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Computer Vision
This page intentionally left blank
 Computer Vision
Principles, Algorithms,
Applications, Learning
Fifth Edition

E.R. Davies
Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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 This book is dedicated to my family.
To my late mother, Mary Davies, to record her never-failing love
and devotion.
To my late father, Arthur Granville Davies, who passed on to me
his appreciation of the beauties of mathematics and science.
To my wife, Joan, for love, patience, support, and inspiration.
To my children, Elizabeth, Sarah, and Marion, the music in my life.
To my grandchildren, Jasper, Jerome, Eva, and Tara, for constantly
reminding me of the carefree joys of youth!
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
About the Author....................................................................................................xxi
Foreword .............................................................................................................. xxiii
Preface to the Fifth Edition ...................................................................................xxv
Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................ xxvii
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................xxxi
Topics Covered in Application Case Studies .....................................................xxxv
Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations .........................................................xxxix

CHAPTER 1 Vision, the challenge.................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction—Man and His Senses ...............................................1
1.2 The Nature of Vision .....................................................................2
1.2.1 The Process of Recognition................................................ 2
1.2.2 Tackling the Recognition Problem ..................................... 4
1.2.3 Object Location................................................................... 6
1.2.4 Scene Analysis .................................................................... 9
1.2.5 Vision as Inverse Graphics ................................................. 9
1.3 From Automated Visual Inspection to Surveillance ...................10
1.4 What This Book Is About ............................................................12
1.5 The Part Played by Machine Learning ........................................13
1.6 The Following Chapters...............................................................14
1.7 Bibliographical Notes...................................................................15

PART 1 LOW-LEVEL VISION

CHAPTER 2 Images and imaging operations ................................. 19
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................19
2.1.1 Gray Scale Versus Color .................................................. 21
2.2 Image Processing Operations.......................................................24
2.2.1 Some Basic Operations on Grayscale Images.................. 25
2.2.2 Basic Operations on Binary Images ................................. 29
2.3 Convolutions and Point Spread Functions...................................33
2.4 Sequential Versus Parallel Operations.........................................35
2.5 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................36
2.6 Bibliographical and Historical Notes...........................................37
2.7 Problems .......................................................................................37

vii
viii Contents

CHAPTER 3 Image filtering and morphology ................................. 39

3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................40
3.2 Noise Suppression by Gaussian Smoothing ................................42
3.3 Median Filters ..............................................................................44
3.4 Mode Filters .................................................................................46
3.5 Rank Order Filters........................................................................53
3.6 Sharp
Unsharp Masking .............................................................54
3.7 Shifts Introduced by Median Filters ............................................56
3.7.1 Continuum Model of Median Shifts................................. 57
3.7.2 Generalization to Grayscale Images ................................. 58
3.7.3 Discrete Model of Median Shifts ..................................... 60
3.8 Shifts Introduced by Rank Order Filters .....................................61
3.8.1 Shifts in Rectangular Neighborhoods............................... 62
3.9 The Role of Filters in Industrial Applications of Vision ............66
3.10 Color in Image Filtering ..............................................................68
3.11 Dilation and Erosion in Binary Images .......................................69
3.11.1 Dilation and Erosion ....................................................... 69
3.11.2 Cancellation Effects ........................................................ 69
3.11.3 Modified Dilation and Erosion Operators ...................... 70
3.12 Mathematical Morphology...........................................................70
3.12.1 Generalized Morphological Dilation .............................. 70
3.12.2 Generalized Morphological Erosion............................... 72
3.12.3 Duality Between Dilation and Erosion........................... 72
3.12.4 Properties of Dilation and Erosion Operators ................ 73
3.12.5 Closing and Opening ...................................................... 76
3.12.6 Summary of Basic Morphological Operations............... 78
3.13 Morphological Grouping..............................................................79
3.14 Morphology in Grayscale Images................................................84
3.15 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................86
3.16 Bibliographical and Historical Notes...........................................87
3.16.1 More Recent Developments............................................ 89
3.17 Problems .......................................................................................90

CHAPTER 4 The role of thresholding ............................................. 93

4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................93
4.2 Region-Growing Methods............................................................94
4.3 Thresholding.................................................................................95
4.3.1 Finding a Suitable Threshold............................................ 95
4.3.2 Tackling the Problem of Bias in Threshold
Selection ............................................................................ 97
 Contents ix

4.4 Adaptive Thresholding.................................................................97

4.4.1 Local Thresholding Methods ............................................ 98
4.5 More Thoroughgoing Approaches to Threshold Selection .......101
4.5.1 Variance-Based Thresholding......................................... 101
4.5.2 Entropy-Based Thresholding .......................................... 104
4.5.3 Maximum Likelihood Thresholding............................... 105
4.6 The Global Valley Approach to Thresholding ..........................106
4.7 Practical Results Obtained Using the Global Valley
Method........................................................................................108
4.8 Histogram Concavity Analysis ..................................................113
4.9 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................115
4.10 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................116
4.10.1 More Recent Developments.......................................... 117
4.11 Problems .....................................................................................118

CHAPTER 5 Edge detection .......................................................... 119

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................119
5.2 Basic Theory of Edge Detection................................................120
5.3 The Template Matching Approach ............................................123
5.4 Theory of 3 3 3 Template Operators.........................................123
5.5 The Design of Differential Gradient Operators.........................125
5.6 The Concept of a Circular Operator ..........................................126
5.7 Detailed Implementation of Circular Operators ........................127
5.8 The Systematic Design of Differential Edge Operators............130
5.9 Problems with the Above Approach—Some Alternative
Schemes ......................................................................................130
5.10 Hysteresis Thresholding .............................................................134
5.11 The Canny Operator...................................................................136
5.12 The Laplacian Operator .............................................................139
5.13 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................143
5.14 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................144
5.14.1 More Recent Developments.......................................... 145
5.15 Problems .....................................................................................145

CHAPTER 6 Corner, interest point, and invariant feature

detection ................................................................... 147
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................147
6.2 Template Matching ....................................................................148
6.3 Second-Order Derivative Schemes ............................................149
x Contents

6.4 A Median Filter
based Corner Detector ..................................151

6.4.1 Analyzing the Operation of the Median Detector.......... 152
6.4.2 Practical Results.............................................................. 154
6.5 The Harris Interest Point Operator ............................................156
6.5.1 Corner Signals and Shifts for Various Geometric
Configurations................................................................. 159
6.5.2 Performance with Crossing Points and
T-junctions ...................................................................... 160
6.5.3 Different Forms of the Harris Operator.......................... 163
6.6 Corner Orientation......................................................................164
6.7 Local Invariant Feature Detectors and Descriptors...................166
6.7.1 Geometric Transformations and Feature
Normalization.................................................................. 167
6.7.2 Harris Scale and Affine Invariant Detectors and
Descriptors ...................................................................... 169
6.7.3 Hessian Scale and Affine Invariant Detectors and
Descriptors ...................................................................... 171
6.7.4 The Scale Invariant Feature Transforms
Operator........................................................................... 171
6.7.5 The Speeded-Up Robust Features
Operator........................................................................... 172
6.7.6 Maximally Stable Extremal Regions.............................. 174
6.7.7 Comparison of the Various Invariant Feature
Detectors.......................................................................... 175
6.7.8 Histograms of Oriented Gradients .................................. 177
6.8 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................179
6.9 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................180
6.9.1 More Recent Developments............................................ 182
6.10 Problems .....................................................................................183

CHAPTER 7 Texture analysis........................................................ 185

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................185
7.2 Some Basic Approaches to Texture Analysis ...........................188
7.3 Graylevel Co-occurrence Matrices ............................................190
7.4 Laws’ Texture Energy Approach...............................................193
7.5 Ade’s Eigenfilter Approach .......................................................195
7.6 Appraisal of the Laws and Ade Approaches .............................197
7.7 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................198
7.8 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................199
7.8.1 More Recent Developments............................................ 200
 Contents xi

PART 2 INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL VISION

CHAPTER 8 Binary shape analysis............................................... 203
8.1 Introduction ................................................................................203
8.2 Connectedness in Binary Images ...............................................204
8.3 Object Labeling and Counting...................................................205
8.3.1 Solving the Labeling Problem in a More
Complex Case ................................................................. 209
8.4 Size Filtering ..............................................................................212
8.5 Distance Functions and Their Uses ...........................................214
8.5.1 Local Maxima and Data Compression ........................... 216
8.6 Skeletons and Thinning..............................................................218
8.6.1 Crossing Number ............................................................ 219
8.6.2 Parallel and Sequential Implementations
of Thinning...................................................................... 221
8.6.3 Guided Thinning ............................................................. 224
8.6.4 A Comment on the Nature of the Skeleton.................... 224
8.6.5 Skeleton Node Analysis.................................................. 225
8.6.6 Application of Skeletons for Shape Recognition ........... 227
8.7 Other Measures for Shape Recognition.....................................227
8.8 Boundary Tracking Procedures..................................................230
8.9 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................231
8.10 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................232
8.10.1 More Recent Developments.......................................... 233
8.11 Problems .....................................................................................234

CHAPTER 9 Boundary pattern analysis ........................................ 239

9.1 Introduction ................................................................................239
9.2 Boundary Tracking Procedures..................................................242
9.3 Centroidal Profiles......................................................................242
9.4 Problems with the Centroidal Profile Approach .......................243
9.4.1 Some Solutions ............................................................... 245
9.5 The (s,ψ) Plot .............................................................................247
9.6 Tackling the Problems of Occlusion .........................................249
9.7 Accuracy of Boundary Length Measures ..................................252
9.8 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................253
9.9 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................254
9.9.1 More Recent Developments............................................ 255
9.10 Problems .....................................................................................256
xii Contents

CHAPTER 10 Line, circle, and ellipse detection........................... 259

10.1 Introduction ................................................................................259
10.2 Application of the Hough Transform to Line Detection...........261
10.2.1 Longitudinal Line Localization .................................... 264
10.3 The Foot-of-Normal Method .....................................................265
10.3.1 Application of the Foot-of-Normal Method................. 266
10.4 Using RANSAC for Straight Line Detection ............................267
10.5 Location of Laparoscopic Tools ................................................272
10.6 Hough-Based Schemes for Circular Object Detection..............273
10.7 The Problem of Unknown Circle Radius ..................................278
10.7.1 Practical Results............................................................ 279
10.8 Overcoming the Speed Problem ................................................279
10.8.1 Practical Results............................................................ 281
10.9 Ellipse Detection ........................................................................284
10.9.1 The Diameter Bisection Method .................................. 284
10.9.2 The Chord
Tangent Method........................................ 286
10.9.3 Finding the Remaining Ellipse Parameters .................. 287
10.10 Human Iris Location ..................................................................289
10.11 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................290
10.12 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................292
10.12.1 More Recent Developments........................................ 294
10.13 Problems .....................................................................................295

