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Adversarial search

Adversarial search in artificial intelligence is a problem-solving technique used to make decisions in competitive scenarios where multiple agents have conflicting goals. It is crucial for game-playing AI, as seen in games like chess and checkers, and has applications in real-world decision-making processes such as economics and robotics. The technique utilizes game trees and algorithms like minimax and alpha-beta pruning to evaluate strategies and optimize outcomes against opponents.

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3 views

Adversarial search

Adversarial search in artificial intelligence is a problem-solving technique used to make decisions in competitive scenarios where multiple agents have conflicting goals. It is crucial for game-playing AI, as seen in games like chess and checkers, and has applications in real-world decision-making processes such as economics and robotics. The technique utilizes game trees and algorithms like minimax and alpha-beta pruning to evaluate strategies and optimize outcomes against opponents.

Uploaded by

altairpheonix
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Adversarial search

In artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine learning, and computer vision, adversarial
search is basically a kind of search in which one can trace the movement of an enemy or
opponent. The step which arises the problem for the user or the user or the agent doesn't
want that specific step task to be carried out.

Chess, checkers, and tic-tac-toe are the three most popular games that can be solved via
adversarial search. In many real-world applications, such as financial decision-making
and military operations, adversarial search is used. To give players clever opponents in
video games, it is also deployed.

1. Chess: Chess is a classic example of an adversarial search problem. Each player


(White and Black) takes turns making moves while trying to checkmate their opponent.
The search involves evaluating the best moves while anticipating the opponent's
responses.

Importance of Adversarial Search in AI


Adversarial search is a fundamental concept in artificial intelligence, and its
importance cannot be overstated. It plays a pivotal role in two major domains:

1. Game-Playing: Adversarial search is a cornerstone in game-playing AI.


Whether it's chess, checkers, Go, or more modern video games, AI agents use
adversarial search to evaluate and select the best moves in a competitive
environment. The ability to outthink and outmaneuver opponents in games is a
fascinating application of AI. For example, consider Deep Blue, IBM's chess-
playing computer, which defeated the world chess champion, Garry Kasparov,
in 1997, demonstrating the power of adversarial search in mastering complex
games.

2. Decision-Making: Beyond the realm of games, adversarial search is


applicable in various decision-making processes. It's used in situations where
multiple agents have conflicting goals and must strategize to reach the best
possible outcome. This concept can be extended to economics, robotics, and
even military strategy, where intelligent agents must plan and make decisions
while considering the actions and objectives of adversaries. Adversarial search
empowers AI to navigate complex, uncertain, and often adversarial
environments effectively.

In this session, we will delve deeper into the principles behind adversarial
search, explore algorithms like the minimax and alpha-beta pruning, discuss
heuristic evaluation functions, and highlight practical applications. By the end
of this session, you will have a solid understanding of how adversarial search
is employed in AI to make strategic decisions and excel in competitive
scenarios. So, let's get started!

Define Adversarial Search in Artificial Intelligence


Adversarial search in artificial intelligence is a problem-solving technique that
focuses on making decisions in competitive or adversarial scenarios. It is
employed to find optimal strategies when multiple agents, often referred to as
players, have opposing or conflicting objectives. Adversarial search aims to
determine the best course of action for a given player, considering the possible
moves and counter-moves of the opponent(s).

Role of Adversarial Search in AI:

The role of adversarial search in AI is to model and navigate scenarios where


decision-making involves competing entities with opposing goals. It plays a
crucial role in several aspects:

1. Game-Playing: Adversarial search is prominently used in AI for playing


games. Whether it's classic board games like chess and checkers or modern
video games, AI agents employ adversarial search techniques to make
strategic decisions and outmaneuver human or computer opponents.

2. Decision-Making: Beyond games, adversarial search has real-world


applications in decision-making processes. For example, in economics, it is
used to model competitive markets and strategic interactions between
companies. In robotics, it assists autonomous agents in planning their actions
while considering the intentions and movements of potential adversaries.

Competitive Scenarios with Conflicting Goals:

Adversarial search is most relevant in competitive scenarios where multiple


agents have conflicting goals. In these scenarios:
• Each agent strives to maximize their own utility or minimize their own loss.
• The actions of one agent directly influence the outcomes and goals of other
agents.
• The agents may have incomplete information about each other's strategies,
leading to strategic uncertainty.

In such settings, adversarial search aids AI systems in determining the best


course of action to optimize their own objectives while anticipating and
countering the actions of their opponents. It encompasses techniques that help
evaluate and compare different strategies, leading to the selection of actions
that are most likely to lead to favorable outcomes.

The Concept of Game Trees:

Game trees serve as a common and intuitive representation in adversarial


search. They are graphical structures that depict the possible moves and
counter-moves of each player in a sequential manner. In a game tree:

• Each node represents a state of the game.


• Edges emanating from a node represent possible moves that a player can make.
• The tree branches out to represent various game states that result from different
player decisions.

By traversing and evaluating this tree, AI systems can systematically explore


different game scenarios, assess the consequences of different moves, and
ultimately identify the optimal strategy. The minimax algorithm and alpha-beta
pruning are techniques used to navigate these game trees efficiently.

In summary, adversarial search in AI is an essential technique for making


decisions in competitive settings where multiple agents have conflicting goals.
It employs game trees as a common representation to evaluate and select the
best course of action while considering the moves and counter-moves of
opponents. This concept is foundational in AI, impacting game-playing,
decision-making, and strategic planning across various domains.

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