기초 컴퓨터 프로그래밍

(Basic Computer
Programming)

1
 Chapter 1
Introduction to Computing
 Components of a Computer
• Computer
– Electronic device which may be uses to perform various computations
involving arithmetic and logical operations.

Fig. 1.1 Components of A Computer

 Components of a Computer:
Central Processing Unit
• CPU
– Very large scale integrated (VLSI) electronic circuit that consists of the
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit (CU) and some
registers.

Fig. 1.2 Layout of a Model CPU

 Components of a Computer:
Input Devices/Output Devices
• Input devices
– Users are allowed to input data and other instructions to the
computer.
• Keyboard and Mouse
– The most popular input devices

• Output devices
– Computer to convey messages back to the users.
• Monitor
– The most common output device
 Components of a Computer:
Memory
• The memory is broadly classified into primary memory and
secondary memory.

• Primary (main) memory

– CPU can directly interact with it through the data bus and the address
bus.
• Random access memory (RAM)
– Volatile memory that stores instructions and data
• Read only memory (ROM)
– Non-volatile memory

• Secondary memory
– Hard disk, flash drives, etc.
Components of a Computer:
Memory

Fig. 1.3 Classification of Computer’s Memory

 Concept of Hardware and Software:
Types of Software
• System Software
– Interaction with the hardware of a computer
– Controlling the resources of the system and perform other activities
related to the system.
– Operating system, loader, linker and translator

• Operating System
– Linux, Windows, UNIX, macOS etc.

• Translators
– Translating a program written in high level language (HLL) into
machine language.
– HLL : C, C++, Java, etc.
 Concept of Hardware and Software:
Types of Software
• Linker
– Linking together the object codes belonging to all the sub-
routines/functions of a program and forms an executables code.

• Loader
– Loading a program to be executed from the secondary memory into a
designated area of the main memory.

• Application Software
– Word processing, image editing, spread sheet, database software, etc.
Art of Programming through
Algorithms and Flowcharts:
Algorithms
 Algorithm:
Algorithm to find Average of Three Numbers
• Algorithm
– Finite set of unambiguous instructions witch, when executed,
performs a task correctly.
 Algorithm:
Algorithm to find Average of Three Numbers
• Algorithm
– Finite set of unambiguous instructions witch, when executed,
performs a task correctly.

Fig. 1.4 Algorithm to find Average of Three Numbers

 Algorithm:
Algorithm for Division and Finding Quotient

Fig. 1.5 Algorithm for Division and Finding Quotient

 Algorithm:
Algorithm to find Maximum of Two Numbers
 Algorithm:
Algorithm to find Maximum of Two Numbers

Fig. 1.6 Algorithm to find Maximum of Two Numbers

 Flowchart:
Notations Used in a Flowchart
• Flowchart
– Helps us graphically visualize the flow of control within the sequence
of statements.

Fig. 1.7 Notations Used in a Flowchart

 Flowchart:
Flowchart to find Average of Three Numbers

Fig. 1.8 Flowchart to find Average of Three Numbers

 Flowchart:
Flowchart for Division and Finding Quotient

Fig. 1.9 Flowchart for Division and Finding Quotient

 Flowchart:
Flowchart to find Maximum of Two Numbers

Fig. 1.10 Flowchart to find Maximum of Two Numbers

Flowchart: Algorithm and Flowchart to find Sum of Even numbers
out of N numbers

Fig. 1.11 Algorithm and Flowchart to find Sum of Even numbers out of N numbers
Flowchart : Program to find Sum of Even numbers out of N
numbers

Fig. 1.12 Program to find Sum of Even numbers out of N numbers

 KEY CONCEPTS
• HARDWARE: The major Hardware components of a computer are
the CPU, primary memory and input and output Devices.

• SOFTWARE: Two types of software are system and application

software.

• ALGORITHM: An algorithm uses English-like statements to show the

flow of logic in a step-wise manner.

• FLOWCHART: Flowchart is a graphical tool to represent logic flow.