CHAPTER 11 The generalized Hough transform............................ 299

11.1 Introduction ................................................................................299
11.2 The Generalized Hough Transform ...........................................300
11.3 The Relevance of Spatial Matched Filtering.............................302
11.4 Gradient Weighting Versus Uniform Weighting.......................304
11.4.1 Calculation of Sensitivity and Computational Load .... 306
11.4.2 Summary ....................................................................... 307
11.5 Use of the GHT for Ellipse Detection.......................................308
11.5.1 Practical Details ............................................................ 310
11.6 Comparing the Various Methods for Ellipse Detection............312
11.7 A Graph-Theoretic Approach to Object Location.....................314
11.7.1 A Practical Example—Locating Cream Biscuits ......... 318
11.8 Possibilities for Saving Computation ........................................319
11.9 Using the GHT for Feature Collation........................................323
11.9.1 Computational Load...................................................... 325
11.10 Generalizing the Maximal Clique and Other Approaches ........326
11.11 Search .........................................................................................327
 Contents xiii

11.12 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................328

11.13 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................329
11.13.1 More Recent Developments........................................ 333
11.14 Problems .....................................................................................334

CHAPTER 12 Object segmentation and shape models .................. 341

12.1 Introduction ................................................................................341
12.2 Active Contours..........................................................................342
12.3 Practical Results Obtained Using Active Contours...................344
12.4 The Level-Set Approach to Object Segmentation.....................346
12.5 Shape Models .............................................................................348
12.5.1 Locating Objects Using Shape Models ........................ 353
12.6 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................359
12.7 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................360

PART 3 MACHINE LEARNING AND DEEP LEARNING

NETWORKS
CHAPTER 13 Basic classification concepts .................................. 365
13.1 Introduction ................................................................................365
13.2 The Nearest Neighbor Algorithm ..............................................367
13.3 Bayes’ Decision Theory.............................................................369
13.3.1 The Naı̈ve Bayes’ Classifier ......................................... 371
13.4 Relation of the Nearest Neighbor and Bayes’ Approaches ......372
13.4.1 Mathematical Statement of the Problem ...................... 372
13.4.2 The Importance of the Nearest Neighbor
Algorithm ...................................................................... 374
13.5 The Optimum Number of Features............................................375
13.6 Cost Functions and Error
Reject Tradeoff...............................376
13.7 Supervised and Unsupervised Learning ....................................377
13.8 Cluster Analysis .........................................................................379
13.9 The Support Vector Machine.....................................................381
13.10 Artificial Neural Networks.........................................................383
13.11 The Back-Propagation Algorithm..............................................388
13.12 Multilayer Perceptron Architectures..........................................391
13.13 Overfitting to the Training Data ................................................392
13.14 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................395
13.15 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................396
13.15.1 More Recent Developments........................................ 398
13.16 Problems .....................................................................................398
xiv Contents

CHAPTER 14 Machine learning: probabilistic methods................ 399

14.1 Introduction ................................................................................399
14.2 Mixtures of Gaussians and the EM Algorithm..........................402
14.2.1 Details of the Expectation Maximization
Algorithm ...................................................................... 405
14.3 A More General View of the EM Algorithm............................408
14.4 Some Practical Examples...........................................................411
14.5 Principal Components Analysis .................................................419
14.6 Multiple Classifiers ....................................................................422
14.7 The Boosting Approach .............................................................425
14.8 Modeling AdaBoost ...................................................................428
14.8.1 Real AdaBoost .............................................................. 430
14.9 Loss Functions for Boosting ......................................................431
14.10 The LogitBoost Algorithm.........................................................435
14.11 The Effectiveness of Boosting ...................................................438
14.12 Boosting with Multiple Classes .................................................438
14.13 The Receiver Operating Characteristic......................................443
14.13.1 Performance Measures Relating to
Error Rates .................................................................. 446
14.14 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................447
14.15 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................448
14.16 Problems .....................................................................................451

CHAPTER 15 Deep-learning networks............................................ 453

15.1 Introduction ................................................................................453
15.2 Convolutional Neural Networks ................................................456
15.3 Parameters for Defining CNN Architectures.............................459
15.4 LeCun et al.’s LeNet Architecture ............................................463
15.5 Krizhevsky et al.’s AlexNet Architecture .................................468
15.6 Zeiler and Fergus’s Work on CNN Architectures.....................474
15.7 Zeiler and Fergus’s Visualization Experiments ........................477
15.8 Simonyan and Zisserman’s VGGNet Architecture ...................479
15.9 Noh et al.’s DeconvNet Architecture ........................................481
15.10 Badrinarayanan et al.’s SegNet Architecture ............................484
15.11 Recurrent Neural Networks .......................................................487
15.12 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................490
15.13 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................492
 Contents xv

PART 4 3D VISION AND MOTION

CHAPTER 16 The three-dimensional world ................................... 497
16.1 Introduction ................................................................................497
16.2 Three-Dimensional Vision—The Variety of Methods..............498
16.3 Projection Schemes for Three-Dimensional Vision ..................500
16.3.1 Binocular Images .......................................................... 502
16.3.2 The Correspondence Problem....................................... 504
16.4 Shape from Shading ...................................................................506
16.5 Photometric Stereo .....................................................................511
16.6 The Assumption of Surface Smoothness...................................514
16.7 Shape from Texture....................................................................515
16.8 Use of Structured Lighting ........................................................516
16.9 Three-Dimensional Object Recognition Schemes.....................518
16.10 Horaud’s Junction Orientation Technique .................................519
16.11 An Important Paradigm—Location of Industrial Parts .............523
16.12 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................525
16.13 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................526
16.13.1 More Recent Developments........................................ 528
16.14 Problems .....................................................................................529

CHAPTER 17 Tackling the perspective n-point problem............... 533

17.1 Introduction ................................................................................533
17.2 The Phenomenon of Perspective Inversion ...............................534
17.3 Ambiguity of Pose Under Weak Perspective Projection ..........535
17.4 Obtaining Unique Solutions to the Pose Problem.....................538
17.4.1 Solution of the Three-Point Problem............................ 542
17.4.2 Using Symmetric Trapezia for Estimating Pose .......... 543
17.5 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................544
17.6 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................545
17.6.1 More Recent Developments.......................................... 546
17.7 Problems .....................................................................................547

CHAPTER 18 Invariants and perspective ....................................... 549

18.1 Introduction ................................................................................549
18.2 Cross Ratios: The “Ratio of Ratios” Concept ...........................551
18.3 Invariants for Noncollinear Points .............................................555
18.3.1 Further Remarks About the 5-Point Configuration...... 558
18.4 Invariants for Points on Conics..................................................559
xvi Contents

18.5 Differential and Semidifferential Invariants..............................561

18.6 Symmetric Cross-Ratio Functions .............................................564
18.7 Vanishing Point Detection .........................................................565
18.8 More on Vanishing Points .........................................................568
18.9 Apparent Centers of Circles and Ellipses..................................569
18.10 Perspective Effects in Art and Photography..............................572
18.11 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................579
18.12 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................581
18.12.1 More Recent Developments........................................ 582
18.13 Problems .....................................................................................583

CHAPTER 19 Image transformations and camera calibration ...... 585

19.1 Introduction ................................................................................585
19.2 Image Transformations ..............................................................586
19.3 Camera Calibration ....................................................................590
19.4 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Parameters .............................................592
19.5 Correcting for Radial Distortions ..............................................595
19.6 Multiple View Vision.................................................................597
19.7 Generalized Epipolar Geometry ................................................598
19.8 The Essential Matrix ..................................................................599
19.9 The Fundamental Matrix............................................................601
19.10 Properties of the Essential and Fundamental Matrices .............602
19.11 Estimating the Fundamental Matrix ..........................................603
19.12 An Update on the Eight-Point Algorithm..................................603
19.13 Image Rectification ....................................................................604
19.14 3-D Reconstruction ....................................................................605
19.15 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................608
19.16 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................608
19.16.1 More Recent Developments........................................ 609
19.17 Problems .....................................................................................610

CHAPTER 20 Motion ....................................................................... 611

20.1 Introduction ................................................................................611
20.2 Optical Flow ...............................................................................612
20.3 Interpretation of Optical Flow Fields ........................................615
20.4 Using Focus of Expansion to Avoid Collision..........................617
20.5 Time-to-Adjacency Analysis......................................................618
20.6 Basic Difficulties with the Optical Flow Model .......................620
20.7 Stereo from Motion ....................................................................621
 Contents xvii

20.8 The Kalman Filter ......................................................................623

20.9 Wide Baseline Matching............................................................625
20.10 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................627
20.11 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................627
20.12 Problem.......................................................................................628

PART 5 PUTTING COMPUTER VISION TO WORK

CHAPTER 21 Face detection and recognition: the impact
of deep learning........................................................ 631
21.1Introduction ................................................................................631
21.2A Simple Approach to Face Detection......................................632
21.3Facial Feature Detection ............................................................634
21.4The Viola
Jones Approach to Rapid Face Detection ..............636
21.5The Eigenface Approach to Face Recognition..........................640
21.6More on the Difficulties of Face Recognition...........................643
21.7Frontalization..............................................................................645
21.8The Sun et al. DeepID Face Representation System ................649
21.9Fast Face Detection Revisited....................................................654
21.9.1 Even More Powerful Object Detection
Schemes......................................................................... 656
21.10 The Face as Part of a 3-D Object ..............................................657
21.11 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................659
21.12 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................661

CHAPTER 22 Surveillance .............................................................. 663

22.1 Introduction ................................................................................664
22.2 Surveillance—The Basic Geometry ..........................................665
22.3 Foreground
Background Separation ........................................669
22.3.1 Background Modeling................................................... 669
22.3.2 Practical Examples of Background Modeling.............. 675
22.3.3 Direct Detection of the Foreground.............................. 677
22.4 Particle Filters ............................................................................678
22.5 Use of Color Histograms for Tracking......................................684
22.6 Implementation of Particle Filters .............................................688
22.7 Chamfer Matching, Tracking, and Occlusion ...........................691
22.8 Combining Views from Multiple Cameras ...............................693
22.8.1 The Case of Nonoverlapping Fields of View............... 697
xviii Contents

22.9 Applications to the Monitoring of Traffic Flow .......................698

22.9.1 The System of Bascle et al........................................... 698
22.9.2 The System of Koller et al. .......................................... 700
22.10 License Plate Location ...............................................................702
22.11 Occlusion Classification for Tracking .......................................705
22.12 Distinguishing Pedestrians by Their Gait ..................................708
22.13 Human Gait Analysis .................................................................711
22.14 Model-based Tracking of Animals ............................................713
22.15 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................716
22.16 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................717
22.16.1 More Recent Developments........................................ 719
22.17 Problem.......................................................................................720

CHAPTER 23 In-vehicle vision systems ......................................... 721

