Lager will be the moment, smaller will be the force required to

TOPIC 1 lift the rod. Hence, Applying Moment about 0 cm point we

Moment of Forces get.
w × 50 = F × 100
m × g × 50 = F × 100
Moment of Forces Question: The moment of a force about a 2 × 10 × 50 = F × 100
point is equal to the sum of the moment of this force's F = 10 N
component about the same point,' the above statement is true
as per which theorem?
Explanation: Moment of Forces Question
Varignon's theorem:
 The moment of a force about any point is equal to For a fixed-connected collar type of support connection in
the sum of the moments of the components of that coplanar structures, the number of unknown(s) is/are
force about the same point. 1. three and the reactions are two forces and a moment
component
Moment of Forces Question:Two unlike parallel forces are 2. one and the reaction is a moment component
shown in the following figure: 3. two and the reactions are two forces (one horizontal
and one vertical)
4. two and the reactions are a force and a moment
Option 4 : two and the reactions are a force and a moment

Moment of Forces Question: Three forces acting on a rigid

body are represented in magnitude, direction and line of action
by the three sides of a triangle taken in order. The forces are
equivalent to a couple whose moment is equal to___
The resultant R can be located by the relation
F1 × d1 = F2 × d2
Explanation: And
Moment Balance: =

∴ Moment = Twice the area of a triangle

Using the principle of moments, for two unlike parallel forces: × moment
F1 × d1 = F2 × d2

Moment of Forces Question: what is the action of Work

done by a non - conservative force
would be negative, will lead to loss in energy
Moment of Forces Question
Concept:
Non-Conservative Force:
Two forces P and Q are acting at a particle. The angle between
 A non-conservative force is a force for which the
the forces is θ and the resultant of the forces is R. If the
work done depends on the path taken by the object,
resolved part of R in the direction of P is 2P, then……………
not just on the starting and ending points. Common
Concept:
examples of non-conservative forces include friction,
Parallelogram Law of Forces:
air resistance, and applied forces.
If two forces, acting at a point be represented in magnitude
and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram,
Moment of Forces Question: A 1 m long uniform beam of 2
then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction
kg mass is being lifted vertically up by a force F at the 100 cm
by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that
mark. What is the minimum force required to do so?
point.
Resultant force Fr, of any two forces F1 and F2 with an
angle θ between them, can be given by vector addition as
Θθ
'
Calculation:
Given:
Two forces P and Q are acting at a particle. The angle between
Conditions for the system to be in equlibrium the forces is θ and the resultant of the forces is R:
ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0, ΣM = 0 If the resolved part of R in the direction of P is 2P:
Calculation:
Given:
m = 2 kg, Assume g = 10 m / s2 Resolved part of R = Q cosθ + P
i.e. 2P = Q cosθ + P
P = Q cosθ
 Friction Question
Moment of Forces Question
The force required to keep the object moving from rest is a
Two like parallel forces are acting at a distance of 30 mm measure of
apart and their resultant is 60 N, if the line of action of the 1. Sliding friction
resultant is 10 mm from one of the forces, the two forces are 2. Rolling friction
1. 80 N and -20 N 3. Static friction
2. 40 N and 20 N 4. More than one of the above
3. 30 N and -90 N 5. None of the above
4. 35 N and 25 N Option 3 : Static friction
Option 2 : 40 N and 20 N The correct answer is Static friction.
Concept:  The static friction maximum force of static friction is
The moment about the resultant is zero. not dependent on the area of contact.
Calculation:
 Static frictional forces from the interlocking of the
Let the two forces be F1 and F2
irregularities of two surfaces will increase to
Given:
F1 + F2 = 60 N (1) (They are like forces and parallel) prevent any relative motion up until some limit
Taking the moment about the resultant where motion occurs.
By solving, we get  Object at rest on a flat table, static friction is zero. If
F2 = 20 N you push horizontally with a small force, static
F1 = 40 N friction establishes an equal and opposite force that
keeps the object at rest.
Moment of Forces Question  The maximum static friction force is: (fs)max = μs N
where μs is the coefficient of static friction.
The dynamic effect of the resultant acting on a rigid body in
equilibrium condition will be ________ effect of the given Additional Information
system of forces.
The sliding friction is the resistance
1. double the
created by any two objects when
2. zero the
sliding against each other.
3. the same
This friction is also known as kinetic
4. half the Sliding friction.
Option 3 : the same
friction It depends upon two variables one is
Explanation:
material and the second one is the
Varignon’s Principle of moments (or the law of moments):
weight of the objects.
It states, “If a number of coplanar forces are acting
simultaneously on a particle, the algebraic sum of the
moments of all the forces about any point is equal to
the moment of their resultant force about the same point.” The amount of friction created by a
i.e. R × r = F1 × r1 + F2 × r2 rolling object is less than the friction
created by the normal force.
Rolling The rolling friction refers to the
Moment of Forces Question
friction resistance created by an object rolling
If the line of action of all the forces are along the same line, across a surface.
then the forces are said to be-
1. Collinear forces
2. Coplanar concurrent forces Fluid friction occurs between fluid
3. Coplanar parallel forces layers that are moving relative to each
4. Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces other.
Option 1 : Collinear forces Fluid In normal terms, the viscosity of a
Concept: friction fluid is described as its thickness fluid.
 Collinear forces: The forces, whose lines of action water is thin, having a lower viscosity,
lie on the same line, are known as collinear forces. while honey is thick, having a higher
 When two or more forces act on a body, they are viscosity.
called to form a system of forces.
 Coplanar forces: The forces, whose lines of action Friction Question
lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar forces.
TOPIC 2 A 8 kg block is gently placed on a large plank that is moving
horizontally with a velocity of 2 m/s. The coefficient of static
Friction friction between the block and the plank is 0.4. The distance
the block travels before it begins to slide on the plank is  N = normal force on the object (in this case, the
2/α(Use g = 10 m/s²). The value of α is weight of the block, N = mg)
Concept: Calculation:
Static Friction and Motion: Given:
 In this problem, a block is placed on a moving plank,  Mass of the block, m = 1 kg
and we need to find the distance it travels before  Acceleration of the truck, a=F/m =100000/15000 =
sliding. 6.67 m/s²
 The static frictional force will act between the block  Coefficient of static friction, μ = 0.87
and the plank, preventing the block from sliding until  Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s²
the plank's velocity reaches a critical value. The frictional force is given by:
 The work done by the frictional force is equal to the Fs = μN = μmg
change in kinetic energy of the block. The block Substituting the known values:
accelerates due to the frictional force acting on it, Fs = 0.87 × 10 kg × 10 m/s² = 87 N
and the distance it travels before sliding can be Additionally, the pseudo-force acting on the block due to the
calculated using the work-energy principle. truck's acceleration is:
 The equation for work done by friction is given by: Fs = ma = 10 kg × 6.67 m/s² = 66.7 N
W=F×d As the frictional force required to oppose the motion of the
where W is the work done, F is the frictional force, block is 5 N, the final frictional force acting on the block is:
and d is the distance traveled by the block. Fs = 66 to 67 N
 The frictional force (F) can be calculated using the
Friction Question
formula:
F=μ×m×g
If a ladder weighing
where μ is the coefficient of friction, m is the mass of
is placed against a smooth vertical wall having coefficient of
the block, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
friction between it and floor is
Calculation: , then what is the maximum face of friction available at the
Given: point of contact between the ladder and the the floor
m = 8 kg (mass of the block) 1.
μ = 0.4 (coefficient of friction) 5. None of these
g = 10 m/s² (acceleration due to gravity) Option 1 :
v = 2 m/s (velocity of the plank) Complete step-by-step solution:-
The frictional force: The pictorial representation of the ladder placed against
F=μ×m×g smooth vertical wall is shown above.
F = 0.4 × 8 × 10 = 32 N The weight of the ladder is
The work done by friction is equal to the change in kinetic and the coefficient of friction is
energy of the block. Since the block is initially at rest and is .
accelerated by the frictional force: Now the weight of the ladder is acting vertically downwards
W = F × d = 1/2 × m × v² as shown in the figure.
d = (1/2 × m × v²) / F , where = mass of the ladder and
d = (1/2 × 8 × 2²) / 32 = 16 / 36 = 0.5 m
The block travels a distance of 5 meters before it begins to = acceleration due to gravity.
slide on the plank. Now due to the weight of the ladder there is a reaction force
Friction Question 3: working between the ladder and the floor in upward direction
A 10 kg block is resting on a truck of mass 15000 kg. The to balance the weight of the ladder as shown in the figure.
static friction coefficient between the block and the truck is Now the coefficient of friction between the floor and the
0.87. The truck is accelerating with force of 105 N. Calculate ladder is , often denoted by
the frictional force (in newtons) acting on the block. So the maximum frictional force available at the point of
Concept: contact between the ladder and the floor is the product of
Frictional Force Acting on an Accelerating Object: coefficient of friction and the reaction force working between
 The frictional force opposes the motion of an object the ladder and the floor.
when it moves relative to a surface. When a body is Let the maximum frictional force be
in an accelerating reference frame (such as a truck), as shown in the figure.
a pseudo-force is experienced by the object, acting Now substitute the values we have,
opposite to the direction of acceleration. .
 The frictional force (Fs) is given by the equation: This frictional force balances the reaction force
Fs = μN working on the ladder and the smooth vertical wall so that the
Where: ladder does not slip.
 μ = coefficient of static friction So this is the required answer.
Hence option (A) is the correct answer.  A fluid is a substance that can flow
and take the shape of its container.
Friction Question Fluids include liquids and gases.

We slip while walking on a path having pond scum or green

algae because:
1. The inertia of motion
2. The friction is zero Friction Question
3. The friction between the feet and the path is
increased. A heavy iron block is placed on the ground, a person tries to
4. The friction between the feet and the path is push the block with the force of 200 N and the block does not
reduced. move. This means
Option 4 : The friction between the feet and the path is 1. Friction force = Applied force
reduced. 2. Friction force > Applied force
The correct answer is The friction between the feet and the 3. Friction force ≥ Applied force
path is reduced. 4. None of the above
Option 3 : Friction force ≥ Applied force
Important Points Concept:
 Friction is a force between two surfaces that are Friction Force: It is a kind of resisting force that acts
between two contact bodies to avoid relative motion
sliding, or trying to slide, across each other.
between them.
o For example, when you try to push or pull
It is formed due to the close interaction of charged particles
luggage along the floor, friction makes this
at the surface of the bodies due to electromagnetic forces.
difficult.
Mathematically it is represented as Friction force = μ N.
 Friction always works in the opposite of the
 Where N = normal force = m × g
direction in which the object is moving or trying to
 Normal force: It is a force that is exerted by the
move.
surface perpendicular to the body. It is a component
 There are four types of friction:
of the contact force.
o Static Friction: Static friction acts on
Frictional forces are of two kinds:
objects when they are resting on a surface. 1. Static friction (fs): When two bodies do not slip on
 For example, hiking in the woods, each other, the force of friction is static friction. It
there is static friction between can change its value until its max. Fmax ≥ fs
shoes and the trail each time put 2. Kinetic Friction (fk): When two bodies slip over each
down the foot. other the force of friction is called kinetic friction.
 Without this static friction, feet  Coefficient of Kinetic friction (μk) < Coefficient Static
would slip out and making it friction (μs).
difficult to walk.
o Sliding Friction: Sliding friction is friction
that acts on objects when they are sliding  Here, Applied force = friction force
over a surface.  Applied force (F) = μ N = μ m g
 Sliding friction is weaker than Explanation:
static friction.  Since the block does not move so frictional force (fs)
o Rolling Friction: Rolling friction is friction ≥ Applied force
that acts on objects when they are rolling  This means frictional force (fs) ≥ 200 N
over a surface.
 Rolling friction is much weaker
than sliding friction or static
friction. Friction Question
 For example, ground
Which of the following forces is a contact force ?
transportation use wheels,
1.Force of gravity 2.Magnetic force 3.Force of friction4.
including bicycles, cars, 4-
Electrostatic force
wheelers, roller skates, scooters,
Option 3 : Force of friction
skateboards, Ball bearings.
CONCEPT:
o Fluid Friction: Fluid friction is friction that
 Sir Isaac Newton gave us the concept of force.
acts on objects that are moving through a
 Force is a stimulus provided to an object in order to
fluid.
make it do something.
  Force can be both against the motion and for it.  Magnetic force is the non-contact force.
 The amount of force required is related to the mass  Gravitation force is also a non-contact force.
of the object, the greater the mass, the greater the Types of contact forces:
force required to move it.  Frictional Force
 Applied Force
There are two types of forces based on their applications:  Normal Force
1. Contact Force - It is a force applied to a body by
another body that is in contact with it.
 eg: Muscular Force, Mechanical Force, Frictional
Friction Question
Force
2. Non-Contact Force - It is a force that acts on an If the two rough surfaces are polished and put in contact, the
object without coming physically in contact with it. friction force between them will __________.
 eg: Gravitational Force, Electrostatic force, Magnetic 1. increase
force 2. decrease
. 3. remain constant
Friction Question 4. Either increase or decrease
Option 2 : decrease
Which option is correct about the wheel of a car moving on CONCEPT:
the road?  Friction is the resistance force that opposes relative
1. Rolling friction > Static friction > Kinetic friction motion between two objects.
2. Static friction > Kinetic friction > Rolling friction o It is not a fundamental force, like gravity or
3. Static Friction > Rolling Friction > Kinetic Friction electromagnetism.
4. Rolling friction > Kinetic friction > Static friction o The direction of friction is always in such a
Option 2 : Static friction > Kinetic friction > Rolling friction way that it opposes the relative motion
The correct option is Static friction > Kinetic friction >  The friction force between two surfaces is due to the
Rolling friction. roughness of the contact surface.