 ALWAYS REMEMBER
• The central processing unit is a VLSI circuit.
• The control unit generates control signals and send them to the
different components of a computer.
• The arithmetic logic unit has many circuits inside it that are capable
of performing various arithmetic and logic operations.
• Input device are used by the user to feed data and other
information to the computer.
• Output devices are used by the computer to display an output or
give the result of an operation to the user.
• Memory is of two types – the primary and the secondary memory.
• The CPU has direct connections to the primary memory.
• The RAM is a volatile memory.
 ALWAYS REMEMBER
• The ROM is a non-volatile memory.
• The secondary memory services as a data reservoir.
• System software are those which interact with the hardware of the
computer.
• The operating system acts as an interface between the user and
the hardware.
• It is not possible to execute a program written in a high level
language of assembly language directly without first translation.
• A high level languages uses a compiler for translation.
• A compiler is always typical of a programming language.
• Before writing a program, the algorithm and/or the flowchart for
the same should be developed.
 ALWAYS REMEMBER
• Algorithms and flowcharts should be independent of programming
languages.
• The three main programming constructs are imperative,
conditional and iterative statements.
• Algorithms do not have a fixed style of writing.
• Algorithms should be finite and current and the statements in it
should be unambiguous.
• Flowcharts give us a visual depiction of logic flow.
 Chapter 2
Overview of C
 History of C:
History of ANSI C

Fig. 2.1 History of ANSI C

 Importance of C
• C is a structured, high-level, machine independent language.
• ANSI C and C99 are the standardized versions of C language.
• C combines the capabilities of assembly language with the features
of a high level language.
• C is robust, portable and structured programming language.
 Program

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 A Simple Program 1:
Printing a Message

Fig. 2.2 A program to print one line of text

• Output:
I see, I remeber
 Sample Program 1:
Printing a Message

Fig. 2.3 Format of simple C programs

 Sample Program 2:
Adding Two Numbers

Fig. 2.4 Program to add two numbers

• Output:
100
106.10
Sample Program 3:
Interest Calculation

Fig. 2.5 Program for investment problem

 Sample Program 3:
Interest Calculation

Fig. 2.6 Output of the investment program

 Sample Program 4:
Use of Subroutines

Fig. 2.7 A program using a user-defined function

 Sample Program 5:
Use of MATH Functions

Fig. 2.8 Program using a math function

Basic Structure of C Programs

Fig. 2.9 An overview of a C program

 Programming Style
• C is free-form language.
a = b;
x = y + 1;
z = a + x;
• Can be written on one line as
a = b; x = y + 1; z = a + x;
Executing a ‘C’ Program

Fig. 2.10 Process of compiling and running a C program

 Unix System:
• Creating the Program
– Program must be entered into a file.
– Examples of valid file names are:
hello.c
program.c
ebg1.c
– File is created with the help of a text editor, either ed or vi.
ed filename
• Compiling and Linking
– UNIX compilation command
cc ebg1.c
– Compiled and linked program is called executable object code and it stored
automatically in another file named a.out.
– Compilation command for linking mathematical functions.
cc filename -lm
 Unix System:
• Executing the Program
– Execution is a simple task. The command
a.out
• Creating Your Own Executable File
– cc command as follows:
cc –o name source-file
 Unix System:
Creating the Program
• Multiple Source Files
– cc command:
cc filename-1.c … filename-n.c
– These files will be separately compiled into object files called
filename-1.o … filename-n.o

Fig. 2.11 Compilation of multiple files

 MS-DOS System
• Compilation command:
MSC pay.c
• Linking command:
LINK pay.obj
• Executing command:
pay.exe

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 Windows System
• There are several IDEs.
– Borland C/C++
– Microsoft Visual Studio
– Dev-C++
– Turbo C/C++
– etc.

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 KEY CONCEPTS
• #define: Is a preprocessor compiler directive.

• printf: Is a predefined standard C function that writes the output to

the stdout (standard output) stream.

• scanf: Is a predefined standard C function that reads formatted

input from stdin (standard input) stream.

• PROGRAM: Is a sequence of instructions written to perform a

specific task in the computer.
 ALWAYS REMEMBER
• C is a structured, high-level, machine independent language.
• ANSI C and C99 are the standardized versions of C language.
• C combines the capabilities of assembly language with the features
of a high-level language.
• C is robust, portable and structured programming language.
• Every C program requires a main() function (Use of more than one
main() is illegal). The place main is where the program execution
begin.
• The execution of a function begins at the opening brace of the
function and ends at the corresponding closing brace.
• C programs are written in lowercase letters. However, uppercase
letters are used for symbolic names and output strings.