e
A f u l l e n g i n e e r i n g andeconomic a n a l y s i s of s p e c i - 3 and t h e d e f i n i t i o n s ( 5 ) .
f i c machinedesigns i s needed t o p r e d i c t i n w h a t a p p l i -
c a t i o n st h em a g n e t i cc y c l ec a nc o m p e t ee c o n o m i c a l l y . As anexampleoftheisothermalentropy and h e a t
However, t h e b a s i c a d v a n t a g e s c i t e d a b o v e s u g g e s t t h a t pumping c a p a c i t y o f a n FM, t h e t h e o r y p r e d i c t s f o r Gd
it s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d f o r a l l r e f r i g e r a t i o n a p p l i c a - t h a t a t 273K a 10 T e s l a c h a n g e i n f i e l d g i v e s
t i o n s .O b v i o u sa p p l i c a t i o n st ob es t u d i e da r er e f r i - AS=12 J/kg-Kwhichcorresponds t o a h e a t o f 3.2 kJ/kg.
g e r a t i o nf o rs u p e r c o n d u c t i n gd e v i c e ss u c ha sm a g n e t s ,
power t r a n s m i s s i o nl i n e s , and r o t a t i n gm a c h i n e r y ; li- To compare t h e o r e t i c a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s ,
q u i f i c a t i o no fg a s e si n c l u d i n g He, H2, N2, and n a t u r a l thetotalentropyStot was c a l c u l a t e d b y Stot=S,+SL,
g a s ;t h es e p a r a t i o no f a i r ; andnumerous s p e c i a lp u r - where SL i s t h el a t t i c ee n t r o p yb a s e d on a Dehye model.
p o s e ss u c ha sc o o l i n go fi n f r a r e ds e n s o r s , e t c . Near w i t h t h e Debye t e m p e r a t u r et a k e nt oh e 172K. Theisen-
room t e m p e r a t u r e m a g n e t i c r e f r i g e r a t o r s , h e a t pumps t r o p i cc h a n g ei nt e m p e r a t u r ec a u s e db ya p p l y i n g a field
and a i r c o n d i t i o n e r ss h o u l db ee v a l u a t e d , as should was found n u m e r i c a l l y and i s p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 4
magneticheatenginesabove room temperature.Higher a l o n ew i t h new e x p e r i m e n t a ld a t a . The d a t a were t a k e n
e f f i c i e n c y would be welcome i n a l l t h e s e a p p l i c a t i o n s . on a c a s t c y l i n d r i c a l p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e s a m p l e 2 . 2 9 cm
d i a m e t e r and9.33 cm l o n g w i t hh e m i s p h e r i c a le n d s . The
It i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e C u r i e p o i n t of a p u r e r a r e new d a t a a r e more a c c u r a t e t h a n t h e f i r s t h i g h f i e l d
e a r t hc a nb ed e c r e a s e dt oa n yl o w e rv a l u ed e s i r e df o r d a t at h a t were r e p o r t e di nR e f . 1. T h ea p p l i e df i e l d
t h e s e a p p l i c a t i o n s b y a r a t h e r m o d e s t d i l u t i o n of t h e and e f f e c t i v e f i e l d a r e c o n s i d e r e d i d e n t i c a l i n t h e
rare e a r t h t o r e d u c e t h e c o n d u c t i o n - e l e c t r o n - m e d i a t e d p l o t ;b a s e do nt h ec a l c u l a t e dv a l u eo f 11, t h e two
e x c h a n g ei n t e r a c t i o n . Rare e a r t hc o m b i n a t i o n s m y a l s o f i e l d s d i f f e r by a t most 3%. The mean f i e l dt h e o r y
beusefulbutthehoped-forentropychange may b e
reduced i f c r y s t a l f i e l d s d e c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t i v e moment
o r i f c o m p l e xm a g n e t i cs t r u c t u r e sa r i s e .I na n yc a s e
it a p p e a r s t h a t m a t e r i a l s w i t h Tc o p t i m i z e df o ra n y
applicationcanbeproduced.