Key Points Friction Question

 Friction: The motion of any object is resisted by an
opposing force known as the force of friction. If a man pulls a square-shaped box of mass 10 kg with the
 The rolling friction is very low as compared to the force of 50 Newton and body start to accelerate in the
other two frictions. direction of force with 2 m/s2. What will be the value of the
 If we compare kinetic and static friction then the coefficient of friction and the type of frictional force?
value of static friction is more because it is present 1. 0.3, Static friction
when the motion is not started after overcoming this 2. 0.3, Kinetic friction
friction object is able to move. 3. 0.2, Static friction
 Static friction > Kinetic friction > Rolling friction 4. 0.2, Kinetic friction
Option 2 : 0.3, Kinetic friction
Friction Question CONCEPT:
Friction Force: It is a kind of resisting force that acts
Which of the following is contact force/forces? between two contact bodies to avoid relative motion
I. Friction force between them.
II. Magnetic force  It is formed due to the close interaction of charged
III. Gravitation force particles at the surface of the bodies due to
1. Only I electromagnetic forces.
2. Only II  Mathematically it is represented as Friction force =
3. Only III μ N.
4. Both II and III  Where N = normal force = m × g
Option 1 : Only I  Normal force: It is a force that is exerted by the
The correct answer is Only I surface perpendicular to the body. It is a component
 The friction force is a contact force. of the contact force.
 Contact force is a force that is applied by objects in Frictional forces are of two kinds:
contact with each other. 1. Static friction (fs): When two bodies do not slip on
 The contact force is governed by Newton’s Laws. each other, the force of friction is static friction. It
 Friction is the resistance to motion of one object can change its value until its max. Fmax ≥ fs
moving relative to another.
 2. Kinetic Friction (fk): When two bodies slip over each normal reaction force, the law of static
other the force of friction is called kinetic friction. friction may be written as:⇒ fs ≤ μsN

⇒ (fs)max = μsN
The maximum value of static friction:

Coefficient of Kinetic friction (μk) < Coefficient Static CALCULATION:

friction (μs). Given: mass of the book (m) = 10 kg, coefficient of friction
 Force: It is a kind of push or pull of a body. (μs) = 0.5, and external force applied (F) = 40 N.

⇒ N = mg = 10 × 9.8 = 98 N
o Force produces acceleration in a body. Normal reaction force is given by:
o F = m × a [m = mass of the body, a =
acceleration in a body] Where g is the acceleration due to gravity

⇒ fs = μsN
 Free Body Diagram: It is an illustration to visualize Limiting force of friction:

⇒ (fs)max = 0.5 × 98 = 49 N
the forces and resultants of each body respectively
CALCULATION:
 Given, Mass of the body (m) = 10 kg, Normal force = As F < fs (40 < 49), so the book doesn't move.
Hence option 2) is correct.
mg = 10 × 10 = 100 N
Friction Question
 Coefficient of friction (μ) = ?
 Free body diagram of the box is
A body of mass 20 kg is resting on a rough horizontal plane of
the co-effcient of friction 0.5. If 40 N force is applied on a
Since the body accelerates in the direction of the force. body then find the velocity of the body after 10 sec. (Take g =
The laws of motion in the horizontal line is 10 m/sec2)
1. 30 m/sec
⇒ 50 – (μk × 100) = 10 kg × 2 m/s2
F - μk N = ma
2. 20 m/sec
⇒ μ k = 0.3 3. 0 m/sec
Since the body is already in motion the kinetic friction is 4. None of these
working. Option 1: 30 m/sec
So, kinetic friction with a value of 0.3 is working here. CONCEPT:
Friction Question Friction:
 The resistance offered by the surfaces that are in
A book of mass 10 kg is lying at the front desk of a classroom. contact with each other when they move over each
coefficient of static friction is 0.5. A force of 40 N is applied other is called friction.
to the book. The book will-  Factors affecting friction:
1. move 1. Types of surfaces in contact.
2. will not move 2. The normal force between the two
3. cannot say surfaces.
4. none of the above  Friction force does not depend on the velocity of the
Option 2 : will not move object.
CONCEPT:
 Frictional force: It is a type of contact force. Limiting friction:
 Contact forces: It arises when two bodies are in  The maximum friction that can be generated
contact with some other object: solid or liquid between two static surfaces in contact with each
o When two bodies are in contact mutual other.
force arise due to newton's third law of  Once a force applied to the two surfaces exceeds the
motion. limiting friction, the motion will occur.
o The component of contact force normal to  We know that the limiting friction force between any

⇒ F = μN
the surface is called normal reaction and two surfaces is given as,
the component parallel to the surface is
called friction. Where F = friction force, μ = coefficient of friction and N =
 Static friction: It is the force of friction normal reaction
that balances the external force applied on the body Newton's second law of motion:
and keeps the body at rest.  According to Newton's second law of motion,
o It opposes the impending motion of the the rate of change of momentum of a body is
directly proportional to the applied unbalanced
body.
force.
o If fs is the static frictional force, μs is the
⇒ F = ma
 The magnitude of the force is given as,
coefficient of static friction and N is the
Where m = mass and a = acceleration
CALCULATION:
Given: Friction Question
m = 20 kg, μ = 0.5, P = 40 N, t = 10 sec and g = 10 m/sec2
Since the body is resting on a rough horizontal plane so the Why are the soles of the shoes treaded?

⇒ N = mg
normal reaction is given, 1. To give the shoes more protection

⇒ N = 20 × 10
2. To decrease friction

⇒ N = 200 N
3. To increase friction
4. To increase life of the shoes

⇒ F = μN
The limiting friction is given as, The correct answer is To increase friction.

⇒ F = 0.5 × 200
CONCEPT:

⇒ F = 100 N
 Friction: Friction is a contact force when two
surfaces interact.
 Since the applied force is less than the limiting  Friction, a force that resists the sliding or rolling of
friction so the body will remain at rest. Hence, one solid object over another.
option 3 is correct.
advantages of friction
Friction Question  Friction finds application during matchsticks are
ignited.
A block weighing 600 N is placed between the hands using a  The motion of pistons in a cylinder is an application
compressive force of 750 N as shown in the figure. What of friction.
should be the coefficient of friction between hands and the It is possible to write on books and board because there is
friction between the pen and the board.
block to prevent slipping?
1. 0.40 TOPIC 3
2. 0.25
3. 0.56
Motion
4. 0.33
Option 1 : 0.40 Motion Question

CONCEPT: When you double the speed of a car, it takes ________ times
more distance to stop it.
 Friction: The frictional force is a force that opposes
1. two
the relative motion of an object.
2. three
o The force acts when two surfaces in contact
3. four
are moving past one another or when one
4. More than one of the above
surface is moving past a stationary surface.
5. None of the above
o The frictional force Ff exerted by a surface
Option 3 : four
⇒ Ff = μN
on an object is given by
Let us suppose the initial velocity (u) and the final velocity (v)
of a car. So here v = 0 the vehicle stops.
Where μ is the coefficient of friction and N is the normal force
By 3rd law of equation of motion,
exerted on the object by the surface.
v2 - u2 = 2aS1
CALCULATION:
0 - u2 = 2aS1
 Slipping off the block occurs if the weight of the
S1 =
block exceeds the frictional force exerted between
...... (i)
the hands and the block. When the initial velocity is doubled then u = 2u
 Therefore, to prevent slipping the weight of the v2 - u2 = 2aS2
block must be balanced by the frictional forces. From 2aS2 = -(2u)2
the figure, the weight of the book acts downwards S2 =
and the friction between the hand and block acts .......(ii)
upwards to oppose slipping. From equation (i) and equation (ii)
 The compressive force applied will be equivalent to S2 = 4S1
the normal force N exerted by the block on the
hand. Motion Question

⇒ Ff + Ff = W
Therefore,

⇒ 2Ff = 600 ⇒ 2μN = 600

An object can be called a stationary object when:
1. It always moves in a straight line.
 Coefficient of friction,
 2. Its position does not change with time and it remains A train running on a
It is a straight-line
at rest. Linear straight track, a
motion.
3. Its motion is difficult to observe. parade of soldiers
4. More than one of the above The motion of
It is the motion in
5. None of the above strings while
which an object
Option 2 : Its position does not change with time and it Vibrational playing the sitar,
vibrates along an
remains at rest. stretching a tight
axis.
string.
The correct answer is Option 2.
 An object can be called a stationary object when it is It is the motion of a
A ball tied with rope
not moving or its position is not changing with circular track by
when rotated in the
Circular making a constant
respect to its surroundings. vertical or
distance from the
 In other words, a stationary object is at rest or in a horizontal axis
centre.
state of equilibrium.
The motion of the
body when it rotates The movement of a
Motion Question
Rotational around a fixed axis is spin top is rotational
called rotational motion
A car accelerates uniformly from 18 kmh-1 to 72 kmh-1 in 5 s.
motion
The acceleration of the car is:
1. 3 ms2 The motion that
2. 10.8 ms-2 repeats itself after a The motion of a
Periodic certain time interval pendulum, the
3. 3 ms-2
is called periodic motion of swings
4. More than one of the above
motion.
5. None of the above
Option 3 : 3 ms-2
The correct option is vibrational.
CONCEPT:
Acceleration (a): Motion Question
 The time rate of change of velocity of an object is
called the acceleration of the object. i.e. A bus covers the first half of a certain distance with speed
Where v2 = velocity of an object at time t2 and v1 = velocity v1 and the second half with a speed v2. The average speed
of an object at time t1 during the whole journey is :
 It is a vector quantity.
 It’s direction is same as that of change in velocity. Average Speed Calculation:
CALCULATION: Given: A bus covers the first half of a certain distance with

⇒ Initial velocity of the car (u) = 18 km/h

Given that, speed v1 and the second half with speed v2. The goal is to find

⇒ Final velocity of the car (v) = 72 km/h

the average speed.

⇒ Acceleration is defined as change in velocity with respect

Solution:
The average speed for a journey where equal distances are

⇒ Change in velocity is final velocity – initial velocity (vf)=

to time i.e. a = vf/t covered with two different speeds is given by:

72- 18 ⇒ 54 Km/h = 54 × 5 /18

Average Speed = (2 × v1 × v2) / (v1 + v2)

⇒ 15 m/s.
⇒ Acceleration of the car (a) = 15/5 = 3m/s2.
Motion Question

⇒ Therefore, the acceleration of the car (a) = 3m/s2 or 3 ms-2 A passenger in a moving bus is thrown forward when the bus
Motion Question suddenly stops. This is explained
1. by Newton's first law
Motion of a tight thread when stretched and left will be 2. by Newton's second law
________ 3. by Newton's third law
1. circular 4. by the principle of conservation of momentum
2. vibrational The correct answer is Newton's first law. Which is also
3. rotational known as the law of inertia
4. More than one of the above  Newton's laws of motion-
5. None of the above Newton’s first law states that, if a body is at rest or moving
Option 2 : vibrational at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or
Concept:The different types of motion are described in the keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is
below table. acted upon by force.
Types of .
Description Examples Motion Question
Motion
 ⇒ Work done (W) = Final K.E = 1/2 mv2
An echo returned in 2s. What is the distance of the reflecting Since initial speed is zero so the initial KE will also be zero.

⇒ W = 1/2 × 4 × 52
surface from the source, given that the speed of the sound is

⇒ W = 2 × 25
342 ms-1.