23.1 Introduction ................................................................................721
23.2 Locating the Roadway ...............................................................723
23.3 Location of Road Markings .......................................................725
23.4 Location of Road Signs..............................................................726
23.5 Location of Vehicles ..................................................................728
23.6 Information Obtained by Viewing License Plates
and Other Structural Features ....................................................731
23.7 Locating Pedestrians ..................................................................734
23.8 Guidance and Egomotion...........................................................739
23.8.1 A Simple Path-Planning Algorithm.............................. 742
23.9 Vehicle Guidance in Agriculture ...............................................742
23.9.1 3-D Aspects of the Task ............................................... 746
23.9.2 Real-Time Implementation ........................................... 747
23.10 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................747
23.11 More Detailed Developments and Bibliographies
Relating to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ....................749
23.11.1 Developments in Vehicle Detection ........................... 750
23.11.2 Developments in Pedestrian Detection....................... 752
23.11.3 Developments in Road and Lane Detection............... 754
23.11.4 Developments in Road Sign Detection ...................... 755
23.11.5 Developments in Path Planning, Navigation,
and Egomotion ............................................................ 757
23.12 Problem.......................................................................................757
 Contents xix

CHAPTER 24 Epilogue—Perspectives in vision ............................ 759

24.1 Introduction ................................................................................759
24.2 Parameters of Importance in Machine Vision ...........................760
24.3 Tradeoffs.....................................................................................762
24.3.1 Some Important Tradeoffs ............................................ 762
24.3.2 Tradeoffs for Two-Stage Template Matching.............. 763
24.4 Moore’s Law in Action..............................................................764
24.5 Hardware, Algorithms, and Processes .......................................765
24.6 The Importance of Choice of Representation............................766
24.7 Past, Present, and Future............................................................767
24.8 The Deep Learning Explosion ...................................................768
24.9 Bibliographical and Historical Notes.........................................769

Appendix A: Robust statistics ...............................................................................771

Appendix B: The sampling theorem .....................................................................789
Appendix C: The representation of color .............................................................793
Appendix D: Sampling from distributions............................................................797
References..............................................................................................................801
Index ......................................................................................................................847
This page intentionally left blank
About the Author
Roy Davies is Emeritus Professor of Machine Vision at
Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom.
He has worked on many aspects of vision, from feature
detection and noise suppression to robust pattern
matching and real-time implementations of practical
vision tasks. His interests include automated visual
inspection, surveillance, vehicle guidance, and crime
detection. He has published more than 200 papers and
three books—Machine Vision: Theory, Algorithms,
Practicalities (1990), Electronics, Noise and Signal
Recovery (1993), and Image Processing for the Food
Industry (2000); the first of these has been widely used internationally for more
than 25 years, and is now out in this much enhanced fifth edition. Roy is a fellow
of the IoP and the IET, and a senior member of the IEEE. He is on the Editorial
Boards of Pattern Recognition Letters, Real-Time Image Processing, Imaging
Science, and IET Image Processing. He holds a DSc from the University of
London, he was awarded BMVA Distinguished Fellow in 2005, and Fellow of the
International Association of Pattern Recognition in 2008.

xxi
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword
It is an honor to write a foreword for Roy Davies’ new edition of Computer and
Machine Vision, now entitled Computer Vision: Principles, Algorithms,
Applications, Learning. This is one of the major books in Computer Vision and
not just for its longevity, having now reached its Fifth Edition. It is actually a
splendid achievement to reach this status and it reflects not only on the tenacity
and commitment of its author, but also on the achievements of the book itself.
Computer Vision has shown awesome progress in its short history. This is part
due to technology: computers are much faster and memory is now much cheaper
than they were in the early days when Roy started his research. There have been
many achievements and many developments. All of this can affect the evolution
of a textbook. There have been excellent textbooks in the past, which were neither
continued nor maintained. That has been avoided here as the textbook has contin-
ued to mature with the field and its many developments.
We can look forward to a future where automated computer vision systems
will make our lives easier while enriching them too. There are already many
applications of Computer Vision in the food industry and robotic cars that will be
with us very soon. Then there are continuing advancements in medical image
analysis, where Computer Vision techniques can be used to aid in diagnosis and
therapy by automated means. Even accessing a mobile phone is considerably
more convenient when using a fingerprint and access by face recognition con-
tinues to improve. These have all come about due to advancements in computers,
Computer Vision, and applied artificial intelligence.
Adherents of Computer Vision will know it to be an exciting field indeed. It
manages to cover many aspects of technology from human vision to machine
learning requiring electronic hardware, computer implementations, and a lot of
computer software. Roy continues to cover these in excellent detail.
I remember the First Edition when it was first published in 1990 with its
unique and pragmatic blend of theory, implementation, and algorithms. I am
pleased to see that the Fifth Edition maintains this unique approach, much appre-
ciated by students in previous editions who wanted an accessible introduction to
Computer Vision. It has certainly increased in size with age, and that is often the
way with books. It is most certainly the way with Computer Vision since many of
its researchers continue to improve, refine, and develop new techniques.
A major change here is the inclusion of Deep Learning. Indeed, this has been
a major change in the field of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. One
implication of the increase in computing power and the reduction of memory cost
is that techniques can become considerably more complex, and that complexity
lends itself to application in the analysis of “big data.” One cannot ignore the per-
formance of deep learning and convolutional neural networks: one only has to
peruse the program of top international conferences to perceive their revolution-
ary effect on research direction. Naturally, it is early days but it is good to have

xxiii
xxiv Foreword

guidance as we have here. The nature of performance is always in question in any

system in artificial intelligence and part of the way to answer those questions is
to consider more deeply the architectures and their basis. That again is the func-
tion of a textbook for it is the distillation of research and practice in a ratiocinated
exposition. It is a brave move to include Deep Learning in this edition, but a nec-
essary one.
And what of Roy Davies himself? Following his DPhil in Solid State Physics
at Oxford, he later developed a new sensitive method in Nuclear Resonance
called “Davies-ENDOR” (Electron and Nuclear Double Resonance) which
avoided the blind spots of its predecessor “Mims-ENDOR.” In 1970 he was
appointed as a lecturer at Royal Holloway and a long series of publications in pat-
tern recognition and its applications led to the award of his Personal Chair, his
DSc and then the Distinguished Fellow of the British Machine Vision Association
(BMVA), 2005. He has served the BMVA in many ways, latterly editing its
Newsletter. Clearly the level of his work and his many contacts and papers have
contributed much to the material that is found herein.
I look forward to having this Fifth Edition sitting proudly in my shelf, repla-
cing the Fourth that will in turn pass to one of my student’s shelves. It will not
stop there for long for it is one of the textbooks I often turn to for the information
I need. Unlike the snapshots to be found on the Web, in a textbook I find it
placed in context and in sequence and with extension to other material. That is
the function of a textbook and it will be well served by this Fifth Edition.

Mark S. Nixon
University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
July 2017
Preface to the Fifth Edition
The first edition of this book came out in 1990, and was welcomed by many
researchers and practitioners. However, in the subsequent two decades the subject
moved on at a rapidly accelerating rate, and many topics that hardly deserved a
mention in the first edition had to be solidly incorporated into subsequent edi-
tions. For example, it seemed particularly important to bring in significant
amounts of new material on feature detection, mathematical morphology, texture
analysis, inspection, artificial neural networks, 3D vision, invariance, motion anal-
ysis, object tracking, and robust statistics. And in the fourth edition, cognizance
had to be taken of the widening range of applications of the subject: in particular,
two chapters had to be added on surveillance and in-vehicle vision systems. Since
then, the subject has not stood still. In fact, the past four or five years have seen
the onset of an explosive growth in research on deep neural networks, and the
practical achievements resulting from this have been little short of staggering. It
soon became abundantly clear that the fifth edition would have to reflect this radi-
cal departure—both in fundamental explanation and in practical coverage. Indeed,
it necessitated a new part in the book—Part 3, Machine Learning and Deep
Learning Networks—a heading which affirms that the new content reflects not
only “Deep Learning” (a huge enhancement over the older “Artificial Neural
Networks”) but also an approach to pattern recognition that is based on rigorous
probabilistic methodology.
All this is not achieved without presentation problems: for probabilistic
methodology can only be managed properly within a rather severe mathematical
environment. Too little maths, and the subject could be so watered down as to be
virtually content-free: too much maths, and many readers might not be able to
follow the explanations. Clearly, one should not protect readers from the (mathe-
matical) reality of the situation. Hence, Chapter 14 had to be written in such a
way as to demonstrate in full what type of methodology is involved, while provid-
ing paths that would take readers past some of the mathematical complexities—at
least, on first encounter. Once past the relatively taxing Chapter 14, Chapters 15
and 21 take the reader through two accounts consisting largely of case studies,
the former through a crucial development period (2012
2015) for deep learning
networks, and the latter through a similar period (2013
2016) during which deep
learning was targeted strongly at face detection and recognition, enabling remark-
able advances to be made. It should not go unnoticed that these additions have so
influenced the content of the book that the title had to be modified to reflect
them. Interestingly, the organization of the book was further modified by
collecting three applications chapters into the new Part 5, Putting Computer
Vision to Work.
It is worth remarking that, at this point in time, computer vision has attained a
level of maturity that has made it substantially more rigorous, reliable, generic,
and—in the light of the improved hardware facilities now available for its

xxv
xxvi Preface to the Fifth Edition

implementation (in particular, extremely powerful GPUs)—capable of real-time

performance. This means that workers are more than ever before using it in seri-
ous applications, and with fewer practical difficulties. It is intended that this edi-
tion of the book will reflect this radically new and exciting state of affairs at a
fundamental level.
A typical final-year undergraduate course on vision for Electronic Engineering
and Computer Science students might include much of the work of Chapters
1
13 and Chapter 16, plus a selection of sections from other chapters, according
to requirements. For MSc or PhD research students, a suitable lecture course
might go on to cover Parts 3 or 4 in depth, and several of the chapters in Part 5,
with many practical exercises being undertaken on image analysis systems. (The
importance of the appendix on robust statistics should not be underestimated once
one gets onto serious work, though this will probably be outside the restrictive
environment of an undergraduate syllabus.) Here much will depend on the
research programme being undertaken by each individual student. At this stage
the text may have to be used more as a handbook for research, and indeed, one of
the prime aims of the volume is to act as a handbook for the researcher and prac-
titioner in this important area.
As mentioned in the original Preface, this book leans heavily on experience I
have gained from working with postgraduate students: in particular, I would like
to express my gratitude to Mark Edmonds, Simon Barker, Daniel Celano, Darrel
Greenhill, Derek Charles, Mark Sugrue, and Georgios Mastorakis, all of whom
have in their own ways helped to shape my view of the subject. In addition, it is
a pleasure to recall very many rewarding discussions with my colleagues Barry
Cook, Zahid Hussain, Ian Hannah, Dev Patel, David Mason, Mark Bateman,
Tieying Lu, Adrian Johnstone, and Piers Plummer, the last two of whom were
particularly prolific in generating hardware systems for implementing my research
group’s vision algorithms. Next, I would like to record my thanks to my British
Machine Vision Association colleagues for many wide-ranging discussions on the
nature of the subject: in particular, I am hugely grateful to Majid Mirmehdi,
Adrian Clark, Neil Thacker, and Mark Nixon, who, over time, have strongly
influenced the development of the book and left a permanent mark on it. Next, I
would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for making insightful comments
and what have turned out to be extremely valuable suggestions. Finally, I am
indebted to Tim Pitts of Elsevier Science for his help and encouragement, without
which this fifth edition might never have been completed.
Supporting materials:
Elsevier’s website for the book contains programming and other resources to
help readers and students using this text. Please check the publisher’s website
for further information: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-
companion/9780128092842.

