NETWORK TELECOUNICATION

COURSE
CODE
NWS 241

COURSE
TITLE
Physics and Computer Science iv
 Basic Definitions
 Data : data is defined as raw facts (unprocessed
fact) which can be recorded such as name of a
person, death of birth of a person, name of a
place, audio, images or video.
The recording of this fact can be on a given
storage media.
 Information: information is defined as processed
fact which gives data some meaning and can lead
to objective decision making or give clear
description of a state. Example of information
can be derived from the data given pieces of
data as
Given the data level 1, Williams
Note :
01 William may be an instance of a students
02 level1 may be an instance of levels
We processed data of different structure to
produce information such as
“ Williams is a student of level 1”
 Database
a database is a logical collection of related data
for the some specific purpose.

it is important to know that a database does not

only has to be involved with a collection of data
 but the data should be related to what its
purpose may be.
The database of an online seat reservation system
is expected to store data that is related to the
online seat reservation system.
The database of a university system should store
data related to the university management
system.
The database of a hospital management system
should hold data related to the hospital
management system.
 Meta-data.
this is the complete database of description, it is
the database definition.
Meta- data in some context implies data stored
about data or certain aspects of the database.
It may includes
 Storage format for data
 Data type to be stored on the database
 Constraint on data

What is a Database Management System(DBMS)?

A database management system is identified as a

system which is used to supposed to manage a
database.
The perspectives of managing a database is in its
functionalities.
 These functionalities includes
1) Define database: in defining a database involves
1- specifying the data type
2- specifying the data structure
3- specifying the database constraints(limits)
for the data to be stored by the database.

02) Constructing a database: this is the process of

data acquisition onto some storage medium.
When data is stored a database is being
constructed.

03) Data Manipulation: Querying of database to

retrieve specific data, updating database and
generating of reports.
04) Sharing: database management system should
support multiple users access in a concurrent
fashion.
therefore it allows multiple users and programs
to be able to access the database concurrently.
many users can access or share the same
database at the same time in an efficient
manner.
05) Protection of the database from hardware or
software failure or unauthorized access.
06) Maintenance of the database such setting up
backup routine for the database which can help
to restored the database in case of issues with
the database.
Database management system is define as a
collection of programs that allow users to create
and maintain the database.

What are the Properties of a Database ?

1) A database is a logically coherent collection of

data with some inherent meaning.
2) A database represents some aspects of the real
world(miniworl) such as a collection of related
objects which mimics the entities of the real
world alongside their relationships and
constrains.
Object Entity of
of real cyber
world space

Our Universe Cyber space

3) A database is designed, built and populated
with data for a specific purpose.

Database system environment

 Insulation between programs and data and data
abstraction.
In traditional file processing the structure of
data file was embedded in the application
programs (not separate, any change in the data
file is going to affect the program therefore we
must change the application programs)
while in database approach the structure of data
files is store in DBMS catalog separate from the
application programs hence a change in data
file has to occur with the database catalog not
the application(access)programs( indicating
program-data independence). This phenomenon
indicates data abstraction
Self-describing nature of a database.
database system = database+ meta-
data(database definition)
meta data gives information like data type
constraints and more, stored in the DBMS
catalog and used by DBMS software and
database users.

1) Relation
Relation_Name Number_of_column

2) columns
Column_Name Data_type Belong_to_Relation
DBMS software must work equally with
any number of database application. In
traditional database the description of
the database was through the database
programs themselves.
 Data sharing and multi-user transaction
processing.
DBMs provides concurrency control to enable
multiple users to access the database at the
same time .
This prevents multiple users from being able to
access and edit the same data at the same time.
DBMS must enforce several transaction property
such as
 isolation: change can not be made
concurrently on a single piece of data by
multiple users.
 Atomicity: a transaction is executed completely
or none at all.
Support of multiple views of data :
A database has any number of users each of
whom may require a different perspective or
views of the database.
A view is a subset of the database made up of
data derived from the database.

Different Types of Database Users

1) Actors on the scene: these are the people

whose jobs involves day to day usage of a
large database
 Database Administrators
 Database designers
 End-users
 System analyst and application
programmers(software Engineers)
2) Workers behind the scene: these set of people
deals with the design, development and
operation of a database system environment and
they are not interested in the database itself.
These people are;
 Tool developers.
 Operator and maintenances personnel.
 System designers and implementers.
 Database Administrator(DBA)

•DBA is also responsible for providing security

to the data base and he allows only the
authorized users to access / modify the data
base.

•Administering primary and secondary

resources.

•co-ordinating and monitoring database

•DBA also monitors the recovery and back up

and provide technical support.
•DBA repairs damage caused due to hardware
and / or software failures.

•The DBA has a DBA account in the DBMS which

called a system or super-user account.

Database Designers

•Identify data to be stored in database

•Choose appropriate structure to store and

represent data.

•Communicate with database users, understand

their requirement and design the database
They interact with each group of users and
develops views based on the requirements of
each group of users.

End Users:

- End Users are the users who frequently or

casually use the data base applications in their
daily life querying, updating and generating
report and, are usually not concerned about the
transaction or operations done at various levels.
S
System analyst(software Engineers)
 Determinethe requirement of end user and
develop specification for canned transaction

Application programmer(software Engineers)

 Testing
 Debugging
 Documenting
 Maintaining canned transactions

System designers and implementers

 Designand implement DBMS modules and

interface packages
 Operators and maintenance personnel
 Responsible
for the actual running and the
maintenance of hardware and software

Tool developer

 Personswho design and implement the

tools(software package)
 Advantages of DBMS

 Restricting unauthorized access.

 controlling redundancy.
 Providing persistent storage for program
objects.
 Providing storage structure for efficient query
processing.
 Represent complex relationship among data.
 Providing backup and recovery.
 Enforcing integrity constraints.
 Providing multiple user interfaces.
 Permitting inferencing and actions using rules