⇒ W = 50 J
1. 342 m
2. 648 m
3. 171 m
4. 85.5 m Motion Question
Option 1 : 342 m A train accelerates from 18 km/h to 72 km/h in 10 sec. The
The correct answer is 342 m. distance travelled by train?
CONCEPT: 1. 355 m
 Echo: If we shout or clap near a suitable reflecting 2. 325 m
object such as a tall building or a mountain, we will 3. 125 m
hear the same sound again a little later. This sound 4. 255 m
which we hear is called an echo. The Correct Answer is 125 m.
CALCULATION:
Speed of sound = 342 m/s. Conversion Multiplier
The time is taken for hearing an echo = 2s.
Km/hr to m/s 5/18
 The speed of sound is

⇒ 2 × d = 342 × 2
Distance travelled = 2d = v × t m/s to km/hr 18/5

⇒ d = (342 × 2)/2
⇒ d = 342 m
18 km/hr converted to 18 × (5/18) = 5m/s
72 km/hr converted to 72 × (5/18) = 20 m/s
Time = 10 sec
To find the distance travelled by car, we need to find
Motion Question acceleration,

a = 1.5 m/s2
In a uniform circular motion: The distance travelled by car, we use the 2nd equation of
1. Velocity is constant motion,
2. Distance is constant s = (50 + 75) m
3. Displacement is constant s = 125 m
4. Speed is constant The distance travelled by car is 125 m.
Option 4 : Speed is constant
The correct answer is Speed is constant. Motion Question
 Circular motion is a movement of an object along A body of mass 50 kg accelerates from rest at the rate of 8
the circumference of a circle or rotation along a m/sec2. What distance would the body travel in 15 seconds?
circular path. 1. 800 metres
 The distance, velocity and displacement are different 2. 750 metres
at every instance at any particular point of time. 3. 850 metres
4. 900 metres
Motion Question
Option 4 : 900 metres
A body of 4.0 kg is lying at rest. Under the action of a Calculation;
constant force, it gains a speed of 5 m/s. The work done by the Mass of body (m) = 50 kg
force will be _______. Acceleration (a) = 8 m/sec2
1. 40J Time (t) = 15 seconds
2. 50J According to kinematics equation, assuming acceleration is
3. 30J constant,
4. 60J S = u t + 1/2 a t2
Option 2 : 50J Where
CALCULATION: S = Distance travelled by the body (m)
It is given that, u = Initial velocity (m/s)
Mass (m) = 4.0 kg a = Acceleration (m/s2)
Final Velocity (v) = 5 m/s and initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s t = Time taken
As body starts from rest u = 0 i.e. Initial velocity.
⇒ Work done = Change in K.E
According to the work-energy theorem,
S = 0 + (1/2) × 8 × 152 = 900m
⇒ W = Δ K.E
S = 900 metres
Distance is 900 metres.
 pattern on the screen is 9 ∶ 4 then what is the value of x?
the maximum to the minimum intensity in the interference
Motion Question
(Assume that the field strength varies according to the slit
The first equation of motion gives the relation between:
width.)
1. Position and time
1. 2
2. Position and velocity
2. 3
3. Velocity, time and acceleration
3. 5
4. Velocity and acceleration
4. 4
Option 3 : Velocity, time and acceleration
Option 3 : 5
The correct answer is Velocity, time, and acceleration.
I ∝ (width)2
Calculation:
The first equation of motion gives the relation between initial
⇒ 3x – 3 = 2x + 2
velocity, final velocity, acceleration, and time.
 First equation of motion is given as v = u + at
o Where, v = final velocity Therefore, x = 5
o u = initial velocity
Waves Question
o a = acceleration
The equation of a transverse wave travelling along a string is
o t = time taken y(x, t) = 4.0 sin [20 × 10–3 x + 600t] mm, where x is in the mm
 The first equation of motion gives the value of and t is in second. The velocity of the wave is :
velocity acquired by the body at any particular point 1. + 30 m/s
of time t. 2. – 60 m/s
3. – 30 m/s
4. + 60 m/s
TOPIC 4 Waves Option 3 : – 30 m/s
Calculation:
Waves Question y = 4 sin (20 × 10–3 x + 600 t)
The minimum distance between the source of sound and a Here ω = 600 s–1

∴
surface to hear an echo is k = 20 × 10–3 m/s–1
1. 10 m
2. 17 m = 30 × 10–3 mm/s
3. 24 m = 30 m/s

∴ v = – 30 m/s
4. 31 m Again, direction is towards -ve x axis
5. None of the above
Option 2 : 17 m
The correct answer is option 2) i.e. 17 m Waves Question
CONCEPT: A stationary source emits sound at a frequency of k× 1000 Hz.
 Echo: The sound heard after it gets reflected from a The sound is reflected by an object moving towards the source
rigid surface is called an echo. at a speed of 60 m/s, back to a stationary observer at the
source. The speed of sound in air is 330 m/s. The frequency of
o Echo is received by the listener with a delay
the sound heard by the observer is 1200 Hz.
after the original sound is produced. Determine the value of k.
o This delay occurs as the original sound
persists in our ear for 0.1 s. Doppler Effect for Sound:
CALCULATION:  The Doppler effect describes the change in
 The original sound persists in our ear for 0.1 s. So to frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an
hear an echo, the reflected sound must be reaching observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
our ears at least after 0.1 s.  The formula for observed frequency when a sound
 Assuming the speed of sound in air as 340 m/s, we source and observer are in motion is:

⇒ D = speed × time = 340 x 0.1 = 34 m.

can calculate the distance travelled by the sound as fobserved = fsource × (vsound + vobserver) / (vsound - vsource)
Where:
 This 34 m is the combined to and fro distance from  fobserved = observed frequency
the source to the reflected surface.  fsource = frequency of the source
So, one way distance = 34/2 = 17 m.  vsound = speed of sound in the medium
Hence, 17 m is the minimum distance required between the  vobserver = velocity of the observer (here, 0 since the
reflecting surface and source to hear an echo. observer is stationary)
 vsource = velocity of the source or object (moving
Waves Question
towards the observer)
The width of one of the two slits in Young's double slit
Calculation:
experiment is d while that of the other slit is xd. If the ratio of
Given:
  vobject = 30 m/s (the velocity of the object) the source has stopped producing sound is known as
 vsound = 330 m/s (speed of sound in air) 'reverberation'.
 fobserved = 1200 Hz
The object is moving towards the stationary source, so: Waves Question
fobserved = fsource × (vsound + vobject) / (vsound - vsource) By whom of the following infrasonic sound is produced ?
Substitute the given values: 1. Porpoises
fobserved = fsource × (330 m/s + 30 m/s) / (330-30) m/s 2. Dolphins
1200 Hz = fsource × (360 m/s) / 300 m/s 3. Elephants
fsource = 1000 Hz 4. Bats
Now, according to the problem: Option 3 : Elephants
fsource = K × 1000 Hz
Comparing the two equations: Infrasonic waves: The frequency range of these types of
1000 = K × 1000 waves is below 20Hz. Humans cannot detect it.
K=1 Example: Elephants, Sound produced by Earthquake, Volcanic
Therefore, the value of K is approximately 1. eruption and ocean waves, Weather, Lee waves,
Avalanche, Waterfalls, Meteors, Lightening, etc.
Waves Question Ultrasonic waves or Ultrasound waves: The sound frequency
SONAR is based on which of the following principle? above 20,000Hz is known as ultrasonic waves. Humans
1. Reveberation cannot detect it too.
2. Reflection of sound waves(Echo) Examples: dog whistle, Dolphins, Bats, Porpoises, and
3. Resonance Rats are examples of an Ultrasound wave.
4. More than one of the above
5. None of the above Waves Question
Option 2 : Reflection of sound waves(Echo) The frequency of a sound wave is 200 Hz and its wavelength
 Ultrasonic waves are the sound waves with is 2 m. What is the speed of the sound wave?
frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of 1. 400 m/s
human hearing. 2. 200 m/s
 They have a short wavelength. 3. 80 m/s
 Echo: If we shout or clap near a suitable reflecting 4. 100 m/s
object such as a tall building or a mountain, we will Option 1 : 400 m/s
hear the same sound again a little later. This sound Given that:
which we hear is called an echo. Wavelength (λ) = 2 m
 Echoes are heard due to the phenomenon Frequency (f) = 200 Hz

⇒ v = 200 x 2
of Reflection of sound waves. Speed (v) = f × λ

⇒ v = 400 m/s. Hence option 1 is correct.

 SONAR: It a technique that uses sound propagation
(usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to
navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or
under the surface of the water Waves Question
 SONAR stands for ‘Sound Navigation and Which type of wave is a light wave?
Ranging.’ 1. Transverse wave
 SONAR is based on the principle of echo. 2. Longitudinal wave
 Sonar is often used as a measurement of 3. Both
acoustic location and echo characteristics of 4. None of the above
the target object in the water. Option 1 : Transverse wave
 It sends ultrasonic waves towards the The correct answer is the Transverse wave.
bottom area of the sea and after reflection,  Light is a Transverse wave.
the sound comes to the ship. We measure  Light is a form of energy that is propagated as
the time taken by the sound wave and then electromagnetic waves.
we get the depth.  Electromagnetic waves are transverse, hence light
EXPLANATION: is a transverse wave.
 From the above discussion, we can say that the  Transverse Wave:
SONAR uses the principle of reflection of sound If the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the
waves(Echo) to detect and locate objects. So option direction of propagation of a wave, the wave is called a
2 is correct. transverse wave.
 Reverberation: The persistence of sound in a closed Wave on strings under tension, light wave, waves on the
enclosure, due to continuous reflections at the walls surface of the water are examples of transverse waves
or the floor or the ceiling of the enclosure, even after
Waves Question does not involve X-rays or the use of ionizing radiation, which
The speed of sound in water is ______ the speed of sound in distinguishes it from CT or CAT scans and PET scans.
air.
1. Same as Waves Question
2. Less than A man standing on a cliff hears the echo of his shout after 1 s.
3. Greater than If the velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s, what is the distance
4. Sometimes greater and sometimes smaller between the man and the mountain from which his voice is
Option 3 : Greater than reflected?
Sound in solids: In a solid, the particles are even closer 1. 340 m
together and linked by chemical bonds so the wave travels 2. 170 m
even faster than it does in either liquid or air, but you need 3. 680 m
quite a lot of energy to start the wave at the beginning 4. 85 m
Sound waves travel faster in denser substances because .
neighboring particles will more easily bump into one Calculation:
another. Water is denser than air, so the speed of sound is Given, Time, t = 1 s
more in water than in air. So option 3 is correct. The velocity of the sound in air, v = 340 ms-1
Let's consider d is the distance between the man and the
Waves Question mountain.
From which medium Sound wave cannot pass through? The sound wave travels two times between the mountain and
the man.
1. Solid
So, 2d = vt
2. Vacuum
Hence, the distance between the man and the mountain is
3. Ideal gas
170m.
4. Liquid
Option 2 : Vacuum Waves Question
 Wave: The disturbance that transfers energy from Calculate the speed of a sound wave whose wavelength is 0.5
one place to another is called a wave. m and frequency is 640 Hz.
There are mainly two types of waves: 1. 1280 m/s
 Electromagnetic waves: The wave which is 2. 640.5 m/s
generated due to vibration between electric field 3. 500 m/s
and magnetic field and it does not need any medium 4. 320 m/s
to travel is called an electromagnetic wave. It can The speed can be calculated using the formula:
travel through a vacuum. speed (v) = wavelength (λ) x frequency (f).
 Mechanical waves: The oscillation of matter which is Given that:
responsible for the transfer of energy through a Wavelength (λ) = 0.5 m
medium is called a mechanical wave. Frequency (f) = 640 Hz

⇒ v = 0.5 x 640
It can’t travel through a vacuum. Speed (v) = f × λ

⇒ v = 320 m/s. Hence option 4 is correct.