Mean-Field Calculation of Entropy

To e v a l u a t et h em a g n e t i cc y c l e ,o n en e e d st o know h
t h ee n t r o p ya s a f u n c t i o no ft e m p e r a t u r e and f i e l d . .027
Very l i t t l e e x p e r i m e n t a ld a t ae x i s t s .I nt h i ss e c t i o n 2.5r .Ob'
t h e Weiss mean f i e l d t h e o r y is shown t o p r e d i c t moder-
a t e l y well t h e e n t r o p y and temperaturechangescaused 2.
i ns i m p l ef e r r o m a g n e t sb ya p p l i e df i e l d s .T h ea g r e e -
ment betweentheory and experiment i s good enough t o 1.
justifytheuseofthe
studies,
mean f i e l d t h e o r y i n f e a s i b i l i t y
*El=
1.
F o l l o w i n gt h et r e a t m e n ti nR e f . 2 , we supposethe
magnetization M is p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e B r i l l o u i n
f u n c t i o n BJ :
M = NgrBJBJ (x) (1) _IJ
.4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
where N i s t h e number d e n s i t y o f d i p o l e s , g t h e Lande
f a c t o r , )lB t h e Bohrmagneton,and REDUCEDTEMPERATURE, t
x 3 &gJ(H + KM) /kT (2) Figure 2. - Magnetic entropy in units of R as a function
where k is B o l t z m a n n ' sc o n s t a n t and K i s t h em e a n - f i e l d of the reduced temperature t and the reduced applied
c o u p l i n gc o n s t a n t . K c a nb ee l i m i n a t e d i n favorof Tc field h for J = 715 g = 2
b yn o t i n gt h a ta b o v e TC no spontaneous M e x i s t s , s o
t h e r ee q u a t i o n s (1) and (2) must haveonly a t r i v i a l
s o l u t i o nf o r M. T h a tc o n d i t i o nr e d u c e st o

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cannotdistinguishbetweentheferromagneticCurie thecouplingconstant i s b e t t e r r e f l e c t e d byTp i n t h e
p o i n tT fa n dt h ep a r a m a g n e t i cC u r i ep o i n t Tp; onlyone Curie-WeisslawthanbytheorderingtemperatureTf.
q u a n t i t y , Tc, o c c u r si nt h ee q u a t i o n s( 3 )a n d ( 5 ) . It NearTf t h eu s eo f Tf g i v e st h eh e s ta g r e e m e n t . Above
i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o compare t h e r e s u l t s o f s e t t i n g Tc=Tf about 1 . 1 T f t h e P1 c u r v e is b e s t , and below about0.9
w i t ht h o s e o f s e t t i n g Tc=Tp.Hence figure 4 presents T f t h e P2 c h o i c e i s b e s t . Thechoiceof Tc t o u s e t o
t h r e et h e o r e t i c a lc u r v e sw i t ht h ee x p e r i m e n t a l data. e v a l u a t e a p a r t i c u l a r FM i n a c y c l e mustbe made in t h e
Curve F r e s u l t s from s e t t i n g Tc=Tf=293K. Curve P1 c o n t e x to ft h ei n t e n d e dt e m p e r a t u r er a n g e and t h ep o s i -
results from setting Tc equal to an older value of Tp t i o n s ofTfand T p i n i t . Forsuch a s i m p l et h e o r y i t
(302.5K2);curve P2 from a more r e c e n t v a l u e (310K f o r is surprisingthatthosequantities whichdependupon
p o l y c r y s t a l l i n es a m p l e s 4 ) . entropy differences are not badly predicted.

It i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t the P c u r v e s g i v e b e t t e r M o d i f y i n g t h e T-S Diagram t o I m p r o v e E f f i c i e n c y

