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Introduction To Computers

Computer

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9 views20 pages

Introduction To Computers

Computer

Uploaded by

am1898891
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computers

and Data Processing


Data v/s Information
• Raw facts, figures, etc. about individuals, places, that is expressed by
numbers, letters, symbols or even images
• Data is raw, unorganized facts which requires processing to become
meaningful
• Information is refined form of data, it is what you obtain after
processing or analysing raw data
• Since every piece of information is derived from some data, we can
say that information relies on data while data does not rely on
information
Data Information
• It is low level • It is higher level
• Does not directly help in • Directly helps in decision
decision making making
• Collection of facts • Processing facts to put
them in a meaningful
context
What is a Computer?
• It is a device that transforms data into meaningful information
• A device that processes input according to the set of instructions
provided by the user and gives the desired output quickly
• Following set of functions are performed in general:
• Accept data
• Store data
• Process data as desired
• Retrieval of stored data as and when desired
• Print the result in desired format
Basic Structure of a Computer
Peripheral Devices
• Input Devices:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Light pen
• Scanner
• Output Devices:
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speakers
• Other Peripherals:
Software
Classification of Computers

Computers

Micro Mini Mainframe Super


Computer Computer Computer Computer
Classification of Digital Computers
• Micro Computers :
• Also known as Personal Computers
• Can work on small volume of data
• Versatile and can handle variety of applications.
• Mini Computers :
• Support multiple users working simultaneously
• These are mainly used in an organization where computers installed in various
departments are interconnected.
• Useful for small business organizations.
Classification of Digital Computers
• Main Frames :
• Large and very powerful computers with very high memory capacity.
• Can process huge databases such as census at extremely fast rate.
• Suitable for big organizations, banks, industries etc.
• Can support hundreds of users simultaneously on the network.
• Super Computers :
• Fastest and very expensive computers.
• Can execute billions of instructions per second.
• Multiprocessor, parallel systems suitable for specialized complex scientific
applications involving huge amounts of mathematical applications such as
weather forecasting.
Computer Languages
• Means of communicating with the computer
• Machine Language – 0/1
• Low Level Languages:
• Assembly Language
• High Level Languages:
• BASIC
• COBOL
• Fortran
• C
• C++
• Java
• Python
Compilers, Assemblers and Interpreters
Compiler v/s Interpreter
• Scans the whole program • Translates one statement at a
time
• Execution time is less • Slow in executing object code
• Converts source code to • Does not convert source code to
object code object code rather scans it line
• Does not require source code by line
for later execution • Requires source code for later
• Often take large amount of execution
time for analyzing the source • Takes less time in analyzing
code source code
• More efficient • Less efficient
• C, C++, C# are compiled • Python, Ruby, Perl, MATLAB, R
languages etc. are all interpreted languages
Storage Types
Internal Memory or
Primary Storage

External Memory or
Secondary Storage
Memory Hierarchy

Increasing Capacity and Access Time


CPU
Registers
Increasing Cost

Cache Memory
(SRAM)

Main Memory (DRAM)

Magnetic and Optical Disk

Magnetic Tape
The Processor
• Definition: a chip or logical circuit that responses to and process the
basic instructions to drive a particular program
• Manufacturers: Intel, AMD, Qualcomm, IBM, Motorola, Samsung etc.
• Material: Silicon chip
• Speed Measurement: Mega-Hertz or Giga Hertz
• Functions: Fetch, decode, execute, write back instructions
CPU Types
• Single – Core
• Multi- Core:
• Dual-core
• Hexa-core
• Octa-core
• Deca-core
• Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Graphics Card/ GPU
• Parallel Processing
• Originally designed to accelerate the rendering of 3D graphics
• Now more flexible and programmable
• Used to accelerate additional work load in high performance
computing, deep learning etc.
Data Processing
Types of Data Processing
• Batch Processing
• Real Time Processing
• Online Processing
• Multi-processing
• Time Sharing

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