Examples: Sound wave, wave in a string, water wave.
The vacuum is the medium from where the sound wave
cannot pass. A vacuum is basically an area without any air.
Since the sound wave is a mechanical wave that's why Waves Question
it cannot travel through a medium where there is no matter What is the time period formula?
of vibrations to works in, i.e, it can't travel through a 1. Frequency/2
vacuum. 2. 2/Frequency
So option 2 is correct. 3. Frequency/4
4. 1/Frequency
Option 4 : 1/Frequency
Waves Question Time period (T) = 1/frequency (ν)
What type of wave is used in MRI machine? So option 4 is correct.
1. Sound wave
2. X-ray
3. Acoustic wave
4. Magnetic wave
The correct answer is Magnetic waves.
MRI called Magnetic Resonance imaging .MRI scanners use TOPIC 5 Elasticity
strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio
waves to generate images of the organs in the body. MRI Elasticity Question
Dimensions of elasticity constant is
 1. MLT–1 From (i)
2. ML–1T–2 Δℓ = 2ℓ (2 times)
3. ML2T–1 Elasticity Question :
4. More than one of the above With rise in temperature, the Young's modulus of elasticity
5. None of the above 1. changes erratically
: ML–1T–2 2. decreases
3. increases
4. remains unchanged
Elasticity Question
E = σϵ
A nylon rope 3 cm in diameter and 10m length has a breaking
where E is Young's modulus,
strength of 1.5 × 105 N. The breaking strength of another
σ is the stress (force per unit area),
nylon rope 1.5 cm in diameter and 20 m long is
ϵ is the strain (change in length/original length).
1. 0.75 × 105 N
 As temperature increases, the material tends to
2. 105 N
become more flexible and less stiff, causing a
3. 3 × 105 N
reduction in its ability to resist deformation under
4. None of these
stress.
The breaking strength of a rope is determined by its cross-
 Therefore, Young's modulus typically decreases
sectional area, assuming the material and quality of the rope
with rising temperature.
remain the same.  The SI unit of Young’s modulus is Pascals (Pa) or
For a rope with a circular cross-section, the area A can be N/m².
calculated using the formula: 
A = πd² / 4 Elasticity Question
where d is the diameter of the rope. A rod is placed between two fixed supports and it is heated.
Since the breaking strength is directly proportional to the
What type of stress is developed on a rod? : Compressive
cross-sectional area, when you change the diameter of the
rope, the breaking strength changes in proportion to the square stress
of the diameter.
F₂ / F₁ = A₂ / A₁ = d₂² / d₁² 1. Compressive stress
Calculation: 2. Tensile stress
Here. 3. Shear stress
Diameter of the first rope, d₁ = 3 cm = 0.03 m 4. Relative stress
Breaking strength of the first rope, F₁ = 1.5 × 10⁵ N When an external force is applied to a material it gets
Diameter of the second rope, d₂ = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m deformed.
Cross-Sectional Area: Due to this deformation, an internal resistance force develops
Area of the first rope, A₁, in the material.
A₁ = πd₁² / 4 = π(0.03)² / 4 = π × 0.0009 / 4 = 0.000225π m² This internal resistance force per unit cross-sectional area is
Area of the second rope, A₂, called stress. σ
A₂ = πd₂² / 4 = π(0.015)² / 4 = π × 0.000225 / 4 = Where σ = stress, P = applied load and A = cross sectional-
0.00005625π m² area
The ratio of the breaking strengths is equal to the ratio of the  Types of stress
cross-sectional areas,
Tensile Compressive
F₂ / F₁ = A₂ / A₁ = 0.00005625π / 0.000225π = 1 / 4
F₂ = F₁ / 4 = 1.5 × 10⁵ N / 4 = 3.75 × 10⁴ N stress stress
If the If the applied When the
applied force on the direction of
Elasticity Question A wire of length L and radius r is force on object is such the deforming
clamped at one end. If its other end is pulled by a force F, its the object that it tends to force or external
length increases by l. If the radius of the wire and the applied is such that decrease the force is parallel to
force both are reduced to half of their original values keeping it tends to length of an the cross-sectional
original length constant, the increase in length will become.
increase object then it is area, the stress
1. 3 times
2. 3/2 times the length called experienced by
3. 4 times of an object compressive the object is
4. 2 times then it is stress. called shearing
called stress or tangential
Calculation: tensile stress.
….(i)
stress. The highest value of elasticity from the given substances will
be of Steel.
Thermal expansion: Material expands while being heated So the correct answer is option 4.
and trying to acquire more space.
eg. When a rod is heated, its length increases and it is given by Elasticity Question
∆l = α ∆T L if a body completely regains its original shape and size after
Where, α – coefficient of linear thermal expansion ∆T – removal of an external deforming force, such body is known
Increase in temperature as _______.
L – original length of the rod 1. Perfectly elastic body
Here, the rod is placed between two fixed supports and it is 2. Perfectly plastic body
heated, and as we know that metals expand on heating. 3. Deformed body
Therefore, the rod will expand and will exert force on the 4. None of the above
supports. Option 1 : Perfectly elastic body
Support will restrict the rod to expand and the rod will act CONCEPT:
force on support and according to Newton’s 3rd law support  Deforming force: The external force applied on a
also act force on rod. body that causes the same change in its
Hence, a compressive force acts on the rod configuration, i.e., Length, Volume, or Shape of an
object, then such force is known as deforming force
Elasticity Question  Perfectly elastic body: if a body completely regains
The property of a body, by virtue of which it tends to regain its original shape and size after removal of an
its original size and shape when the applied force is removed, external deforming force, such a body is known as
is known as _________. perfectly elastic.
1. elasticity  Elastic limit: It is a limit used to describe the
2. plasticity maximum deforming force any material can
3. viscosity withstand without getting permanently deformed (It
4. rigidity will be used in Hooke’s law).
Option 1 : elasticity  From the above example we can see that if a body
Elasticity: The ability of materials to return to their original regain its original position under an external, such
shape after a deforming is called elasticity. object are termed as a perfectly elastic object
Plasticity: The property due to which the material didn't  Hence option 1 is correct among all.
return to its initial position after deformation is called 
plasticity. Elasticity Question
Viscosity: The relative motion between different layers of Ductility is the property of metal which is used to make
liquid or gases is opposed by a force, which is known as the 1. Thin metal sheets
Viscous force and this property is known as Viscosity. 2. Long wire
3. Solid sphere
Elasticity Question 4. Delicate artifact
Which of the following substances has the highest elasticity? Option 2 : Long wire
1. Rubber
Malleability is the property by virtue of which a material may
2. Copper
be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without rupture. This
3. Sponge
property generally increases with the increase in
4. Steel
temperature.
Option 4 : Steel
Malleability is the ability of a metal to exhibit large
Elasticity is the ability of a body that resists the body to deformation or plastic response when being subjected to
distort under any force and try to return to its original shape compressive force.
and size when that force is removed. Lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper, and aluminum are
Elasticity for different substances is calculated by different some materials in order of diminishing malleability.
experiments using Stress and strain. Ductility is the property of the material that enables it to be
Values of Elasticity for some materials are: drawn out or elongated to an appreciable extent before
Substance Elasticity in G-Pa rupture occurs.
Glass 50 - 90 The percentage elongation or percentage reduction in area
before rupture of a test specimen is the measure of ductility.
Rubber 0.01 - 0.1 Normally if the percentage elongation exceeds 15% the
Steel >200 material is ductile and if it is less than 5% the material is
Copper 117 brittle.
Lead, copper, aluminum, and mild steel are typical ductile Current and Electron Flow:
materials.  The relationship between current (I), charge (Q), and
Brittleness is opposite to ductility. Brittle materials show little time (t) is given by:
deformation before fracture and failure occurs suddenly  I=Q/t
without any warning i.e. it is the property of breaking without  Where,
much permanent distortion. Normally if the elongation is less  I = current (A)
than 5% the material is brittle. E.g. cast iron, glass, ceramics  Q = charge (C)
are typical brittle materials.  t = time (s)
Hence option 2 is correct among all  The charge (Q) can be expressed as the number of
electrons (n) passing through the wire:
Elasticity Question  Q=n×e
A liquid has only  Where e is the charge of a single electron (e = 1.6 ×
1. shear modulus 10⁻¹⁹ C)
2. Youngs modulus
Calculation:
3. bulk modulus
Given,
4. All of the above
Initial current, I₁ = 0.5 A
Option 3 : bulk modulus
Time, t₁ = 1 minute = 60 s

⇒ Q₁ = I₁ × t₁ = 0.5 × 60 = 30 C
From the formula, I₁ = Q₁ / t₁
Modulus of elasticity or coefficient of elasticity:
 It is defined as the ratio of the stress to the For the second case, the number of electrons is twice the
corresponding strain produced, within the elastic initial number:
limit. n₂ = 2 × n₁
 Types of Modulus of elasticity:
⇒ Q₂ = 2 × Q₁ = 2 × 30 = 60 C
Now, time is 20 s, and we need to find the current I₂:

⇒ I₂ = Q₂ / t₂ = 60 / 20 = 3 A
Young's Modulus Shear Modulus
Bulk modulus (B)

∴ The current when twice the number of electrons flow

(Y) (G)
Young's modulus
a modulus of through the wire for 20 s is 3 A.
elasticity, Electric Current Question:
applicable to the No current flows between two charged bodies when connected
The ratio of The ratio of shear
stretching of wire, by a conducting wire, if they have same : Potential
hydrostatic stress stress and shear
etc., equal to
to the volumetric strain is called
the ratio of the
strain within the shear modulus. It is 1. Capacity
applied load per
elastic range is also called the 2. Charge
unit area of the
called bulk modulus. Modulus of rigidity. 3. Potential
cross-section to
the increase in 4. More than one of the above
length per unit 5. None of the above
length.
Electric Current Question
The current flowing through an ac circuit is given by I = 5
sin(120πt)A. How long will the current take to reach the peak
 Therefore option 3 is correct. value starting from zero?
1.
 60 s
TOPIC 6 Electric Current Option 4 :
Calculation:

⇒ I = 5 sin(120πt)A.
Electric Current Question Given the equation for the current:
n number of electrons flowing in a copper wire for 1 minute
constitute a current of 0.5 A. Twice the number of electrons ω = 120π
flowing through the same wire for 20 s will constitute a The current will take its peak value in (T/4) time

⇒
current of So

⇒ t ∴ the time it takes for the current to reach its peak

1. 0.25 A
2. 3 A
3. 1 A value is
4. 1.25 A Electric Current Question
5. 2.25 A
Option 2 : 3 A
In a series LCR circuit, the inductance, capacitance and 2. 0.8 mA
resistance are L = 100 mH, C = 100 μF and R = 10 Ω 3. 1.2 mA
respectively. They are connected to an AC source of voltage 4. 1.6 mA
220 V and frequency of 50 Hz. The approximate value of Correct Option 2 : 0.8 mA
current in the circuit will be ______ A. CONCEPT:
⇒Z
Calculation: Electric current:

⇒ Z ≃10 Ω
 The flow of electric charges through a conductor

⇒ Current
constitutes an electric current.