agreementexceptnearTf. Somewhat above 1' 1 t h ep a r a -
magneticvaluemustgivethecorrectCurie-Reiss be- As notedunder"Advantages"above,theCarnotef-
h a v i o r ; belowTf the agreement i s a p p a r e n t l y b e t t e r f i c i e n c y i s n o ta c h i e v e di nt h eu n m o d i f i e dc y c l e ABCDA
b e c a u s e t h e mean f i e l d acts i n a b a s i c a l l y paramag- i n F i g . 1. One a s p e c to ft h eu n m o d i f i e dc y c l e is t h a t
n e t i c way on e a c hi o n .T h u st h ea p p r o p r i a t ev a l u eo f theaverageheatcapacityofthe FM i s u s u a l l y n o t t h e
same a t z e r o f i e l d as a t h i g h f i e l . d , and t h i s would
c a u s e a problem i nt h er e g e n e r a t o r . T o a c h i e v et h e
"parallelsides"ofthecyclein the T-S diagram,which
indicate equal heat capacities during warmingand
coolinp. and a r e , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a h i g h e f f i c i e n c y
r e c u p e r a t i v e c y c l e , i s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r db e c a u s et h ef i e l d
1.2 c a nb e cl1anped d u r i n gr e K e n e r a t i o n . A s t h e FM warms i n
t h er e g e n e r a t o r ,t h ef i e l d i s s i m p l yi n c r e a s e dt oc a u s e
t h e s t a t e of the FM t o f o l l o w D + E r a t h e r t h a n D - t A .
1.0
Another way t o g e t t h e same ( o r g r e a t e r ) improve-
.8 ment i n t h e T-S diagram i s t o employ a macroscopic mix-
t u r e of FM's w i t hd i f f e r e n tC u r i ep o i n t s . The mixture
may b e formed p h y s i c a l l y i n a n y maDner t h a t p r e s e r v e s
.6 t l : eC u r i ep o i n t o f e a c hm a t e r i a l . Thecombined entro-
piesatzerofieldcan b e made t o a p p r o a c h l i n e DE i n
F i g . 1 as close1.y a s d e s i r e d . (The h i g h fiel.6 c u r v e
.4 changes, t o o , b u lt e s s rrarke8i.y.) S i m i l a r l y t, h e FM
m i x t u r et e c h n i q u ec a nb eu s e dt or e s h a p et h ee n t r o p y
-2 c u r v e sf o rs p e c i a lp x r p o s e ss u c h as t o p r o v i d e d i s t r i -
b u t e dr a t h e rt h a ni s o t h e r m a lr e f r i g e r a t i o n .
0 PermanentNagnetsand Normal El.ectromap,nets
.4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
REDUCEDTEMPERATURE, t Theisothermalentropychange i s roughlypropor-
t i o n a l t o A N , so a permanentmagnet (BZ IT) o r a nor-
Figure 3. - isothermal entropy change A S in units of
mal e l e c t r o m a g n e tw i t ha ni r o nc o r e( 3 5 2 T ) would h e
R in terms of reduced temperature t and change in
reducedfield Ah. initial field is zero. (1 = 712, g = 21 less e f f e c t i v e t h a n a s u p e r c o n d u c t i n gc o i l (B up t o
17T). However, i t F a yb ed e s i r a b l e€ o r some a p p l i c a -
t i o n st oa v o i dt h ec r y o g e n i c sr e q u i r e df o r a super-
c o n d u c t i n g m g n e t , andpermanentand/ornormalrrannets
s h o u l dh ec o n s i d e r e di n cases wherethetemperature
span i s s m a l l or w h e r e s e v e r a l . s t a p e s c a n b e used.

Conclusions
-THEORY
Ferromagneticmaterialsbrinp;tothermodynamic
0 EXPERIMENT
cyclesfundamentaladvantageswhichincludehighen-
t r o p yd e n s i t y ,f u l l yr e v e r s i b l ep r o c e s s e s ,e n t r o p y
c o n t r o l . by a n e x t e r n a l p a r a m e t e r ( f i e l d ) t h a t c a n b e
v a r i e d up o r clown i n c r e r l e n t a l l y a t will, and a con-
s t a n t s h a p e and d e n s i t y t h a t p e r m i t s h e a t t r a n s f e r a t
a l l times. The performance o f t 5 e FM c a nb ee s t i w a t e d
f a i r l y we1.l by t h e mean f i e l dt h e o r y . The e f f i c i e n c y
of t h e FM c y c l e c a n approack the Carnot val.ue if the
f i e l d s t r e n g t h i s variedappropriate1.yduringrecuper-
a t i o n o r i f a s u i t a b l e m i x t u r e i s used.

(1) G. V. Brown, J . A p p l . Phys. hJ, 3673(1976).

(2') A . 13. Morrish,PhysicalPrinciplesofNagnetism,
Wiley, N . Y . , (19551.
(3) J. S . S w a r t ,E f f e c t i v eF i e l dT h e o r i e so fX a g n e t -
ZOQ 220 240 260 280 3oG 320 3IO 360 ism, S a u n d e r s P , hiladelphia (1966)-
lNlTlAL TEMPERATURE, K ( 4 ) K. B. R. T a y l o r and M. I. Darby,Physics of Rare
E a r t h S o l i d s , Chapman and H a l l , T>td., London
Figure 4 - The isentropic temperature change produced (1972), page 132.
by applying a 7T field to Gd.

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