Roy Davies
Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
Preface to the First Edition
Over the past 30 years or so, machine vision has evolved into a mature subject
embracing many topics and applications: these range from automatic (robot)
assembly to automatic vehicle guidance, from automatic interpretation of docu-
ments to verification of signatures, and from analysis of remotely sensed images
to checking of fingerprints and human blood cells; currently, automated visual
inspection is undergoing very substantial growth, necessary improvements in
quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness being the stimulating factors. With so much
ongoing activity, it has become a difficult business for the professional to keep up
with the subject and with relevant methodologies: in particular, it is difficult for
them to distinguish accidental developments from genuine advances. It is the pur-
pose of this book to provide background in this area.
The book was shaped over a period of 10
12 years, through material I have
given on undergraduate and postgraduate courses at London University, and con-
tributions to various industrial courses and seminars. At the same time, my own
investigations coupled with experience gained while supervising PhD and post-
doctoral researchers helped to form the state of mind and knowledge that is now
set out here. Certainly it is true to say that if I had had this book 8, 6, 4, or even
2 years ago, it would have been of inestimable value to myself for solving practi-
cal problems in machine vision. It is therefore my hope that it will now be of use
to others in the same way. Of course, it has tended to follow an emphasis that is
my own—and in particular one view of one path towards solving automated
visual inspection and other problems associated with the application of vision in
industry. At the same time, although there is a specialism here, great care has
been taken to bring out general principles—including many applying throughout
the field of image analysis. The reader will note the universality of topics such as
noise suppression, edge detection, principles of illumination, feature recognition,
Bayes’ theory, and (nowadays) Hough transforms. However, the generalities lie
deeper than this. The book has aimed to make some general observations and
messages about the limitations, constraints, and tradeoffs to which vision algo-
rithms are subject. Thus there are themes about the effects of noise, occlusion,
distortion, and the need for built-in forms of robustness (as distinct from less suc-
cessful ad hoc varieties and those added on as an afterthought); there are also
themes about accuracy, systematic design, and the matching of algorithms and
architectures. Finally, there are the problems of setting up lighting schemes which
must be addressed in complete systems, yet which receive scant attention in most
books on image processing and analysis. These remarks will indicate that the text
is intended to be read at various levels—a factor that should make it of more last-
ing value than might initially be supposed from a quick perusal of the contents.

xxvii
xxviii Preface to the First Edition

Of course, writing a text such as this presents a great difficulty in that it is

necessary to be highly selective: space simply does not allow everything in a sub-
ject of this nature and maturity to be dealt with adequately between two covers.
One solution might be to dash rapidly through the whole area mentioning every-
thing that comes to mind, but leaving the reader unable to understand anything in
detail or to achieve anything having read the book. However, in a practical sub-
ject of this nature this seemed to me a rather worthless extreme. It is just possible
that the emphasis has now veered too much in the opposite direction, by coming
down to practicalities (detailed algorithms, details of lighting schemes, and so
on): individual readers will have to judge this for themselves. On the other hand,
an author has to be true to himself and my view is that it is better for a reader or
student to have mastered a coherent series of topics than to have a mishmash of
information that he is later unable to recall with any accuracy. This, then, is my
justification for presenting this particular material in this particular way and for
reluctantly omitting from detailed discussion such important topics as texture
analysis, relaxation methods, motion, and optical flow.
As for the organization of the material, I have tried to make the early part of
the book lead into the subject gently, giving enough detailed algorithms (espe-
cially in Chapter 2: Images and imaging operations and Chapter 6: Corner, inter-
est point, and invariant feature detection) to provide a sound feel for the
subject—including especially vital, and in their own way quite intricate, topics
such as connectedness in binary images. Hence Part I provides the lead-in,
although it is not always trivial material and indeed some of the latest research
ideas have been brought in (e.g., on thresholding techniques and edge detection).
Part II gives much of the meat of the book. Indeed, the (book) literature of the
subject currently has a significant gap in the area of intermediate-level vision;
while high-level vision (AI) topics have long caught the researcher’s imagination,
intermediate-level vision has its own difficulties which are currently being solved
with great success (note that the Hough transform, originally developed in 1962,
and by many thought to be a very specialist topic of rather esoteric interest, is
arguably only now coming into its own). Part II and the early chapters of Part III
aim to make this clear, while Part IV gives reasons why this particular transform
has become so useful. As a whole, Part III aims to demonstrate some of the prac-
tical applications of the basic work covered earlier in the book, and to discuss
some of the principles underlying implementation: it is here that chapters on
lighting and hardware systems will be found. As there is a limit to what can be
covered in the space available, there is a corresponding emphasis on the theory
underpinning practicalities. Probably this is a vital feature, since there are many
applications of vision both in industry and elsewhere, yet listing them and their
intricacies risks dwelling on interminable detail, which some might find insipid;
furthermore, detail has a tendency to date rather rapidly. Although the book could
not cover 3D vision in full (this topic would easily consume a whole volume in
its own right), a careful overview of this complex mathematical and highly impor-
tant subject seemed vital. It is therefore no accident that Chapter 16, The three-
Other documents randomly have
different content
He now followed the regiment to the East, where he engaged in all
the marches and skirmishes which took place. At the battle of
Winchester he commanded two companies; leading them into the
hottest fire like a veteran. During the entire action he stood on the
hill urging the men forward, regardless of the great danger to which
he himself was exposed. He came through the battle, however,
without a scratch, but with some holes in his clothing.

He now took part in the long chase of Jackson up the Valley, and
from thence to Fredericksburg and back again; but was not in the
battle of Port Republic, his company having been detailed for
headquarters guard.

Very soon after this engagement he was made lieutenant-colonel of

the One Hundred and Third Regiment, at that time about to be
raised in the vicinity of Cleveland. He soon after reported to this
regiment and was assigned to duty. He went with it to the field; but,
after a limited period, was assigned the position of inspector-general
on the staff of General Cox. He filled this position with much credit
to himself, until early in the year 1864, when he resigned and
returned to his home in Cleveland.

Colonel Sterling, as an officer, was much esteemed. As a companion,

he was much admired. His easy manners and agreeable
conversation gathered about him many friends. Every one regretted
his departure from the Seventh; he had been with it through so
many trials and dangers, that he was closely identified with it. His
company thought well of him, and, therefore, his unexpected
departure caused many regrets.

COLONEL JOEL F. ASPER.

Joel F. Asper was born in Huntington, Adams County, Pennsylvania,

on the 20th day of April, 1822. When he was but five years old his
father removed to Farmington, Ohio, by the slow process of a four-
horse team and Pennsylvania wagon. The county of Trumbull was
then but sparsely settled.

Until eighteen years of age he assisted his father in clearing a farm,

at the same time attending a district school in winter. This is all the
school education he ever had; all other education being acquired by
his own exertion and application to study out of school.

Having a passion for reading and writing, he was led to study law.
But previous to this, however, he commenced teaching a school in
Southington, but, for some reason, left it after one month's
experience. Early in the year 1842, we find him in the law-office of
Crowell and Abel, at Warren, Ohio, and working for his board at the
American Hotel.

In 1843, he carried the Western Reserve Chronicle through several

townships, and during the entire year did not miss a trip.

In August, 1844, he was admitted to the bar, but remained with

General Crowell till 1845, when he learned the daguerrean business,
but not succeeding in this, in October following opened a law-office
at Warren. His first year's practice netted him over four hundred
dollars, and it increased from year to year.

In 1846 be was elected a justice of the peace, and in the following

year was married to Miss Elizabeth Brown.

In 1847 he was elected prosecuting attorney. In 1849, was

announced as one of the editors of the Western Reserve Chronicle;
and wrote, during the campaign of that year, all of the leading
political articles published in its columns. During the summer of
1848, Mr. Parker, proprietor of the paper, left for a pleasure
excursion, and while absent, Mr. Asper, being left in charge, took
ground against General Taylor. During this campaign he did much
towards developing anti-slavery sentiments in the party. For this
conduct he was denounced by the minority of his party. At this time
he made a speech before a Whig convention, which is said to have
been the best effort of his life. Carrying out these sentiments, he
sustained Martin Van Buren for the presidency, and in the following
year ran for prosecuting attorney on the Free-Soil ticket, but was
defeated.

In 1850 he moved to Chardon, Ohio, and edited a Free-Soil paper

until 1852, when, it proving a losing business, he returned to
Warren, where he again commenced the practice of the law, which
he continued until the breaking out of the rebellion, in 1861. He was
among the first in Northern Ohio to tender a company to the
Governor. It marched to camp on the 25th of April. He served in the
regiment until March, 1863, when he was honorably mustered out of
the United States service. During this time he took part in the affair
of Cross Lanes and the battle of Winchester, in which last
engagement he was severely wounded. After the Cross Lanes affair
he accompanied a detachment of four hundred men to Charleston,
rendering much assistance during the march. He was promoted to
lieutenant-colonel during his service with the regiment, in which
position he commanded the regiment in the retreat of Pope's army
from the Rapidan.

On returning to Warren he opened an office, and in August

organized the Fifty-first Regiment National Guards, and was elected
its colonel.

When, in the spring of 1864, the corps was ordered into the field, his
regiment was among the first to move. It went to Johnson's Island,
and while there the noted John H. Morgan commenced a raid
through Kentucky. To resist him, several militia regiments were
ordered to the front; among them was the Fifty-first, now become
the One Hundred and Seventy-first.

Arriving at Cincinnati, he reported to General Hobson, and was

ordered to Keller's Bridge by train. Soon after getting off the cars, it
was attacked by the enemy in overwhelming numbers. After a
gallant fight of six hours, the brave little band of heroes was
compelled to surrender. No regiment of new troops ever did better:
it made itself a name which history will perpetuate.

The regiment was mustered out on the 20th of August, 1864. Asper
now perfected his arrangements to move to Missouri, which he put
into execution in October following. He is now engaged in the
practice of law at Chillicothe, in the above State.

MAJOR W. R. STERLING.

The subject of this sketch entered the service as Captain of

Company I. He carried with him some considerable military
experience, having been connected with a company in his native
State. He accompanied the regiment in its Western Virginia
campaign, taking an honorable part in the affair at Cross Lanes. He
was with the detachment in its march over the mountains to
Charleston, during which he rendered great assistance, contributing
largely towards bringing the command off in safety.

From Charleston he returned to his home on leave, but soon after

returned to his command, accompanied by a number of recruits. He
now took part in the various marches and skirmishes occurring in the
mountain department of Eastern Virginia. He was not in the battles
of Winchester or Port Republic; but was in all the marches occurring
before and after those engagements. At the battle of Cedar
Mountain he did yeoman's service. His company was led with such
coolness and bravery, that many a rebel was made to bite the dust.
He now remained with the regiment until General Hooker came to
the command of the Army of the Potomac, when Captain Sterling
was assigned a position on his staff. In this capacity he served until
after the battle of Chancellorsville. A short time after this
engagement he was taken prisoner by a roving band of rebels, and
conveyed to Richmond, where he was for some time confined in
prison. He was finally taken further south to another prison, from
which, in the summer of 1864, he escaped; and after spending some
time in the mountains, during which he suffered many hardships,
finally joined the Union forces in Tennessee.