∴ The approximate value of the current in the circuit is 22

 Quantitatively, electric current in a conductor across
an area held perpendicular to the direction of flow
A. of charge is defined as the amount of charge
. flowing across that area per unit time i.e.,
Electric Current Question  SI unit of current is ampere and it is denoted by the
Electric current is considered to be the flow of _________. letter A.
1. Negative charges CALCULATION:
2. Dielectric Given - Radius of circle (r) = 0.5 × 10-10 m and frequency (f)
3. magnet pieces = 5 × 1015 s-1
4. Positive charges  The electric current can be written mathematically
Option 4 : Positive charges as,
CONCEPT: Q = 1.6 × 10-19 C
 Electric current: The rate of flow of charge is called  As we know, reciprocal of time period gives
electric current. It is denoted by I. frequency i.e.,
Electric current (I) = Electric charge (Q)/Time (t)
 . ⇒ I = 1.6 × 10-19 ×5 × 1015 = 8 × 10-4 A = 0.8 mA
Electric Current Question Electric Current Question
Direction of flow of electric current is from The SI unit of electric current is Ampere. One Ampere is
1. Negative Terminal to Positive Terminal defined as:
2. Positive Terminal to Negative Terminal 1. charge passing per minute
3. Both 2. 1 coulomb of charge flowing per second
4. None of these 3. 2 coulomb of charge flowing per second
Option 2 : Positive Terminal to Negative Terminal 4. charge per second
CONCEPT: Option 2 : 1 coulomb of charge flowing per second
 Electric current: The rate of flow of electric charge is CONCEPT:
called electric current.  Electric current: The flow of charge in a conductor
o The SI unit of electric current is Ampere (A) under a potential difference maintained between
Hence, Electric current (I) = Q/t = Charge/time the ends of the conductor constitutes an 'electric
EXPLANATION: current' in the conductor. In other words, The rate
 The direction of the conventional of flow of charge is called 'electric current.
current corresponds to the direction of positive Thus, if in an electric circuit, an amount of charge Q flows in
charges which is from higher potential(positive) to t second then the electric current (I) in the circuit is given
lower potential(negative). by:
 Electric current is associated with the movement of I = Q/t
electrons which is from lower potential(negative) to  The SI unit of electric current is 'ampere' (A)
higher potential(positive), therefore, the direction of Ampere is a fundamental unit in the S.I system. The
electric current is opposite to that of conventional ampere is defined on the basis of the force acting
current. between two current-carrying, parallel conductors.
EXPLANATION:
NOTE: If Charge (Q) = 1 coulomb (C) , t = 1 second (s) , then i = 1
 The direction of electric current is always opposite to ampere (A) , thus
the direction of conventional current in metallic 1 ampere = 1 coulomb / second
conductors. 1A = 1 Cs-1
Electric Current Question Hence option 2 is correct.
If an electron revolves in the path of radius of at a frequency
of cycles Additional Information
 We know that in metals the electric current is the
, then find the electric current in the circle.
flow of electrons. 1 electron carries 1.6 × 10-19 C of
1. 0.4 mA
 charge. Hence for 1 C of charge, 1/ (1.6 × 10-19) = Q = 0.6 × 6 × 60 C
6.25 × 1018 electrons should flow in 1 second. Q = 216 C
 Thus 1 ampere = 6.25 × 1018 electrons per second.
Electric Current Question Electric Current Question
Electric current is a If 2 ampere current flows for 5 minutes, the amount of charge
1. scalar quantity crosses the cross-section of a conductor will be
2. vector quantity 1. 10 coulomb
3. both scaler and vector quantity 2. 2.5 coulomb
4. none of the above 3. 150 coulomb
Option 1 : scalar quantity 4. 600 coulomb
CONCEPT: Option 4 : 600 coulomb
Electric current: CONCEPT:
 The flow of electric charges through a conductor Electric current
constitutes an electric current.  The quantity of charge passing through a given point
 Quantitatively, electric current in a conductor across of the conductor in one second is called electric
an area held perpendicular to the direction of flow current.
of charge is defined as the amount of charge  SI unit - Ampere
flowing across that area per unit time i.e.,  Mathematically, an electric current is written as
 SI unit of current is ampere and it is denoted by the Where I = electric current, Q = charge and t = time
letter A. CALCULATION:
 If q+ is the positive charge flowing and q- is the Given I = 2 ampere and t = 5 minutes = 300 sec
negative charge flowing, the net charge q = q+ - q- We know that electric current is given as,
 In case charge flowing through an area varies with The above equation can be written as,
time, i.e., for non-steady current, we have Hence, option 4 is correct.
EXPLAINATION:
 Electric current, though defined by the direction of Electric Current Question
flow of charged particles, is a scalar quantity The direction of electric current is always opposite to
because it follows the scaler law of addition. 1. direction of conventional current in metallic
 It means the total current flowing in wires will not conductors
vary if the angle between the wires is changed. 2. one ohm
 Scalar quantities follow scalar law of addition and 3. the electric work done
vector quantities follow vector law addition. 4. None of these
Additional Information Option 1 : direction of conventional current in metallic
There are two laws of vector addition -
conductors
1. Triangle law of vector addition
2. Parallelogram law of vector addition CONCEPT:
Electric current: The rate of flow of electric charge is called
Electric Current Question electric current.
If the current flowing through a circuit is 0.6 A for 6 mins, the The SI unit of electric current is Ampere (A)
amount of electric charge flowing through it is ______. Hence, Electric current (I) = Q/t = Charge/time
1. 360 C EXPLANATION:
2. 216 C The passage of current is due to the flow of positive charges.
3. 60 C This is what we call the conventional flow of current, i.e. in
4. 36 C the direction of flow of positive charges.
Option 2 : 216 C The direction of the conventional current corresponds to the
CONCEPT: direction of positive charge which is from higher
Electric current: The rate of flow of electric charge is called potential(positive) to lower potential(negative).
electric current.
Electric current (I) = Charge (Q)/time (t) Electric Current Question
Charge flown (Q) = I × t A current of 2 A is drawn by the filament of an electric bulb
CALCULATION: for 2 min. Find the amount of electric charge that
Given that: flows through the circuit.
Current (I) = 0.6 A 1. 120 C
Time (t) = 6 mins = 6 × 60 sec 2. 360 C
Charge (Q) =? 3. 240 C
Electric charge = Current × Time 4. 60 C
Q=I×t Option 3 : 240 C
Concept: The situation when a body acted upon by some external forces
Electric charge: does not start moving and also does not start rotating about
 The property of subatomic particles that causes any point is called:
them to experience a force when placed in an 1. constant acceleration
electric and magnetic field. 2. equilibrium
 Electric charges are of two types: Positive and 3. constant velocity motion
Negative, commonly carried by charge carriers 4. no force condition
protons and electrons. Option 2 : equilibrium
 Quantisation of charge, q = ne, where q = charge, n = Concept:
number of electron, e = electronic charge Equilibrium of Force:
 The SI unit of charge is Coulomb (C).  When a body is either at rest or in uniform velocity it
Electric current: will have zero acceleration. By using Newton’s
 It is defined as the charge per unit of time. second law we can say that Net force will be equal to
 Formula, current, zero. This implies that the body is in equilibrium.
 , where q = charge, t = time  A rigid body will be in equilibrium if the following
 The SI unit of current is Ampere (A). two conditions are met:
Calculation: o The vector sum of the forces acting on the
Given, body must be zero.
Current, I = 2 A, time, t = 2 min = 120 s The net torque acting on the body must be zero.
Charge, q = t  The first condition ensures that the linear (or
q = 2 × 120 translational) acceleration is zero i.e., either the
q = 240 C body is at rest or it is moving with uniform linear
Hence, the amount of electric charge that flows through velocity. Under this condition, the body is said to be
the circuit is 240 C. in translational equilibrium.
 The second condition ensures that the angular
Electric Current Question acceleration is zero i.e. either the body is at rest or it
A current of 1 mA is flowing in conductor, then number of is moving with uniform angular velocity. Under this
electrons passing through per second in conductor is: condition, the body is said to be in rotational
1. 6.25 × 1017 equilibrium.
2. 6.25 × 1015  A body satisfying both conditions is said to be in
3. 1.6 × 1016 equilibrium.
4. 1.6 × 10-16  If such a body is stationary, it is said to be in static
Option 2 : 6.25 × 1015 equilibrium and if it is moving with uniform linear or
CONCEPT: angular velocity, it is said to be in dynamic
Electric current: equilibrium.
 The flow of electric charges through a conductor
constitutes an electric current. Equilibrium Question
 Quantitatively, electric current in a conductor across According to Lamis theorem, If a body is in equilibrium under
an area held perpendicular to the direction of flow the action of three forces, then each force is proportional to the
of charge is defined as the amount of charge ____ of the angle between the other two forces
flowing across that area per unit time i.e., 1. sin
 SI unit of current is ampere and it is denoted by the 2. cot
letter A. 3. tan
CALCULATION: 4. cos
Given - current (I) = 1 mA = 1 × 10-3 Aa and t = 1 sec Option 1 : sin

⇒ Q = ne
 The total charge passing per second is given by Explanation:

⇒ ne = It
Lami's theorem:
It states that if three forces acting at a point are in
equilibrium, each force is proportional to the sine of the
angle between the other two forces.
Consider three forces FA, FB, FC acting on a particle or rigid
TOPIC 7 body making angles α, β and γ with each other.
Equilibrium
Equilibrium Question
Equilibrium Question A lamina is said to be in rotational equilibrium when
1. It rotates with constant angular velocity
2. There is no net force acting on it
 3. There is no net torque or moment acting about any 3. Third-order pulley system, VR = 2n - 1
point
4. The gravitational force is acting at its center Equilibrium Question
Option 3 : There is no net torque or moment acting about any The moment of a force about a point is numerically = λ (the
point area of the triangle formed by the line representing the force
Explanation: and by joining the ends of this line to the point). Then λ is:
Rotational Equilibrium 1. 1
 Rotational equilibrium refers to the state of a rigid 2. 2
body where the sum of all torques (moments) acting 3. 5
about any axis is zero. 4. 3
 In other words, for a body to be in rotational 5. 4
equilibrium, there must be no net torque causing it Option 2 : 2
to start rotating or change its rotational motion. Concept:
Condition for Rotational Equilibrium: Moment of Force:- The tendency of forces is not only to
 For a lamina or any rigid body to be in rotational move a body but also to rotate the body.
equilibrium, the vector sum of all the torques acting This rotational tendency of a force is called a moment of
on it must be zero. Mathematically, this is expressed force.
as: It can be defined as "The product of force and perpendicular
Στ = 0 distance from the point to the line of action of the force is
where Στ represents the sum of all torques acting on the body. called the moment of a force about that point.
The SI unit of the moment of force is Newton-meter (N-m)
Equilibrium Question while in CGS it can be written as newton centimeter (N-cm)
In first system of pulley, the Velocity ratio is equal to (where n Formula Used:
: no. of pulleys) M=F× d
1. 2n-1 Where, M = Moment
F = Force
2. 2n
d = perpendicular distance
3. n
Explanation:
4. 2n - 1 Geometric Representation of Moment of Force:-
5. 2n+1 The moment of a force about a point is equal to twice the area
Option 2 : 2n of the triangle so formed by talking the point as the vertex of
Explanation: the triangle and the line as the base of the triangle.
Pulleys
 A systematic arrangement of one or more pulleys
may provide a simple and convenient lifting Let O be the point about which moment of the force is to be
machine. calculated.

⇒ M = F × OC
 Its function just performs the change in the direction Then, Moment of the force about O,
of the applied force.

⇒ M = AB × OC [F = AB]
 Depending on the arrangement, pulleys are classified Moment of the force about O,
as:

⇒M=2×
1. First order pulley system Now multiplied and divide by 2,
2. Second order pulleys system
3. Third order pulley system. × AB × OC

