Review of Lens:

• Definition of Lens
• Types of lens- Convex and Concave
• Useful Terms used in Lens
1) Centre of curvature
2) Principal axis
3) Radius of curvature
4) Optical centre
5) Principal focus
6) Focal length
Contd……..

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Contd….

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Lens formula [relation between u, v & f)

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Contd….
by geometry, (1)
and (2)
Since the lens is thin, it behaves as a prism of small
angle and hence is also small so that both the angles
are small. Thus, the angles , and can be replaced
by their tangents.
So by equation (2),
Thus, i.e.

Also,

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Position, Nature and Size of image formed by a
i) Convex lens: The position, nature and size of image
formed by a convex lens depend upon the distance of
the object from the lens

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Contd……
ii) Concave lens: The position and size of image formed
by a concave lens depend upon the distance of the
object from the lens, but the nature is always virtual

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Lens Maker's Formula
Lens Maker's formula is a relation between focal
length (f) of a lens, radii of curvature (R1 and R2) of its
two surfaces and refractive index (μ) of its material.

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Contd….
In figure-1, by geometry,
i.e. Since δ is very small due to thin lens
But, i.e.
i.e. (1)
Also in fig -2, by geometry,
i.e. (2)
By (1) and (2), (3)

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Focal length of combination of two thin lenses in
contact

For the 1st lens, object distance (u1) = u and image

distance (v1) = v'
Thus, by lens formula, (1)

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Contd….
Again, for the 2nd lens, object distance (u2) = - v' and
image distance (v2) = v
Thus, by lens formula, (2)
On adding (!) and (2), we have

If F be the focal length of combination of given two

lenses, then (3)

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Focal length of combination of two thin
lenses, separated at a distance

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Contd…..

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Contd…..
Here, (1)
Thus, (2)
In E1FP1 of figure-5.5, (3)
And In BC2F2 , (4)
Again, In C1F1P of figure-5.6, (5)
By using equation (3), (4) and (5), equation (2) can be
written as (6)

In figure-5.5, AC1F2 and BC2F2 are similar so that

i.e. i.e. (7)

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Contd….
By using equation (6) and (7), we have
i.e.

i.e. (8)
where which is called optical separation
or optical interval.
Further, the distance of first principal point from the
first lens is represented by C1P1 = which can be
derived as discussed below:
In figure-5.5, E1FP1 and AC1F are similar so that
i.e. i.e. (9)

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Contd…..
Also, the distance of second principal point from the
second lens is represented by C2P2 = which can be
derived as discussed below:
In figure-5.9, E2FP2 and C2FQ are similar so that
i.e. i.e. (10)
Also,In figure-5.9, C1F1P and C2F1Q are similar so that
i.e. , by using (3)

i.e (11)
If , and by (8), i.e.

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Cardinal points of an optical system
In case of refraction through thin lens, we can assume
negligible thickness of the lens so that object distance,
image distance, focal length, etc. can be measured from
any part of the lens. But in case of thick lens or
combination of two lenses separated by a finite distance,
we cannot consider this assumption and it is very confusion
to measure them by considering refraction in two surfaces
of the lens. To overcome this difficulty, Gauss in 1841
proved that any number of coaxial refracting systems can
be treated as one unit and simple formulae for thin lens can
be applied. So, six points- two focal points, two principal
points and two nodal points which are called cardinal
points- are considered as reference points to measure
object distance, image distance, focal length, etc.

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Contd…..
i) Focal points (two) and Focal Planes (two)

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Contd…..
ii) Principal points (two) and Principal Planes (two):-

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Contd…..
iii) Nodal points (two):- A pair of conjugate points on the
principal axis having a unit positive angular magnification is
called nodal points. It indicates that a light ray incident on the
optical system in such a direction heading towards one the nodal
point finally takes a direction, parallel to incident ray, after
refraction through the system which passes through another
nodal point.

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Chromatic aberration in lens
Different colours of light incident on a lens focus at
different points. This inability of a lens to focus
different colours of light at a single point is called
chromatic aberration in lens. Specially, the
chromatic aberration along the axis of the lens
represents axial or longitudinal chromatic aberration
as shown in figure-5.13(i) and (ii).

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Contd…..
By Lens maker’s formula, (1)
i.e. (2)
Also, (3)
and (4)
On subtracting equation (4)from equation (3), we have
i.e. (5)
By the knowledge of dispersion,

Thus, ,if
Hence, which is +ve for convex
lens and –ve for concave lens
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Circle of least confusion

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Contd…..
If a screen XY is taken perpendicularly to the principal axis,
circular images of different colours will be observed on the
screen. There is central ring of blue colour which is
surrounded by circular rings of green, yellow, orange and
red colour respectively in outward direction when the
screen XY is taken by coinciding the point, B which
represents heavy chromatic aberration. But, there is central
ring of red colour which is surrounded by circular rings of
orange, yellow, green, and blue colour respectively in
outward direction when the screen XY is taken by
coinciding the point, R which also represents heavy
chromatic aberration. However, circular image of least
chromatic aberration, i.e. circular ring of white colour
(nearly) is observed on the screen when it is taken by
coinciding the points M and N as shown in figure. Such
circular ring of least chromatic aberration is called circle of
least confusion which has diameter (d), equal to MN.
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Contd…..
If u, and be the object distance, image distance
for red light and image distance for blue light
respectively, then by thin lens formula we have
and
Thus, i.e. , by(5)pre. section

where and f represents focal length of the

lens for mean light.
i.e. (1)
if , image distance for mean light.

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Contd….
Again, so that (2)
and so that (3)
On adding equations (2) and (3), we have

i.e. Where D is the diameter, i.e.

aperture of the lens
i.e.
, if
Thus, diameter of the circle of least confusion for a lens is a
constant which is independent with the focal length of the
lens when the object is taken at large distance.
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Achromatic combination of lenses in contact
For any lens, (1)
where (2)
On differentiating equation (1), we have
, by using (2) (3)
i.e. (4)
Here, df be the change in focal length of lens
corresponding to dμ change in refractive index of lens.
For combination of two lenses, having focal length f &
f’, in contact, i.e.
In achromatism, dF = 0 so that (5)

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Achromatic combination of lenses, separated at
a distance
If two lenses, having focal length f1 and f2 are separated
by a distance, x, the combined focal length is given by
i.e.
For achromatism, dF = 0
So,
If the two lenses are made by same material, then

Thus, i.e.
Thus, the distance between two lenses for achromatic combination is
equal to arithmetic mean of their focal length if both lenses are made
by same material.
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