He was a brave and competent officer. While on Hooker's staff he

was promoted to major.

MAJOR E. J. KREIGER.

The subject of this sketch is a native of Germany, and entered the

service as a sergeant in a company composed of his fellow-
countrymen. He very soon rose to the rank of lieutenant, and before
the term of service of the regiment expired, to that of captain. He
was in the following battles and skirmishes: Cross Lanes, Winchester,
Port Republic, Cedar Mountain, Antietam, Dumfries, Chancellorsville,
Gettysburg, Mission Ridge, Lookout Mountain, Ringgold, and in all
the engagements in which his regiment took part in Sherman's
march on Atlanta. No officer can show a prouder record. He was
always with his command, and on all occasions showed great
bravery and gallantry, as well as ability to command.

Immediately after the Seventh was mustered out, he was appointed

major of the One Hundred and Seventy-seventh Regiment, and left
soon after for the field. He now added to the above glorious list of
battles that of Franklin, where he fully sustained the honors that he
gained while with the old Seventh. He is at the present time in
General Thomas' army, where he will remain, if his life is spared,
until the overthrow of the rebellion.

CAPTAIN J. B. MOLYNEAUX.

The subject of this sketch was born, January 1, 1840, at Ann Arbor,
in the State of Michigan. At the age of four years his father removed
to Penn Yan, New York, and soon after to Bath and Elmira, in the
same State. In 1854, young Molyneaux went to Belville, Ohio, and
commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Whitcomb. He
remained for nearly a year, when, not liking the study, he went to
Cleveland, Ohio, and entered the job-office of John Williston, where
he learned the art of printing.

Having a natural liking for military life, he joined the Light Guards,
and afterwards the Sprague Cadets, of which he was appointed drill-
master. On the first call for troops, he joined a company being raised
by Captain De Villiers, as a private, being among the first to enroll
his name. Soon after arriving in camp, he was appointed a sergeant,
and, immediately after, drill-master for the non-commissioned
officers of the regiment. On the three years' organization, he was
unanimously chosen first-lieutenant by the vote of his company. He
remained with this company during the earlier part of the campaign
in Western Virginia, taking a gallant part in the affair of Cross Lanes,
as also in the final march of Major Casement's detachment to
Charleston. After this action, he was placed in command of Company
E, which command he held until January, 1862, and then being
relieved, only for the purpose of receiving the appointment of
adjutant.

He took part in all the marches and skirmishes in both Western and
Eastern Virginia. At the battle of Winchester, he was mentioned, in
the official report of his colonel, for gallantry on the battle-field. At
the battle of Port Republic, he won new laurels, being constantly
under the enemy's fire. In the fearful struggle at Cedar Mountain, he
particularly distinguished himself. He was, for a limited time, in
command of the regiment, during which he extricated it from a
position, where, under a less skilful leader, it would have been
captured. In this gallant exploit, Molyneaux lost two horses, one of
them being pierced by fourteen bullets.
In September, 1862, he was appointed captain, after having waived
rank three times. This position he held until March, 1863, when, on
account of wounds and ill-health, he was compelled to resign. In the
mean time, he was with the regiment in all its marches, as well as
the battle of Antietam and the affair at Dumfries.

On his return home he followed his occupation of a printer, until the

governor's call for the National Guard, when he again entered the
service as a captain. His regiment being stationed in the defences of
Washington, he was placed in command of a fort, which was, a part
of the time, garrisoned by several companies. After the expiration of
his term of service, he returned to his home in Cleveland, and
resumed his business.

CAPTAIN CHARLES A. WEED.

Charles A. Weed was born, March 30, 1840, in Lake County, Ohio.
He enlisted in Captain John N. Dyer's company, on the 22d day of
April, 1861. After its arrival in camp, he was made orderly-sergeant,
in which capacity he developed fine military talent, such as led his
company, at an early time, to look upon him as a proper person for
promotion when a vacancy should occur. Therefore, on the final
organization of the company for the three years' service, he was
made a first-lieutenant. He was with the regiment during the entire
Western Virginia campaign, taking part in the skirmish at Cross
Lanes, in which he took command of the company after the death of
Captain Dyer, which position he held until January, 1862, when he
was relieved by an officer promoted to the captaincy by reason of
superiority of rank. He was soon after made captain, February 5,
1862, and assigned to Company E.

He now took part in all the marches and skirmishes in Eastern

Virginia, and also in the battle of Winchester, where he displayed
great gallantry. After this battle, he commanded his company in the
pursuit of Jackson to Harrisonburg, and in the toilsome march to
Fredericksburg, and the return to Front Royal. He was now in the
advance to Port Republic. In the battle which succeeded, he
displayed great courage, as well as ability to command. He took part
in the battle of Cedar Mountain and Antietam, and also in the
skirmish at Dumfries. On the 22d of February, 1863, he resigned,
and returned to his home.

There were few better officers in the regiment. He was prompt in

the discharge of his duty, seldom questioning the propriety of an
order emanating from a superior, but executing it at once. In his
intercourse with his fellow-soldiers, he was frank and courteous, and
all cherished the kindest feelings towards him.

CAPTAIN JUDSON N. CROSS.

The subject of this sketch is a native of Ohio. When the war broke
out he was attending college at Oberlin, Ohio. He immediately
enrolled himself in Captain Shurtliff's company, and was soon after
made a first-lieutenant. He served with his company in Western
Virginia, with much credit to himself and profit to his country. At the
skirmish of Cross Lanes he was brave, and showed that he was
competent to command. During the affair, he was severely wounded
in the arm and taken prisoner. At the battle of Carnifex Ferry, which
followed soon after, he was recaptured by the forces under General
Rosecrans. Being unfit for service, he now went to his home, where
it was thought he might recover sufficiently to rejoin his command.
But after the expiration of some months, being still unable for
service, he was ordered on recruiting service at Cleveland, Ohio. He
was engaged in this work until the fall of 1862, when he was
honorably mustered out of the service, on account of the
unimproved condition of his wound. In the mean time, however, he
had been promoted to a captaincy.
 CAPTAIN JOHN F. SCHUTTE.

Entered the service as a lieutenant in Captain Wiseman's company,

and on its organization for three years, was made its captain. He
was with the regiment until just before its affair at Cross Lands,
when, being on picket duty on the banks of the Gauley River, he
imprudently crossed over, and after advancing some miles into the
enemy's country, was fired upon by a body of cavalry, concealed in
the bushes, and mortally wounded. After being taken to an old
building close by, he was left, at his own request, and soon after
expired. The rebels buried him on the spot. No braver officer ever
entered the service. Had he lived, he would undoubtedly have
distinguished himself.

At the time of his death, no officer had a better reputation. His

company was somewhat difficult to manage, but while he was in
command, it was not surpassed for discipline, and hardly equalled.
He was kind to every one who did his duty, but when one of his men
failed to do that, he came down upon him with a heavy hand.

His loss was deeply felt throughout the entire command. His
company had recognized in him a leader, and they deplored his loss.

LIEUT. LOUIS G. DE FOREST.

Louis G. De Forest was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on the 9th of

September, 1838. His youth was spent in the city schools, where he
acquired a fair education. In 1853, at the age of fifteen years, he
entered the store of N. E. Crittenden. It is a high compliment to his
industry and business habits, that he has remained in his employ
since that date, with the exception of the time that he spent in the
military service.
Having a natural taste for military life, in 1859 he joined a company
of Light Guards as a private, but soon rose to the positions of
corporal, sergeant, and finally lieutenant. The latter position he filled
with credit, until the rebellion broke out, when, on the organization
of the Sprague Cadets, for three months' service, he hastened to
enroll his name. He was soon made orderly sergeant, which position
he held when the company went into camp. After the regiment
arrived in Camp Dennison, he was elected a second-lieutenant of his
company. And on its final organization for the three years' service,
he was chosen its adjutant, by a vote of its officers, and soon after
received his commission, with the rank of first-lieutenant.

He accompanied the regiment in its arduous Western Virginia

campaign, and during the time Colonel Tyler commanded a brigade,
he served as acting assistant adjutant-general. At the affair at Cross
Lanes, he took a prominent as well as gallant part. He was among
the number of those who made the march over the mountains to Elk
River and Charleston.

He accompanied the regiment to Kelly's department, where he again

acted as acting assistant adjutant-general to Colonel Tyler, serving in
this capacity until his resignation, which took place in March.

When the National Guard was organized, he raised a company, and

was made its captain. In this position he served during the one
hundred days' campaign of this corps, being stationed in a fort in the
vicinity of Washington.

Every one who came in connection with the Seventh Regiment will
remember the stentorian voice and soldierly bearing of its first
adjutant.

LIEUTENANT HALBERT B. CASE.

Halbert B. Case was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, May 3, 1838. His
father being a farmer, he was bred to that occupation. At the age of
sixteen years he entered the W. R. Seminary, at Farmington, Ohio,
preparatory to entering college. After a year and a half spent in this
institution of learning, he went to Oberlin, where he pursued his
studies for more than three years, when, his health failing him, he
was compelled to leave college.

During the winter of 1859, his health being somewhat improved, he

went to Tiffin, Ohio, and commenced the study of the law. He
remained here two winters. In the spring of 1860, being in
indifferent health, he returned to his home in Mecca, Ohio, where he
pursued his studies privately for some months. After which he went
to Warren, and studied law with Forrist and Burnett until the
breaking out of the rebellion.

On the 19th day of April, 1861, deeming it his duty to serve his
country, he enlisted in Asper's company, the first organized in the
county. He was soon after made orderly-sergeant. When the three
years' organization was made, he was unanimously chosen a
lieutenant by a vote of his company.

He served honorably during the campaign in Western Virginia, taking

an active part in the affair of Cross Lanes, sharing the fortunes of
the detachment under Major Casement.

Among the first promotions that were made in November, 1861, he

was remembered by the authorities, and appointed a first-lieutenant.
He accompanied the regiment to Eastern Virginia, where he joined
the expedition to Romney and Blue's Gap.

While at Patterson's Creek he felt it his duty to resign his

commission, on account of a personal difficulty with Colonel Tyler. He
therefore left the regiment early in February, with the regrets of the
entire command.
He was not long permitted to remain at home, for his former
services were acknowledged by giving him a commission as captain
in the Eighty-fourth Regiment, which was being organized for three
months' service. This position being accepted, he proceeded with his
regiment to Cumberland, Maryland. Soon after its arrival he was
made provost-marshal and commandant of the post. In this position
he won an enviable reputation. Among his first orders was one
against the use and sale of intoxicating liquors, which he proceeded
to enforce in an effectual manner; and thus materially aided in
maintaining order and quiet at the post.