⇒ M = 2 × △OAB
Area of triangle = 1/2 × base × height

 It is to be noted that in the system considered, there ∴ The value of λ is 2

are three movable pulleys and the velocity ratio is
23. Equilibrium Question
 If there are only two movable pulleys, then velocity A 1 m long uniform beam of 2 kg mass is being lifted
ratio would be 4 (i.e. 22). vertically up by a force F at the 100 cm mark. What is the
 In general, in the first order pulley system, velocity minimum force required to do so?
ratio (VR) is given by 2n, where, n is the number of 1. 1 N
movable pulleys present in the system. 2. 2 N
3. 10 N
4. 20 N
Important Points
Option 3 : 10 N
1. First-order pulley system, VR = 2n
2. Second-order pulleys system, VR = n Concept:
Conditions for the system to be in equlibrium
ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0, ΣM = 0 1. 5√3 kN compressive
Calculation: 2. 2√3 kN tensile
Given: 3. 3√5 kN tensile
m = 2 kg, Assume g = 10 m / s2 4. 2√5 kN compressive
Lager will be the moment, smaller will be the force required to Option 1 : 5√3 kN compressive
lift the rod. Hence, Applying Moment about 0 cm point we
Explanation:
get.
∠BAC = 60°
Given:
w × 50 = F × 100
∠BCA = 30°
m × g × 50 = F × 100
2 × 10 × 50 = F × 100
Let FAB = compressive
F = 10 N
FBC = compressive
FAB = ?
Equilibrium Question Considering joint B,
Define free-body diagram. ∑FH = 0
1. A figure that represents external forces acting on a FAB cos 60° = FBC cos 30°
body. ∑FV = 0
2. A diagram that represents internal forces acting on a FAB sin 60° + FBC sin 30° = 10
body. Multiplying both sides by
3. A free-hand sketch representing a body. Compressive (As direction assumed comp)
4. A diagram that only represents moments acting on a
body. Equilibrium Question
Option 1 : A figure that represents external forces acting on a If three coplanar concurrent forces acting at a point ‘O’ are in
body. equilibrium then
Explanation:
Free-Body Diagram: These are the diagrams used to show the ratio of T1 /T2 = T1 /T3 respectively will be?
the relative magnitude and direction of all external forces Calculation:
acting upon an object in a given situation. A free-body Given:
diagram is a special example of vector diagram. From the given figure we have
Some common rules for making a free-body diagram: By solving the above equation we have,
 The size of the arrow in a free-body diagram reflects and
the magnitude of the force.
 The direction of the arrow shows the direction that
Equilibrium Question
the force is acting.
Two forces P and P√2 act on a particle in directions inclined at
 Each force arrow in the diagram is labeled to
an angle of 135° to each other. Find the magnitude of the
indicate the exact type of force.
resultant.
 It is generally customary in a free-body diagram to
1. P
represent the object by a box and to draw the force
2. P√2
arrow from the center of the box outward in the
3. 5P
direction that the force is acting.
4. None of these
CALCULATION:
Equilibrium Question Given F1 = P, F2 = √2P, θ = 135∘
A weight of 500 N is supported by two metallic ropes as Then the resultant force is given by
shown in the figure. The values of tensions T1 and T2 are
respectively: Equilibrium Question
1. 433 N and 250 N If the sum of all the forces acting on a body is zero, it may be
2. 250 N and 433 N
concluded that the body
3. 353.5 N and 250 N
4. 250 N and 353.5 N 1. Must be in equilibrium
2. May be in equilibrium
3. May be in equilibrium provided that forces are
Calculation:
concurrent
T1 = 500 × sin 120° and T2 = 500 sin 150°
4. May be in equilibrium provided that forces are
T1 = 433 N and T2 = 250 N
parallel
Option 3 : May be in equilibrium provided that forces are
Equilibrium Question
concurrent
The force in member AB is ______. (take angle BAC as 60°
and angle BCA as 30°) Explanation:
If the sum of all forces acting on the body is zero, then it is
not necessary that the body will be in equilibrium. For the
explanation, let us take an example.
Let us assume that two equal and opposite forces having their
line of action at a certain distance apart act on a body. Then Equilibrium Question
the body in this case will not have translational motion but Three forces acting on a rigid body are represented in
have rotation due to torque produced. Hence not in magnitude, direction and line of action by the three sides of a
equilibrium. If two equal and opposite force act a point or triangle taken in order. The forces are equivalent to a couple
concurrent, then the torque produced will be zero. The whose moment is equal to___
body will not have translational and rotational motion and 1. Thrice the area of the triangle
will be in equilibrium. 2. Twice the area of the triangle
3. The area of the triangle
4. Half the area of the triangle
Equilibrium Question Option 2 : Twice the area of the triangle
For a fixed-connected collar type of support connection in
coplanar structures, the number of unknown(s) is/are
1. three and the reactions are two forces and a
moment component
2. one and the reaction is a moment component TOPIC 8
3. two and the reactions are two forces (one horizontal Levers and Simple Machines
and one vertical)
4. two and the reactions are a force and a moment Levers and Simple Machines Question
Option 4 : two and the reactions are a force and a moment In which type of lever, the force is in between weight and
fulcrum?
Explanation:
1. Type I and II
Type of 2. Type I
Connectio Number of Unknowns 3. Type III
n 4. Type II
Weight Option 3 : Type III
One - The reaction is a
legs link Concept:
force that acts in the
 A lever is a rigid rod which rotates about a fixed
direction of the link point called the fulcrum.
One - The reaction is a  All levers are functioning on the following principle:
 Load × Load arm = Effort × Effort arm
Rollers force that act perpendicular
 The distance of the load from the fulcrum is called
the load arm and the distance of the effort from the
to the surface at point of contact. fulcrum is called effort arm.
Pin or
Hinge Two - The reaction are two Key Points
force components Straight levers are classified as:
Fulcrum lies
Guided between the load
A pair of scissors,
and the effort
rollar/ See-saw, Crowbar,
Mechanical
Fixed Two - The reactions are First order lever
advantage may be
Beam balance,
connected Hand pump,
a force and a moment greater than, less
collar Cutting plier etc.
than, or equal to
1.
Load/Resistance
Fixed lies between the Nutcrackers,
Three - The reactions are fulcrum and the Wheelbarrow,
support
effort Paper sheet
two forces and a moment Second order lever
Mechanical cutter, Bottle
advantage is openers, Lime
Pin One - The reaction is a force always greater squeezer, etc.
connected than 1
that acts perpendicular to the
collar
surface at the point of contact
  Arrangement: Effort is between the fulcrum and the
Effort lies
load.
between the
fulcrum and the
Human forearm,  Mechanical Advantage: The effort arm is always
forceps, broom, shorter than the load arm, providing a mechanical
Third order lever load
fire tongs, fishing
Mechanical disadvantage.
rod.
advantage is  Examples: Human arm (elbow joint), tweezers.
always less than 1
Levers and Simple Machines Question
Levers and Simple Machines Question Which of the following is the correct expression to find the
In case of simple lifting machines, Mechanical Advantage effort lost in actual machines due to friction compared to ideal
(MA) is defined as __________ lifting machines?
Take, W = load, P = Effort, x = displacement of load and y = (V. R. = velocity ratio of the machine, W = load, η =
displacement of effort efficiency of the machine)
1. 1.
Option 3 : Option 3 :
Explanation: Explanation:
Mechanical Advantage: The correct expression to find the effort lost in actual
 In a simple machine when the effort(P) balances a machines due to friction compared to ideal lifting
load (W), the ratio of the load to the effort is called machines is given by:
MA. =
where,

W = load
Velocity Ratio:
V. R. = velocity ratio of the machine
 It is the ratio between the distance moved by the
η = efficiency of the machine
effort to the distance moved by the load.

Efficiency: Additional Information
 It is the ratio of output to input. In a simple Mechanical Advantage:
mechanism, it is also defined as the ratio of  In a simple machine when the effort(P) balances a
mechanical advantage to the velocity ratio. load (W), the ratio of the load to the effort is called
MA.
Velocity Ratio:
 In actual machines, a mechanical advantage is less
 It is the ratio between the distance moved by the
than the velocity ratio
effort to the distance moved by the load distance.
 In an ideal machine, the mechanical advantage is
Efficiency:
equal to the velocity ratio.
 It is the ratio of output to input. In a simple
mechanism, it is also defined as the ratio of
Levers and Simple Machines Question mechanical advantage to the velocity ratio.
In which of the classes of lever is fulcrum placed between Levers and Simple Machines Question 5:
effort and load? In a compound lever, the leverages of all the simple levers are:
1. Class 3 1. added
2. Class 1 2. multiplied
3. Class 4 3. subtracted
4. Class 2 4. divided
Option 2 : Class 1 Option 2 : multiplied
Explanation: Explanation:
Class 1 Lever: Levers
 Arrangement: The fulcrum is placed between the  A lever is a rigid bar (straight, curved, or bent) and is
effort and the load. hinged at one point.
 Examples: Seesaw, crowbar, scissors.  It is free to rotate about the hinged end called a
Class 2 Lever:
fulcrum.
 Arrangement: The load is between the fulcrum and
 Common examples of the use of a lever are a crow
the effort.
bar, pair of scissors, fire tongs, etc.
 Mechanical Advantage: The load arm is always
 It may be noted that there is a point for effort (called
longer than the effort arm, providing a mechanical
effort arm) and another point for overcoming
advantage.
resistance or lifting load (called load arm).
 Examples: Wheelbarrow, nutcracker.
Types of Levers
Class 3 Lever:
1. Simple levers
 2. Compound levers causes the load to move. Examples include
Simple levers wheelbarrows, bottle openers, and nutcrackers.
 A lever, which consists of one bar having one  Third-class lever: In a third-class lever, the effort is
fulcrum is known as a "simple lever. applied between the fulcrum and the load. This
 Let, P = Effort applied, W = Weight lifted, a = Length means that the load arm is always longer than the
between fulcrum and effort, and b = Length between effort arm. While third-class levers don't provide a
fulcrum and weight. mechanical advantage like first and second-class
 Now taking moments of the effort and load about levers, they allow for greater speed and range of
the fulcrum (F) and equating the same. motion. Examples include fishing rods, shovels, and
 P .a = W.b or W/P = a/b tweezers.
 The terms W/P and a/b are commonly known as Levers and Simple Machines Question
mechanical advantage and leverage. A little A bearing or other device is needed to hold the beam in
consideration will show that in order to increase the ________ lever/levers.
mechanical advantage, either the length of the lever 1. Class 1 and 3
arm (a) is to be increased or the length of the load 2. Class 2
arm (b) is to be reduced. 3. Class 3
Compound Lever 4. Class 1
 A lever, which consists of a number of simple levers Option 3 : Class 3
is known as a compound lever. The correct answer is Class 3.
 A little consideration will show, that in a compound
lever, the mechanical advantage (or leverage) is Key Points
greater than that in a simple lever.  Third Class Lever: These are the types of levers
 Mathematically, Leverage in a compound lever = where the weight is on one end, the fulcrum is in the
Leverage of 1st lever × Leverage of 2nd lever × ... middle, and the force is applied. The arrangement is
 The platform weighing machine is an important shown as a weight-force-fulcrum. To move the
example of a compound lever. weight a greater distance in this instance, we must
 This machine is used for weighing heavy loads such exert more force.
as trucks, and wagons along with their contents.  The simplest devices, like levers, are employed to
 On smaller scales, these machines are used in complete tasks quickly. Leverage is the ability to
godowns and parcel offices of transport companies increase an input force to produce a stronger output
for weighing consignment goods. force. We are known that there are different kinds of
levers depending on the force, weight, and fulcrum
Levers and Simple Machines Question
point. Each tool that is used to complete a task falls
In a Class 3 lever, the effort and load move:
into one of these categories.
1. In the opposite direction
Important Points
2. In the same direction
 There are three different sorts or classes of the lever,
3. In the perpendicular direction
depending on where the weight and effort are
4. Depending on the load
situated in relation to the fulcrum:
Option 2 : In the same direction
o First-Class Lever
Explanation: o Second Class Lever
 A lever is a simple machine consisting of a beam or
o Third Class Lever
rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum, used to
transfer a force to a load and usually to provide a
mechanical advantage. Levers and Simple Machines Question
 On the basis of the locations of fulcrum, load, and The effort in a class 1 lever is in __________ direction(s).
effort, the lever is divided into three types. 1. three
 First Class Lever:In a first-class lever, the fulcrum is 2. multiple
located between the effort and the load. When force 3. two
is applied to one end of the lever (effort arm), it 4. one
causes the other end to move, exerting force on the Option 4 : one
load. Examples include seesaws, crowbars, and
scissors. Levers and Simple Machines Question
 Second-class lever: In a second-class lever, the load In class 1 levers, effort and load moves in ______.
is located between the fulcrum and the effort. This 1. perpendicular direction
means that the effort arm is always longer than the 2. the same direction
load arm. When force is applied to the effort arm, it 3. opposite directions
4. directions depending upon the load
Option 3 : opposite directions  Examples: a wheelbarrow, a bottle opener, and a
nutcracker.
Third-class lever:
 It is a Lever in which the effort is located in between
the fulcrum and the load is called a third-class or
class three lever.
Levers and Simple Machines Question
 Examples: a stapler, a pair of tongs, and a finishing
A simple machine will be self-locking, if its efficiency is:
rod.
1. Greater than 80%
Levers of the third order:Levers in which the effort is
2. less than 50%
situated between the load and the fulcrum are called levers of
3. less than 80% the third order.For example, a pair of tongs, the forearm of a
4. Greater than 50% person holding a load, a fishing rod, and a knife used to slice
Option 2 : less than 50% bread.The mechanical advantage of the levers of the third
Explanation: order is always less than one because their effort arms are
If the removal of effort while lifting, results in lowering of the shorter than their load arms. So, these machines can
load, the machine is said to be reversible. increase speed but cannot lift heavy loads, that is, a lever of
The machine is said to be self-locking if the load is not the third order always reduces the force applied by the effort.
lowered on the removal of the effort. Hence, option-3 is correct
Important Points
A lifting machine is reversible if its efficiency is greater Levers and Simple Machines Question
than 50 per cent and self-locking if its efficiency is less than Which of the following is not a lever?
50 per cent. 1. Knife blade
2. Scissor
Levers and Simple Machines Question 3. Sea-saw
If we compare the effort arm length with the load arm length 4. Bell crank
in a class 3 lever, then which of the below is true? Option 1 : Knife blade
1. effort arm length can be greater than, equal to or
A simple machine is defined as a device, which is used in our
less than the length of the load arm daily life to make our work easier faster and more
2. effort arm length is always = load arm length comfortable.
3. effort arm length is always < load arm length The Six Types of Simple Machines are:
4. effort arm length is always > load arm length
Option 3 : effort arm length is always < load arm length
Concept:
Lever: Levers and Simple Machines Question
 A lever is a simple machine made up of a rigid rod What is the maximum mechanical advantage of a lifting
arranged in such a manner that it can move freely machine?
around a fixed part. (where m is a constant called coefficient of friction).
 It consists of the following three parts. 1. 1 - m
Fulcrum: 2. 1 + m
 This is the fixed point around which the rod moves. 3. m
Load: It is the object or weight on which work is to be 4. 1/m
performed. Option 4 : 1/m
Effort: It is the force that needs to be applied to the rod in Explanation:
order to perform a task. Lifting machines are those machines that are used for lifting
Explanation: loads. The force (or effort) is applied at one point of the
On the basis of the position of load, effort, and fulcrum, the machine and weight (or load) is lifted at the other point of the
lever can be classified into three types. machine.
First-class lever: Pulleys used to lift water from a well and screw jacks used to
 The lever in which the fulcrum is located in between lift buses are some of the common examples of lifting
the load and the effort is called a first-class or class machines.
one lever. Let P be the effort applied, W be the load lifted, y be the
 Examples: a pair of scissors, a see-saw, and a distance moved by the effort, x be the distance moved by the
crowbar. load. Then,
Second-class lever:  The input of machine = Py
 A Lever in which the load is located between the  The output of machine = Wx
fulcrum and the effort is called a second-class or Efficiency: It is the ratio of output to input. In a simple
class two lever. mechanism, it is also defined as the ratio of mechanical
advantage to the velocity ratio.
η= Calculation:
Law of machine: It is the relation between the load lifted (W) The surface area of the cylindrical container includes both the
and the effort applied (P). curved surface area and the area of the bottom, excluding the
It is given by the equation: top surface (which is not charged).
P = m.W + C Using the formula for the surface area of a cylinder:
where m = coefficient of friction which is equal to the slope of A = 2πr × h + πr²
line AB in fig., C = constant represent machine friction Substituting the given values:
A = 2π(0.45 m)(0.78 m) + π(0.45 m)²
A = 2 × 3.1416 × 0.45 × 0.78 + 3.1416 × 0.45²
A = 2.1995 + 0.6362 = 2.8357 m²
Now, applying the surface charge density:
TOPIC 9 q = σ × A = (8.6 × 10⁻⁶ C/m²)(2.8357 m²) = 24.34 × 10⁻⁶ C =
Electrostatics 24.34 μC
The total charge on the exterior surface of the container is
q = 24.34 μC.
Electrostatics Question
The minimum potential energy required to cause a spark is Electrostatics Question
100 mJ. Assume that the capacitance of the central part Which of the following represents the electric potential
relative to ground is nearly 63 pF. Calculate the potential difference between two points?
energy stored in the 1. Work done / charge
capacitor. 2. Electric charge / time
Calculation: 3. Charge × work done
We are given the following values: 4. Work done / time
 Capacitance, C = 63 pF = 63 × 10⁻¹² F
 The minimum potential energy required to cause a Explanation:
spark is 100 mJ = 100 × 10⁻³ J Electric Potential Difference
The energy stored in a capacitor is given by: Definition: The electric potential difference between two
U = (1/2) × q²/C points in an electric field is defined as the work done to move
U=1/2 × (24.34 × 10-6)2/ 63 × 10⁻¹² a unit positive charge from one point to another. It is a
U=4.7 J measure of the potential energy per unit charge at a specific
location in the field.
Electrostatics Question: Formula: The electric potential difference (V) between two
A safety Professional is tasked with assessing the practice of points is given by:
storing flammable conducting liquids in non-conducting where V is the electric potential difference, W is the work
containers. The company that provides the liquid uses a done, and Q is the charge.
cylindrical plastic container with a radius of 45 cm and fills it Explanation:
to a height of 78 cm, which is less than its full height. While When a charge moves in an electric field, work is done by or
handling, the exterior surface of the container acquires a against the electric field. The amount of work done per unit
uniform charge density of charge is called the electric potential difference. This concept
. This charge results in a separation of charges within the is analogous to gravitational potential difference, where work
liquid due to its conductive nature (refer to the figure). is done to move a mass in a gravitational field.
Units: The SI unit of electric potential difference is the volt
The charge induced in the bulk of the system is ... .μC (only (V). One volt is equivalent to one joule per coulomb (1 V = 1
integer) . J/C).
Concept: : Work done / charge
Surface Charge on a Cylindrical Container: This option correctly describes the electric potential
 The total charge on the exterior surface of a difference. The work done to move a charge from one point to
cylindrical container can be calculated by another divided by the amount of charge gives the electric
determining the charged surface area and using the potential difference. Mathematically, this is represented as:
charge density formula. where V is the electric potential difference, W is the work
 The surface charge density (σ) is related to the total done, and Q is the charge.
charge (q) via the surface area (A) of the cylindrical Electrostatics Question
container: Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion
q=σ×A (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):
Where: Assertion (A): All points inside a charged hollow spherical
 A = Surface area of the container conducting sphere are at equal potential.
Reason (R): The electric field inside a charged hollow
 q = Total charge on the surface
spherical conducting sphere is non-zero.
 σ = Surface charge density
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer Electric flux is a _______ field, and its density is a _______
from the options given below. field.
1. Vector, vector
1. 1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct 2. Scalar, vector
explanation of (A). 3. Vector, scalar
2. 1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct 4. Scalar, scalar
explanation of (A). Electric Flux:It is defined as the number of electric field
3. (A) is true but (R) is false lines associated with an area element.
4. (A) is false but (R) is true.  Electric flux is a scalar quantity, because it's the dot
Option 3 : (A) is true but (R) is false product of two vector quantities, electric field and
Explanation: the perpendicular differential area.
Assertion (A): ϕ = E.A = EA cosθ
"All points inside a charged hollow spherical conducting  The SI unit of the electric flux is N-m2/C.
sphere are at equal potential."
 This statement is correct. Electric flux density (D) is a vector quantity because it is
 In a conducting sphere, the charge resides on the simply the product of the vector quantity electric field and the
outer surface due to electrostatic repulsion. scalar quantity permittivity of the medium, i.e.
 Inside the hollow sphere, the electric field is zero (by Its unit is Coulomb per square meter.
Gauss’s Law).
 Since the electric field inside is zero, there is no Electrostatics Question
potential difference between any two points inside, The potential inside a charged hollow sphere is __________.
meaning all points inside are at the same potential. 1. Zero
Reason (R): 2. Same as that on the surface
"The electric field inside a charged hollow spherical 3. Less than that on the surface
conducting sphere is non-zero."
4. None of these
 This statement is incorrect.
 The electric field inside a conducting sphere is zero,
 According to Gauss’s Law, for a charged conducting
so the potential remains constant at the value it
hollow sphere, the electric field inside the sphere is
reaches the surface.
zero because there is no enclosed charge inside the
 When a conductor is at equilibrium, the electric field
hollow region.
inside it is constrained to be zero.
 Hence, the reason (R) contradicts the correct
 Since the electric field is equal to the rate of change
physical principle..
of potential, this implies that the voltage inside a
conductor at equilibrium is constrained to be
Electrostatics Question
constant at the value it reaches the surface of the
A charge Q is placed at the centre of circle of radius 10 cm.
Find the work done in moving a charge q between any two conductor.
points lying on the arc of this circle.  A good example is the charged conducting sphere,
1. KQq J but the principle applies to all conductors at
2. 0.1 KQq J equilibrium.
3. 0.5 KQq J
4. 0 J Electrostatics Question
The work done in moving a charge q between two points in an Two charges of + 4 μC and -16 μC are separated from each
electric field can be calculated using the formula: other by a distance of 0.6 m. At what distance should a third
W = q * (VM - VN) charge of + 6 μC be placed from + 4 μC so that net force
Where W is the work done, q is the charge, and VM and VN are exerts on it will be zero?
the electric potentials at points M and N, respectively. 1. 0.4 m
Since the points M and N are at the same distance from the 2. 0.6 m
charge Q, the potential at both points is the same: 3. 1.2 m
VM = VN = 1 / (4πε0) * Q / r 4. 0.3 m
Thus, the difference in potential between the two points is: Calculations:
VM - VN = 0 Consider new charge + 6μC is placed d m apart from old
The work done in moving the charge between points M and N +4 μC charge and (x + 0.6) m apart from -16 μC charge.
is given by: Let,

∴ The work done in moving the charge is 0 J.

W = (VM - VN) * q = 0 qA = + 4 μC at point A
qB = - 16 μC at point B
qC = + 6 μC at point C
Electrostatics Question
Since, net force on charge qC will zero.
∴ |FCA| = |FCB|
From above concept, Electrostatics Question
4d2 = (0.6 + d)2 What is the unit of Electric field intensity?
4d2 = 0.36 + d2 + 1.2d 1. Coulomb/Meter square
3d2 - 1.2d - 0.36 = 0 2. Coulomb/Joule
d1 = - 0.2 m
3. Newton/Coulomb
d2 = + 0.6 m
4. Faraday/ Coulomb
Hence, according to option + 0.6 m distance a third charge of
CONCEPT:
+ 6 μC be placed from + 4 μC so that the net force exerted on
Electric Field Intensity:
it will be zero.
The electric field intensity at any point is the strength of the
electric field at the point.
Electrostatics Question It is defined as the force experienced by the unit positive
The unit of dielectric strength is given by charge placed at that point.
1. V/m Newton/Coulomb
2. V2/m Where F = force and qo = small test charge
3. m/V The magnitude of the electric field is
4. m/V2 Where K = constant called electrostatic force constant, q =
Dielectric Materials: The insulating source charge and r = distance
materials which are poor conductor of electric current are The region around a charged particle in which electrostatic
called dielectric materials. force can be experienced by other charges is called
When the dielectric is placed in the electric field no current the electric field.
flows through them but exhibits electric dipole i.e. there is the
separation of positive and negative electrically charged entities Electrostatics Question
on a molecular or atomic level. A dielectric material is placed in vacuum in a uniform electric
These are used in capacitors, power line and electric field of E = 4 V/m. What is the electric field inside the
insulation, switch bases and light receptacles. material if the relative permittivity of dielectric material is 2?
Dielectric strength: The maximum voltage that can be 1. Zero
applied to a given material without causing it to break down is 2. 4 V/m
called dielectric strength. 3. 2 V/m
It is measured in volts per unit thickness of the material. 4. 8 V/m
Option 3 : 2 V/m
EXPLANATION: Dielectric constant (εr) is defined as the ratio of the electric
The dielectric strength of an insulating material is permittivity of the material to the electric permittivity of free
measured in volts (V) per unit thickness (m) of the space.
material (V/m). So option 1 is correct. The presence of the dielectric reduces the effective electric
field.
Electrostatics Question The relative permittivity of the vacuum is 1.
What is the work done to move a unit charge from one point to As the relative permittivity increases by a factor of 2, the
another in an electric circuit carrying some current, between electric field decreases by a factor of 2.
those two points? Therefore, the electric field = 2 V/m
1. Pressure distance
2. Potential difference Electrostatics Question
3. Potential distance Electric intensity at any point in an electric field is equal to the
4. Pressure difference ___________ at that point.
Potential difference: 1. electric flux
The electric potential difference between two points in an 2. magnetic flux density
3. potential gradient
electric circuit carrying some current is the work done to
4. none of them
move a unit charge from one point to the other.
Option 3 : potential gradient
The standard metric unit on electric potential difference is The total electric field at any point is equal to the vector sum
the volt, abbreviated V. of the separate electric fields that each point charge would
The potential difference is the work done per unit charge. create in the absence of the others. That is,
Mathematically, it is defined as: The electric field is nothing but the potential gradient of that
V = Potential difference particular point.
W = Work done
Q = electric charge. Electrostatics Question
The S.I unit of work is joule and that of the charge is the
coulomb.
Two charges q1 and q2 are placed on the x-axis, with q1 at x = electromagnetic field generated by the detector, causing a
a, and q2 at x = 3a. A third charge Q is placed at the origin. resonance effect in the AC circuits. The resonance causes a
The net force on charge Q is zero if q2 is equal to:
detectable change, triggering the alarm of the metal
1. 3 q1
2. -3 q1 detector.
3. 9 q1
4. -9 q1 Alternating Current Question : Alternating current can not
Option 4 : -9 q1 be measured by D.C. ammeter because The Average value of
Coulomb’s law: current for complete cycle is zero
When two charged particles of charges q1 and q2 are
separated by a distance r from each other then
the electrostatic force between them is directly proportional Alternating current (A.C.) periodically changes its direction,
to the multiplication of charges of two particles and and its value oscillates between positive and negative. The
inversely proportional to the square of the distance average value of alternating current over a complete cycle is
between them. zero. This property makes it difficult for a D.C. ammeter to
measure the A.C. current because a D.C. ammeter is designed
Force (F) ∝ q1 × q2 to measure a constant unidirectional current.
Where K is a constant = 9 × 109 Nm2/C2
Calculation:The given situation can be visualized as shown: The D.C. ammeter measures the average current, which is
zero for an alternating current over a full cycle because the
positive and negative halves of the cycle cancel each other
The force on Q because of q1 will be:
out.
Similarly, the force on Q because of q2 will be:
For the net charge at Q to be zero, we write:
q2 = -9q1 Alternating Current Question : The electric current in a
circuit varies as i = i0 (t/τ) for sometime where τ is a constant.
Alternating Current The rms value of current for the period t = 0 to t = τ is –

Alternating Current Question

If An alternating current is given by I = I1cos 𝜔t + I2sin 𝜔t. The

To find the root mean square (RMS) value of the
current over the time interval t = 0 to
RMS value of current is given by?