After nearly five months' service, when the regiment was mustered
out, he was appointed colonel, for the purpose of reorganizing it for
three years' service. He immediately entered upon this task; but
owing to the number of regiments at that time being organized in
Northern Ohio, he was but partially successful. The regiment being
finally consolidated with the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Ohio,
he returned to his home.

He soon after entered the law-school at Ann Arbor, Michigan; and

after a year and a half spent at this university, he graduated, with
the degree of L. L. B. Soon after, he returned home, married, and
commenced the practice of his profession at Youngstown, Ohio.

LIEUTENANT HENRY Z. EATON.

Lieutenant Eaton entered the service as a private, but on the three

years' organization was made a second-lieutenant. He was with the
regiment constantly during the campaign in Western Virginia, and
always at his post. He took an important part in the Cross Lanes
affair, and in the march of Major Casement's detachment.

He now went to the East with the regiment, when Colonel Tyler
being given a brigade, he was assigned to his staff as aid-de-camp.
He held this position at the battle of Winchester; and no one in the
army did better service. He was constantly in the saddle, riding
fearlessly in the heat of the battle, a fair mark for the rebels. During
the engagement his horse was wounded. He was mentioned in
official reports for gallant conduct. He soon after took part in the
battle of Port Republic, where he added much to his already well-
earned reputation for courage and other soldierly qualities. He now
followed the regiment to Alexandria, where he returned to his
company and to the front of Pope's army, where he was at the battle
of Cedar Mountain, in which he was severely wounded. He soon
after returned to his home, and finally resigned, on account of
disability from wounds.

LIEUTENANT A. H. DAY.

A. H. Day was a lieutenant in company F, in which capacity he

accompanied the regiment in Western and Eastern Virginia, taking
part in the battles of Winchester and Port Republic, in both of which
he did good service. In the latter he was severely wounded in the
shoulder, by reason of which he was soon after compelled to resign.

LIEUTENANT WILLIAM D. SHEPHERD.

William D. Shepherd entered the service as a private in company D.

He was soon after made a sergeant, and at Camp Dennison, orderly.
He followed the fortunes of his company through the wilds of
Western Virginia till the affair at Cross Lanes, where he showed
great gallantry. He went with his company to Charleston, where, in
the absence of Lieutenant Weed, he took command. During this time
the company was detailed to guard a party who were engaged in
erecting a telegraph line from Point Pleasant to Gauley Bridge. In
this service he gave good satisfaction to all concerned in the
undertaking.
He now remained with his command until a few days before the
battle of Winchester, when he was compelled to leave the field on
account of inflammation in one of his eyes. It had become very
painful long before he would consent to go to the rear. A fever soon
following, he was completely prostrated. He now went to his home,
where he was engaged in the recruiting service. He returned to his
regiment late in the summer, and having been promoted to first-
lieutenant, was immediately made adjutant. He served with the
regiment in this capacity until after the affair at Dumfries, when he
was compelled to resign on account of ill-health.

After his return home he did great service in recruiting. In the winter
of 1863-4 he canvassed Lake and Geanga counties, and was the
means of enlisting a large number of men. On these occasions he
made speeches, of which any public speaker might well be proud.

In the fall of 1864 he raised a company for the National Guard,

which he commanded in the one hundred days' service. Returning to
his home, he was appointed a quartermaster, with the rank of
captain, and assigned to a division in the Twenty-third Army Corps.

His promotion was won in the field, and therefore honorable. His
commission as second-lieutenant bears the date of November 25th,
1861; and that of first-lieutenant early in the following year.

Every one who has fallen in company with Lieutenant Shepherd will
remember him as a genial friend and profitable companion. His
frankness and courtesy have made him many friends. To know him,
is to esteem him. I doubt whether he has an enemy in the world. He
has always been a warm supporter of the Government, although not
an American citizen by birth, having been born in Canada.

LIEUTENANT E. HUDSON BAKER.

Lieutenant Baker entered the service in Company C. He remained
with the regiment during its entire campaign in Western Virginia,
doing good service. At the affair at Cross Lanes, he was particularly
conspicuous for gallantry. He now took command of the company,
which he held during the remainder of his term of service. He was in
the battle of Winchester, where he commanded his company with
great credit to himself. As an officer, he was very popular with his
command; as a companion, he was sociable and benevolent. He was
finally compelled to resign from ill-health, but much against his
wishes. He desired to remain until the close of his regular term of
service, and then return with his old comrades; but his increasing
debility would not admit.

LIEUTENANT RALPH LOCKWOOD.

Lieutenant Ralph Lockwood entered the regiment, on its first

organization, in Company E. He served creditably through the
Western Virginia campaign, taking part in the skirmish at Cross
Lanes, and the battles of Winchester and Port Republic. In these
battles he was distinguished for personal courage. By constant
exposure, he contracted a rheumatic difficulty, which finally
compelled him to resign, at a time when his services were much
needed in the regiment.

LIEUTENANT T. T. SWEENEY.

Lieutenant T. T. Sweeney entered the service in Company B. He saw

much service in Western Virginia, and was in every respect a gallant
officer. At Cross Lanes, he made an honorable record. Soon after this
skirmish, he resigned his commission, and returned to his home in
Cleveland, Ohio.
 LIEUTENANT EDWARD W. FITCH.

Lieutenant Fitch entered the service in Company I. He served

faithfully until after the skirmish of Cross Lanes, in which he bore a
gallant part. While at Charleston, he resigned his commission, and
returned to his home.

LIEUTENANT A. J. WILLIAMS.

Lieutenant Williams came into the regiment as second-lieutenant of

Company D, which position he filled with much credit till after the
affair at Cross Lanes, when he resigned his commission. At the time
the above skirmish took place he was sick, and therefore did not
take part in it. Previous to this he had toiled on with his company,
through all its terrible marches and dreary bivouacks; and for this is
entitled to the gratitude of the country.
 OUR DEAD.

COLONEL WILLIAM R. CREIGHTON AND LIEUT.-COLONEL ORRIN J.

CRANE.

Colonel William R. Creighton was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in

June, 1837. At the age of ten years, he entered a shoe-store, where
he remained for two years; after which he entered a commercial
college, where he remained for six months. But these pursuits were
not to his liking—he had no taste for accounts. We next find him, at
the age of thirteen years, in the job-office of McMillin, in Pittsburgh,
where he remained for four years, completing his apprenticeship.
The year following, he went to Cleveland, Ohio, and entered the
Herald office, where he remained till the fall of 1860, with the
exception of one winter spent in a job-office in Chicago.

He united with the fire companies of both Pittsburgh and Cleveland,

and was an active and zealous member. In 1858, he joined the
military organization known as the Cleveland Light Guards, and soon
after became a sergeant, and a lieutenant. He advanced in rank
without any effort—it was a matter of course.

When the rebellion broke out, his love of adventure would not
permit him to remain at home; but he immediately set himself at
work organizing a company, which was completed in a few days,
and, on the 22d day of April, marched to Camp Taylor. He
immediately commenced drilling his company, and with such
success, that it took the lead of all then in camp.

At this time his military genius shone so conspicuously that he was

looked on by all as the future leader of the regiment.
All will remember with what skill and pride he led the regiment in its
first march. It was on a beautiful Sabbath morning; and as the
young soldier, with a proud step, took his position at the head of the
column, every eye was turned upon him in admiration; one could
see in the countenances of the men, a willingness to follow such a
leader amid the hail and thunder of battle. Before reaching Camp
Dennison, this admiration warmed into a determination to place him
in a position when, at no distant day, he could be made available as
the commander of the regiment. Therefore, on its arrival at camp,
he was elected lieutenant-colonel, a position which he did not seek,
nor intimate to any that he desired. Very many were desirous of
making him colonel.

During the stay of the regiment at Camp Dennison, he took no

active part, seldom being seen on drill, or on duty of any kind. When
the regiment was about leaving, however, he took command,
Colonel Tyler having gone to Virginia in advance of the starting of
the regiment. Previous to the movement, every thing had been
arranged in perfect order; but this arrangement was partially
defeated by the indecent haste of a captain. An unutterable look of
scorn and contempt settled upon the features of Creighton; but not
a word passed his lips. He never entirely forgave that officer for this
act of disobedience of orders, till his death, when all feelings of
animosity gave way to regrets for his loss; for, outside of a
disposition to criticise the conduct of his superiors, he was a brave
as well as competent officer.

Arriving at Clarksburg, he turned over the command to Colonel

Tyler; but on arriving at Glenville, he again assumed command,
which he held until reaching Cross Lanes; in the mean time, drilling
the regiment daily when in camp. During this time it improved
rapidly; in fact, it acquired, during this short interval, most of the
proficiency it possessed.
On the march back to Cross Lanes from Twenty-mile Creek, he was
with the advance, in command of the skirmishers. During the affair
which succeeded, at the above place, he bore himself creditably.
During the retreat, his horse fell with him: seizing the holsters, he
started on foot through the underbrush, but soon after saw his horse
coming after him at full speed. He again mounted; but in a short
time his horse again fell, when, for the second time, he abandoned
him; but he was soon joined by his faithful "Johnny," and this time
the devoted horse carried its gallant rider safely to Gauley Bridge.

This misfortune to the regiment completely unmanned him. Meeting

a comrade on the retreat, who was not in the engagement, he burst
into tears, and, grasping his hand, in choked utterances related the
story of their encounter.

While the regiment remained at Charleston, Creighton was in

command, and was untiring in his efforts to advance his command in
both drill and discipline; and I doubt whether any regiment in the
field made more rapid progress towards perfection. It seemed to
emulate its leader, who was ever at his post.

When an order came for five hundred picked men from the regiment
to report to General Benham for duty, in the pursuit of Floyd, he was
chosen to command the detachment. On arriving at Benham's
headquarters, he was given the advance, and, for several days, was
separated from Floyd's camp by a range of mountains only. He was
finally given a brigade, although only a lieutenant-colonel, and
ordered across a range of mountains to the rear of the enemy; but
for some reason no attack was made, and soon after, half of the
command was ordered back.

During the pursuit of Floyd, he travelled on foot at the head of his

regiment. When the rebel army was likely to be overtaken, Benham
remarked to him, that "he depended on him to rout the enemy," and
gave him the post of honor; but when the firing became rapid, his
regiment was ordered to the front, where a part of it was engaged in
skirmishing, while the balance were smoking their pipes and
engaging in sports, almost under the guns of the enemy, Creighton
enjoying the fun as well as any in the command.

The detachment returned, after fifteen days' absence, without the

loss of a man, save one injured by the accidental discharge of a gun.

The regiment now went to the East, where, soon after, Tyler was
given a brigade, and Creighton again commanded the regiment.

At the battle of Winchester, which followed soon after, his was the
first regiment in the famous charge of the Third brigade, for which it
acquired such renown. He disagreed with the commanding officer as
to the manner of making the charge, preferring to deploy before
advancing, than to charge a battery in close column. But throwing all
personal feelings and preferences aside, he dashed forward, and
finally deployed his regiment within eighty yards of the enemy's line
of battle, and under a terrible fire of both musketry and artillery. His
horse being shot from under him, he seized a musket, and engaged
in the strife, firing rapidly till near the close of the battle, when he
was compelled to cease for the purpose of executing some order.

On the return of the command to New Market, after the pursuit of

Jackson to near Harrisonburg, the company tents were ordered to
be delivered up; whereupon Creighton was very indignant, and, in
connection with other officers, sent in his resignation. They were
ordered to report to General Shields the next morning. Accordingly,
dressed in their "best," they reported. They were received with all
the politeness that pompous general knew how to assume, with an
invitation to be seated. The general informed them that their
resignations would not be accepted; but remarked, that, "if they
desired it, he would have their names stricken from the army rolls in
disgrace." This witticism rather amused Creighton than otherwise,
and he returned to camp with a much better opinion of the general
than he was possessed of before making his visit.
He now commanded the regiment in its march to Fredericksburg,
sharing with his men the hardships attending the toilsome march;
and when, a few days after, the regiment returned to the Valley, he
did much to cheer the men in that discouraging march.

At Front Royal he remained with his regiment during a heavy storm,

to which it was exposed without tents, disdaining to seek shelter and
comfort while his men were thus exposed.

The men were now very destitute of clothing, especially shoes; but
when ordered, he moved to Columbia Bridge, followed by one
hundred men barefooted. He now went personally to General
Shields, but was coldly received by that general, being subjected to
insulting remarks. He came back to his regiment with that same
unutterable expression of contempt stamped upon his features,
which all will remember who served with him in the field; and
getting his men in column, closed in mass, made a speech. Said he:
"I am unable to procure shoes or other comforts for you; but I will
follow these generals until there is not a man left in the regiment.
Forward, company H!" And he did follow them to Port Republic,
where his words came near proving true.

At this battle his bravery and daring were observed by every one. He
made repeated charges with his regiment, the line being as correct
as on dress-parade. After one of these charges, the enemy's cavalry
came dashing towards his regiment, and dispositions were
immediately made for forming a square; but the enemy wisely
wheeled, and charged another regiment. The colonel of this
regiment, being unable to get his men in position, shouted in a
stentorian voice: "Men of the ——th, look at the Seventh Ohio; and
d—n you, weep!"

In this battle the regiment made five charges, under the leadership
of Creighton; and each time driving the enemy.
After the battle was over, and the regiment on the retreat, seeing a
wounded captain lying almost within the enemy's lines, he rode up
to his company, and pointing to where he was lying, said: "Do you
see your captain over yonder? Now, go for him!" They did go for
him, and succeeded in bringing him from the field in safety.

Only a few were missing from the regiment in this action, although
the list of killed and wounded was fearful.

We next find Creighton at the battle of Cedar Mountain, where a

small division fought the whole of Jackson's army on ground of his
own choosing. Creighton handled his regiment with a dexterity that
told fearfully on the ranks of the enemy. He was finally severely
wounded, and compelled to leave the field. In doing so, he kept his
face to the foe, saying that "no rebel ever saw his back in battle;
and never would." He was taken to Washington, where the bullet
was extracted from his side, which was an exceedingly painful
operation. Soon after this he came to his home; but while still
carrying his arm in a sling, he reported to his regiment.

While at home the battle of Antietam was fought, which was the
only one in which he failed to participate. Soon after his return, the
affair at Dumfries occurred, where, through his ingenuity and skill,
Hampton's cavalry command was defeated by a mere handful of
men. For this he was publicly thanked by Generals Slocum and
Geary.

He now took part in the battle of Chancellorsville, where he won

new laurels. It is said that being ordered by General Hooker to fall
back, he refused to do so until able to bring Knapp's Battery safely
to the rear; for which disobedience of orders he was recommended
for promotion. This battery was from his native city, and in it he had
many friends.

Next he was at Gettysburg, where he fought with his accustomed

valor.
We now find him at Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge, in
"Hooker's battle above the clouds," where the victory was so
suddenly and unexpectedly won, that scarcely sufficient time
intervened in which to display valor. It was simply a race for the top
of the mountain on the part of our men; and a corresponding race
on the part of the rebels for the foot of the mountain on the
opposite side.

After this battle came the pursuit of Bragg. His rear-guard was
overtaken at Ringgold, Georgia, where it was securely posted on the
top of Taylor's Ridge—a naked eminence. It was madness to
undertake to drive them from this hill, without the use of artillery to
cover the assault; but in the excitement of the moment the order
was given. In this assault Creighton commanded a brigade. Forming
his command, he made a speech. "Boys," said he, "we are ordered
to take that hill. I want to see you walk right up it." After this
characteristic speech, he led his men up the hill. It soon became
impossible to advance against the terrible fire by which they were
met; he, therefore, led them into a ravine, but the rebels poured
such a fire into it from all sides, that the command was driven back.
Reaching a fence, Creighton stopped, and facing the foe, waited for
his command to reach the opposite side. While in this position he
fell, pierced through the body with a rifle bullet. His last words were:
"Oh, my dear wife!" and he expired almost immediately. The brigade
now fell rapidly back, carrying the remains of its idolized commander
with it.

Lieutenant-Colonel Orrin J. Crane was born in Troy, New York, in the

year 1829. At three years of age his parents moved to their native
State, Vermont. Soon after, his father died, leaving but limited
means for the support and education of his children. His mother was
a Christian woman, and devoted to her children. From her he
received his first lessons of life; and a worthy teacher he had. He
cherished his mother with the utmost affection, dwelling upon her
goodness with almost child-like simplicity. It was touching to listen to
the words of love and confidence falling for her, from the lips of the
sturdy warrior, who braved the battle-fire without a tremor.

In early youth he went to live with an uncle, and in about 1852

came with him to Conneaut, Ohio, where he employed himself in
mechanical labor. He spent one year on the Isthmus, and after his
return went to Cleveland, where he engaged in the occupation of a
ship-carpenter, following this trade till the fall of Sumter. While in
Cleveland he associated himself with a military organization.

He entered the service as first-lieutenant in Captain Creighton's

company; and on his promotion, was made captain. He early
devoted himself to the instruction of his company; and it can be said
that it lost nothing of the efficiency it acquired under the leadership
of Creighton.

After the regiment entered the field, his services were invaluable. I
doubt if the entire army contains an officer who has performed more
service, in the same length of time, than Crane. If a bridge was to
be constructed, or a road repaired, he was sent for to superintend it.
If the commissary department became reduced, he was the one to
procure supplies. No undertaking was too arduous for his iron-will to
brave. There was no fear of starvation while the sturdy Crane was
present. All relied on him with the utmost confidence, and no one
was ever disappointed in him.

At the affair of Cross Lanes, where he first came under fire, he was
more than a hero; he seemed possessed of attributes of a higher
nature. He moved amid that sheet of flame, as if possessed of a soul
in communion with a higher power. He inspired his men with true
courage. They stood like a wall, and fell back only when ordered by
their leader, then dashed through the strong line of the enemy with
a bravery which was truly sublime. The enemy, although five to one,
hesitated, swayed backward, and finally fled, so severely punished,
that for the time they did not pursue. In that long march, over the
mountains to Gauley Bridge, he was still the proud leader.

After his arrival at the above place, he was sent out to the front, up
New River, where he rendered valuable service.

He was in every march and skirmish in both Western and Eastern

Virginia, until, we find the regiment at the battle of Winchester. In
this engagement he showed the same indomitable and true courage.
He held his men to the work of carnage so fearfully, that the
enemy's slain almost equalled his command.

We now find him in every battle in which his regiment was engaged
in the East. Port Republic, Cedar Mountain (where he was slightly
wounded), Antietam, Dumfries, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. In
all of these he led his command, and the dead of the enemy left on
the field before it attest how well he led it.

At the battle of Antietam, he commanded the regiment, and during

the latter part of the engagement, a brigade.

Before the regiment left for the West, he was made lieutenant-
colonel; a position which his ability and long, as well as faithful,
service of his country rendered him eminently qualified to fill.

Arriving in the West, he commanded the regiment in the battles of

Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge, where he added new laurels to
his already imperishable name. At fatal Ringgold, he again
commanded the regiment. He led it up the steep ascent, where the
whistling of bullets made the air musical; and where men dropped
so quietly that they were scarcely missed, except in the thinned
ranks of the command. The regiment had not recovered from the
shock produced by the announcement of the death of Creighton,
when the noble Crane, on whom all hearts were centred in the
fearful peril of that hour, fell at the feet of his devoted comrades,
pierced through the forehead by a rifle bullet. He spoke not a word—
his strong heart ceased to beat; and his soul took its flight from its
blood-red tenement, and from the confusion of battle, to the land of
patriot spirits. He fell so far in the advance, that his men were driven
back before possessing themselves of his body,—but soon after it
was recovered.

The sketches of Creighton and Crane now lie in the same path.

After the bodies of the fallen braves had been laid side by side, the
remaining few of a once full regiment gathered around and
mourned,—the silence alone being broken by the tears and sobs of a
band of warriors, grieving for the loss of their chieftains. Was such a
scene ever witnessed? Those forms, now cold and bloody, had often
led them on the field of carnage, to victory and glory; under their
leadership the regiment had been made immortal; and now, in all
their pride, and glory, and chivalry, they had gone down to rise no
more. No wonder, then, that their brave followers paid their last
tribute to all that was mortal of their renowned leaders. It seemed to
these mourners, in their loss the regiment itself was blotted out—
that it would no more be known and honored—that its sun had
forever set. But no, many a brave heart, that stood in that circle,
was to be made a sacrifice to his country; many more hearts were to
be left crushed and bleeding for the loved ones fallen in battle.
When the last tear had been shed, and the last vow made over
these fallen braves, the regiment moved away in profound silence.

While this scene was being enacted afar off among the hills of
Georgia, the peaceful valleys of Ohio were echoing with the
lamentations of friends at home. The hearts of the people of the
Western Reserve were bound by the strong ties of kin and friendship
to this gallant regiment, which had but just made its great sacrifice,
and they were all in mourning. When the news came of this great
disaster, it could not be believed; the friends of the fallen would not
give them up. And it was not until a dispatch was received that their
bodies were on the way home, that it was generally believed. At last,
when the people realized that the sad news was indeed true,
meetings were called by the representatives of all branches of trade
and industry. Resolutions of respect were passed, and preparations
made to receive the dead, on their arrival, in a becoming manner.

When General Hooker learned of the death of Creighton and Crane,

he raised both hands, in surprise and grief, exclaiming, "My God! are
they dead? Two braver men never lived!"

General Butterfield, chief of staff, gave orders to remove the bodies

to the rear. They were conveyed to Chattanooga by Sergeant Tisdell,
where they were met by Quartermaster Loomis, and privates Wetzel,
Shepherd, and Meigs. General Slocum testified his appreciation of
their worth, by accompanying their bodies as far as Tullahoma.
When the news reached him of their death, his grief was so
profound, that the stern veteran burst into tears.

They were taken to Nashville to be embalmed. But little, however,

could be done for Creighton, as he had bled inwardly; his body was
therefore put into a metallic case. Crane's body was embalmed, and
placed in a plain, but neat coffin, till it should arrive in Cleveland and
be transferred to a burial case. Dr. Newbury, of the Sanitary
Commission, rendered much service in this work, after which he
accompanied the remains to Louisville. From this place they were
forwarded to Cincinnati by train, where they were met by the special
escort from Cleveland, consisting of Colonel Hayward, Lieutenant-
Colonel J. T. Sterling, Lieutenant-Colonel Frazee, Captain Baird,
Captain Molyneaux, Captain De Forest, Captain Wiseman, Surgeon
Cushing, and Quartermaster Chapin.

On Sunday morning the train dashed into Cleveland, and stopped at

the foot of Superior-street. Two hearses were in waiting. One for
Colonel Creighton, drawn by four white horses; the other for
Lieutenant-Colonel Crane, drawn by four black horses. Each was
draped by American flags and the usual insignia of mourning.
The remains of Colonel Creighton were now removed from the car to
the hearse, and conveyed to the residence of Mrs. Creighton, on
Bolivar-street. The remains of Lieutenant-Colonel Crane remained
under guard, till the return of the escort, when they were taken to
the residence of the widow.

This bright Sabbath will long be remembered. But a few short

Sabbaths before, the coffined dead left the city of their homes,
possessed of life and hope: looking forward with pride and
happiness to the termination of an honorable career in the service of
their country. And often in their night vigils, over the dying embers
of their picket-fires, had they conversed on the subject, passing the
long night in dreams never to be realized. The remaining few of your
followers have, indeed, long since returned; and although the hearts
and feet of these brave warriors were heavy with the tramp of weary
months, yet your slumber was not disturbed. Long years shall roll
away, in which war's tumult and carnage shall cease; but you shall
only be known among men by your good deeds left behind, and
perpetuated in the hearts of your countrymen.

On the 7th of December the bodies of Creighton and Crane were

brought from the residences of their families and taken to the
Council Hall, for the purpose of lying in state, to be seen by the
public. The same hearses were used as on the arrival of the bodies
from the South.

The Council Hall was elegantly and appropriately decorated. In the

centre, within the railing, a handsome canopy had been placed, with
roof of national flags, draped with mourning emblems, suspended
from the ceiling, and trailing at the corners to the ground. Wreaths,
loops, and festoons of black and white edged the canopy. On the
inside, from the centre, hung a large pendant of mourning emblems,
beneath which was the bier on which lay the bodies of the gallant
dead.
On the president's desk, at the head of the hall, were portraits of
Colonel Creighton and Lieutenant-Colonel Crane, draped in
mourning; and against the wall, behind the place of the president's
seat, was a life-size portrait of Colonel Creighton, also draped in
mourning. Above this portrait was this inscription, in black letters on
white ground:
 "My God! are they dead?
Two braver men never lived!"

—General Hooker.

The windows were hung with black, and the gaslights threw a dim,
solemn light over the mournful scene.

The bodies were placed in handsome burial-cases, and the covers

removed, so that they could be seen through the glass fronts. As we
have before mentioned, the body of Colonel Creighton, from the
wounds having bled inwardly, was so much changed, previously to
reaching Nashville, that it was impossible to properly embalm it; and
therefore did not present a natural appearance. That of Lieutenant-
Colonel Crane was in good preservation, and could easily be
recognized.

The bodies were guarded by a detachment of members of the old

Seventh, who formed the guard of honor.

The following account of the funeral services is from the Cleveland

Herald of the 9th of December.

"The sad pageant is over. A sorrowing people have paid their tribute
of affection and regret over the remains of the dead heroes. The
brave leaders of the glorious but ill-fated Seventh sleep in their quiet
tomb.

"Tuesday, the 8th, was a bright and beautiful day. Its clear sky and
pleasant atmosphere were strangely similar to that bright Sunday in
May, two years and a half ago, when the Seventh Regiment marched
out of Cleveland on its way to the battle-fields where it was destined
to win such renown. The unclouded sun shed a halo of glory on all
that was left of the brave men who led the old Seventh in many a
fight; but who now were to be laid away in the silent and peaceful
tomb.

"The bright day opened on a city of mourners. People gathered on

the streets, waiting for the hour for the funeral. Business was
unthought of, even the latest news by telegraph, exciting as it was,
and calculated to stir the pulse with triumphant joy, failed to engross
the attention. Men spoke of the dead heroes, of their first departure
for the war, of their terrible battles and bloody sacrifices; and of that
last fearful struggle on the hill at Ringgold, where the gallant leaders
laid down their lives for their country, amid their dead and wounded
comrades.

"From every flag-staff the national colors hung at half-mast, and

signs of mourning were everywhere visible. As the hour set for the
commencement of the solemn exercises drew near, business was
entirely suspended throughout the city. The stores were closed, the
Federal, State, and city offices shut their doors, and a Sabbath-like
stillness reigned over the city. Soon came the tramp of armed men,
the mournful wail of bugles, and the funeral roll of the drums, as the
troops moved up to take part in the funeral procession.

"The bodies had remained in the Council Hall over-night, guarded by

the old comrades of the gallant dead. The families and relatives
were in the mayor's office, waiting for the hour of moving the
procession. At half past ten o'clock the bodies were removed from
the Council Hall and placed in hearses which were draped with the
national colors, looped up with mourning emblems.

"The pall-bearers were as follows: For Colonel Creighton—Colonel

Senter, Colonel Whittlesey, Major Mygatt, Lieutenant-Colonel Asper,
Major Seymour, Captain McIlrath, Captain Ransom, Captain Stratton.
For Lieutenant-Colonel Crane—Lieutenant-Colonel Goddard,
Lieutenant-Colonel Sterling, Major Palmer, Captain Drummond,
Captain Douglass, Captain Wilson, Captain Standart, Captain Hill.
"The burial-cases were the best that money could buy. On one was
the following inscription:

Col. W. R. Creighton,
7th O. V. I,
In his 27th year.
Killed at the Battle of Ringgold,
Nov. 27th, 1863.

"On the other was the inscription:

Lieut.-Col. O. J. Crane,
Fell at the Battle of Ringgold,
Nov. 27th, 1863.

"On each coffin was laid a handsome wreath of immortelles, with the
sword of the dead officer.

"The Twenty-ninth Volunteer Militia were drawn up in line each side

of the way between the Council Hall and the Stone Church, and the
mournful cortege passed through the lane so formed, Leland's Band
playing a dirge. The hearse was followed by the mourners in
carriages—Governor Brough, Surgeon McClurg, of the United States
Military Hospital, the City Council, and City and County Officers, all
wearing crape badges.

"Thousands of people lined the way, and crowded around the church
with the hope of getting in; but there was not a sound from them,
as the procession passed on to the church. And such perfect order
and decorum we never before saw in such a vast concourse.

IN THE CHURCH.

"At the church—as indeed throughout the whole of the obsequies—

the most perfect arrangements had been made, and were carried
out. The reading-desk was draped with flags and crape. Directly in
front was a stand with an elegant bouquet of flowers, and below this
another stand, draped with national colors, on which rested the two
coffins, side by side.

"The silk banner of the Seventh, presented by the city after Cross
Lanes, and bearing the names of several battles, was displayed
against the reading-desk. It was pierced and rent by showers of
bullets and shell in many a hard-fought battle.

"The families and relatives of the deceased were placed in the seats
immediately in front of the bodies. On either side of the coffins sat
the pallbearers. Directly behind the mourners sat about a dozen or
more of the members of the old Cleveland Light Guard, the company
commanded by Colonel Creighton before the war, and of which
Lieutenant-Colonel Crane was a member. They wore crape badges,
and had with them the company flag, draped in mourning.

"Near the reading-desk were seated Governor Brough, Surgeon

McClurg, and other invited guests, the committees, city council, city
officers, county officers, the clergy of the city and neighborhood,
members of the old Seventh, members of the old Cleveland Light
Guard, soldiers from the Military Hospital, members of the
Typographical Union, ship-carpenters, and other friends of the
deceased. The body of the church was packed tightly with citizens,
of whom the greater part were ladies, preference being given to
them in the selection of seats. The Twenty-ninth Regiment stood in
the aisles.

"During the entry of the procession to the church, the organ played
a voluntary suitable to the occasion. At half-past eleven o'clock the
funeral ceremonies in the church commenced with an invocation of
the Divine blessing by Rev. S. W. Adams, of the First Baptist Church,
who afterwards read appropriate passages of Scripture.

"The choir then sang the Ninetieth Psalm:

 "'O God! our help in ages past,
Our help in years to come;
Our shelter from the stormy blast,
And our eternal home;

"'Beneath the shadow of Thy throne,

Thy saints have dwelt secure;
Sufficient is Thine arm alone,
And our defence is sure.

"'Before the hills in order stood,

Or earth received her name,
From everlasting Thou art God—
To endless years the same.

"'Thy word commands our flesh to dust:

Return ye sons of men!
All nations rose from earth at first,
And turn to earth again.

"'O God! our help in ages past,

Our help for years to come:
Be Thou our guide while troubles last,
And our eternal home.'

"Rev. Adam Crooks, of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, then made

the following address, at the request of the family of the late Colonel
Creighton:

"'To-day we are in the solemn presence of inexorable death. We are

impressedly reminded that dust we are, and unto dust we must
return; that "death is the mighty leveller of us all;" that "the tall, the
wise, the heroic dead must lie as low as ours." Two lifeless heroes
are before us—
 "'Their swords in rust;
Their souls with God in heaven, we trust.'

We would do well to pray with the hero of other days: "So teach us
to number our days, that we may apply our hearts unto wisdom."
Before us are two more rich offerings which the State of Ohio and
Cleveland have laid upon our country's altar! They were preceded by
Wheeler, Lantry, Pickands, Mahan, Vail, and others. We are here to
mourn, to honor, and to bury the noble dead! They were the pride of
our city and of Northern Ohio. Brave and honored representatives of
a brave and honored constituency! Of one thousand eight hundred
soldiers who have filled the ranks of the Seventh Regiment Ohio
Volunteer Infantry, but little over a hundred now report for duty.
Many of them sleep in patriots' and heroes' graves. Most of the
remainder bear on their persons honorable marks of their patriotism
and bravery. In honoring the representative, we honor the
constituency.

"'But general remarks are not appropriate from me. At the request of
the stricken widow and relatives of Colonel Creighton, I come to
utter a few words of condolence, sympathy, and comfort, in this
hour, to them and to us all, of deep affliction. Brother Foot will speak
in behalf of the relatives of Lieutenant-Colonel Crane.

"'Colonel William R. Creighton was born in the City of Pittsburgh, in

the year 1836 or 1837—the records are not in this city. In early
childhood he was bereft of a father. He was baptized by the Rev.
Bishop Uphold, now bishop of Indiana, of the Protestant Episcopal
Church.

"'In his early teens, he served in the employ of Mr. A——, in an

extensive shoe establishment. Subsequently, he chose the
occupation of a printer, and spent three years in making himself
master of his trade. Eight years ago he came to this city—was four
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