Alternating Current Question: In Alternating Current (AC),

the direction and magnitude of the current varies :
Periodically

The RMS value of a current is defined as the square root of The electric current flows in two ways: Alternating current
the average of the square of the instantaneous current over and Direct Current. Direct current flows only in one
one complete cycle. direction. Alternating current: The electric current whose
direction changes periodically is called electric current.
Alternating Current Question :When you walk through a Alternating current reverses its direction periodically. It also
metal detector carrying a metal object in your pocket, it changes its magnitude periodically because of the induced
raises an alarm. This phenomenon works on: Resonance in electromagnetic force. For Alternating current both
AC Circuits magnitude and direction change. The frequency of the
alternating current in the Indian power supply is 50 Hz. The
Resonance occurs when the frequency of an external force or time period is 1/50 = 20 msec.
oscillation matches the natural frequency of a system,
resulting in a significant increase in the amplitude of Alternating Current Question; The peak value of an A.C. is
oscillation. In the case of a metal detector, the system 2√2 A, its rms value will be:
includes an AC circuit that oscillates at a specific frequency.
When a metal object is present, it interacts with the
 Root mean square value of Alternating current Alternating Current Question: A DC voltmeter is capable of
(Irms): The value of steady current, which would generate measuring a maximum of 300 volts. If it is used to measure
the same amount of heat in a given resistance in a given the voltage across a device operating at 220 volt AC supply,
time, as is done by the alternating current. when passed the reading of the voltmeter will be
through the same resistance for the same time. The
r.m.s. value is also called effective value or virtual EXPLANATION:
value of alternating current.
 DC voltmeter can not measure AC voltages.
 When used in AC circuits, DC Voltmeter gives zero
CA reading because the average value of alternating
LCULATION: Given that: Peak current (I0) = 2√2 A voltage over a full cycle is zero.
 So, the reading of the voltmeter will be 0 volts, as a
DC voltmeter cannot be used for measuring AC
The rms value is 2 A. potential difference as it is current direction
oriented.
Alternating Current Question: An ac voltage v = vm sinωt  To measure AC, the heating effect of the current is
applied to a capacitor drives a current in the capacitor, i = im used because the heating effect does not depend on
sin(ωt + π/2) the direction of the flow of current.

The power factor of the inductor has lagging nature, whereas  The hot wire Voltmeter or AC voltmeter works in the
principle of heating effect.
for capacitor its leading. For a pure
 It measures the RMS value of voltage in AC.
inductor
Alternating Current Question: The frequency of an
alternating current is 50 Hz. In how much time does it reverse
This shows that if we plot voltage vs current graph the output its direction?
signal will be lagging by phase angle π/2
EXPLANATION:
From the above explanation, we can see that for a pure
capacitance circuit if AC voltage of v = vm sinωt then the Given that:
driven current in the capacitor will be
Frequency (ν) = 50 Hz
I = im sin(ωt + ϕ)
Time period (T) = 1/f = 1/50 sec
Now as mentioned for pure inductor phase angle will be
lagging by 90° or π/2. So the time taken to complete one oscillation = 1/50 sec

i.e., ϕ = π/2 ⇒ i = im sin (ωt + π/2) Since this time is the time for one complete oscillation, but
the current changes its direction at midpoints (half-
Alternating Current Question: Value of current in an A.C. wave) itself.
circuit is I = 2cos(ωt+θ). The value of Irms is:
So time for reverse the direction = T/2 = 1/100 sec
CALCULATION:
.Alternating Current Question: AC power is expressed as
I = 2cos(ωt+θ) __________. (Where 'i'm amplitude of the AC current and 'R'
is circuit resistance)
 The value of I will be maximum when cos(ωt+θ) is
maximum, CONCEPT:
 The maximum value of cos(ωt+θ) = 1

Therefore, ⇒ Io = 2A
  Power: The rate of work done by an electric current I = Io Sin ω t
is called power. It is denoted by P. The SI unit of
power is the watt (W). Io = 10 A, ω = 314.

, Where
ω = 2π f

so,

V = the potential difference across resistance, 2π f = 314

I = current flowing 2 × 3.14 f = 314

R = resistance. f = 100 / 2 = 50 Hz.

Explanation: f = 50 Hz

From the above explanation, we can see that power Alternating Current Question: A 40 µF capacitor is connected
decapitated by any circuit can be expressed as to a 200 V, 50 Hz ac supply. The rms value of the current in
the circuit is, nearly :
Whereas for A.C current the above expression can be
expressed as Calculation:

P = VRMS IRMS Frequency, f = 100π

Alternating Current Question: If an alternating current is Voltage, V = 200 V

represented by i = 10 sin 314 t, where t is in seconds, then its
frequency is around: Capacitance, c = 40 × 10-6 F

Concept: ω = 2πf = 100π

Alternating Current (AC): A.C. means alternating current. It is rms value of the current in the circuit ,irms = cω εrms
a current that flow in the positive and negative direction
periodically. εrms = 200 V

General equation of AC is ∴ irms = 200 × 40 × 10-6 × 2π × 50

I = Io Sin ω t or, = 2.5 A

I= Io Sin 2π f t Alternating Current Question: Which of the following value

of current is minimum for the alternating current?
Where, Io = peak current., f = frequency, t = time, ω = angular
velocity, I current. EXPLANATION:

Calculation:  The peak value of the alternating current is the

maximum value attained by the alternating current.
 The mean value of alternating current is zero. So the
Given: eqn of AC = i = 10 sin 314 t
mean value is minimum.

Compare it with the general equation of current

 Optics Concave mirror: The mirror whose reflecting
surface is inward is called a concave mirror. It can form
both real as well as a virtual image of any object and for
Optics Question: What is the nature of the image formed concave mirror image formed when the object is placed at
due to concave mirror when object is placed beyond centre different locations are
of curvature ? Real and inverted.
if an object is placed beyond the centre of curvature then the
The image formed by the concave mirror when the object is image will be real, inverted and diminish
placed beyond the center of curvature is Real and Inverted.
 if an object is placed at the centre of curvature then
Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface the image will be real, inverted and of the same size
 if an object is placed at the principal focus image
is curved inwards, that is, faces towards the center of the
formed in this case will be highly enlarged, real and
sphere, is called a concave mirror. Concave mirrors are
inverted.
commonly used in Torches, Search-lights,  if an object is placed between principle focus and
Vehicle headlights, Shaving mirrors, Microscopes, and pole of the mirror then the image will be virtual,
Telescopes. Image formation by a concave mirror for erect and magnified
different positions of the object:
Explanation:
Position of the Position of the Size of the Nature of the
 When the object is between the centre of curvature
object image image image
and focus or between focus and pole of a concave
mirror, the image formed is virtual, erect and
Highly Real and magnified.
At infinity At the focus F
diminished inverted  Therefore, doctors use concave mirrors to examine
the eyes, ears, nose, and throat from a close range
Between F and Real and as the image formed is enlarged and provides a
Beyond C Diminished better view to the doctor.
C inverted

Real and Optics Question: A magnifying glass is a………….

At C At C Same size
inverted
Convex lens. A magnifying glass is a convex lens. A
magnifying glass is a convex lens used to make an object
Between C and Real and appear much larger than it actually is. This works when the
Beyond C Enlarged
F inverted object is placed at a distance less than the focal length from
the lens. A magnifying glass uses a convex lens because these
Highly Real and lenses cause light rays to converge, or come together.
At F At infinity
enlarged inverted
Lens/Mirrors Description
Between P and Behind the Virtual and
Enlarged A convex mirror, or simply put a curved mirror,
F mirror erect
is a mirror in which the reflective surface bulges
Convex mirror toward the light source.
Optics Question: Which mirror is used by ENT doctors to It is used in sunglasses. It is used as a rear-view
examine the eyes, ears, nose, and throat? mirror in automobiles.
A concave lens is a lens that diverges a straight
CONCEPT:
light beam from the source to a diminished,
Concave lens upright, virtual image.
The mirror which has a spherical reflecting surface is called
a spherical mirror. There are two types of spherical mirror:
These lenses are used in binoculars, telescopes,
cameras, flashlights and eyeglasses.
Convex mirror: The spherical mirror whose reflecting
Plane mirror A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat reflective
surface is away from the centre of curvature is called a convex
surface. For light rays striking a plane mirror, the
mirror. It always from a virtual image of any object.
 angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. are 20 cm in magnitude R1 = 20 cm equals R2 = 20cm (in
opposite direction)According to Len's Maker's formulaFrom
They are used as looking glass. They are used in the Lens equation,The image is formed 20 cm on the same
solar cookers. side as the object.

Optics Question: A bifocal lens is used as a remedy in which

Optics Question: The image formed by a convex mirror is:
of the following defects in the eyes? Presbyopia.
Erect and diminished.
Defects of
Details Corrections
Vision
Uses of Convex Mirror:
The human eye can see a
Myopia (short- nearby object clearly but
o Convex mirrors are often used in the concave lens
sightedness) cannot see far away object
hallways of buildings including stores,
schools, hospitals, hotels, and apartment clearly.
buildings.
o They are used in driveways, roads, and The human eye can
Hypermetropia
see distant objects Convex
alleys to provide safety to all the bikers or
clearly but cannot see Lens
and motorists at curves and turns and Farsightedness
nearby objects clearly.
other places where there is a lack of
In this defect, both near
visibility.
and far objects are not
o They are also used in some automated
clearly visible. It is an old Bifocal
teller machines as a handy security feature Presbyopia
age disease and it is due to lenses
that allows users to see what all is the losing power of
happening behind them. accommodation.
In this defect, the eye
Optics Question: Identify the INCORRECT statement cannot see horizontal and
vertical lines clearly, Cylindrical
Astigmatism
Virtual images can be seen on the screen. simultaneously. It is due to lens
the imperfect spherical
A virtual image cannot be obtained on the screen because nature of the eye lens.
the virtual formed on the screen is due to the light rays that
do not meet but appear to meet at a point when the rays are Explanation:
produced backward. A
 When the eye lens becomes less elastic then it
virtual and a real image are distinguishable by the
happens.
characteristics typical of each of them.  When the Objects nearby appear to be blurred to a
person then it is called Presbyopia.
All real images can be forms on a screen, but virtual images  Due to presbyopia, the ciliary muscles of the eye
cannot. All real images are inverted, but virtual images are lens becomes weak and the visual defect started.
upright. For lenses, real images are formed on opposite side
of the object, while virtual images are formed on same side as Optics Question: Mirage is an example of……..?
the object. For curved mirrors, real images are formed in
front of the mirror, while virtual images are formed behind Total internal reflection of light. Explanation: On
the mirror. For a plane mirror and a convex mirror, the image hot summer days, the air near the ground becomes hotter
formed is always virtual, errect, and behind the mirror. than the air at higher levels. The
refractive index of air increases with its density. Hotter air is
Optics Question: An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm less dense and has a smaller refractive index than cooler air.
in front of a double convex lens made of glass of refractive If the air currents are small, that is, the air is still, the optical
index 1.5. Both the radii of curvature of the lens are 20 cm density at different layers of air increases with height. As a
in magnitude. What is the position of the image formed? result, light from a tall object such as a tree passes through a
medium whose refractive index decreases towards the
Calculations:
Distance of the object from the lens = u = -10 cm,Refractive ground. Thus, a ray of light from such an object successively
index of the lens = µ = 1.5,The Radii of curvature of the lens bends away from the normal and undergoes total internal
reflection, if the angle of incidence for the air near the the chemical reactions that are taking place. In
ground exceeds the critical angle. To a distant observer, the the military periscopes are used to observe from their hiding
light appears to be coming from somewhere below the position.
ground and naturally assumes that light is being reflected
from the ground, say, by a pool of water near the tall object
such inverted images of distant tall objects cause an optical
Optics Question: The rearview mirrors of the vehicle should
illusion to the observer. This phenomenon is called
produce…….. image?:
a mirage.This type of mirage is especially common in hot
deserts. Some of you might have noticed
Diminished, virtual, and erect image.
that while moving in a bus or a car during a hot summer day,
a distant patch of road, especially on a highway, appears to  The mirror in the rearview is a convex mirror which
be wet. But, you do not find any evidence of wetness when provides.
you reach that spot. This is also due to mirage.  Convex mirrors bulge outwards and provide a wide
field of view.
Optics Question: The colors in a Rainbow are formed by
________ phenomenon.  Uses of Convex Mirror:
Dispersion o hallways of buildings stores, schools,
hospitals.
Explanation: Dispersion is the phenomenon by which white
light splits into its 7 constituent colours while moving from used automated teller machines as a handy security feature
one transparent medium to another. The 7 colours are red, that allows users to see what all is happening behind them.
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

Rainbow is formed due to the dispersion of sunlight as it

passes through droplets of water in the air. A rainbow is Optics Question: What will be the power of a concave lens
always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun. The of focal length 5m
water droplets act like small prisms. They refract and disperse
the incident sunlight, then reflect it internally, and finally
refract it again when it comes out of the raindrop. Due to the
dispersion of light and internal reflection, different colours
reach the observer’s eye

Optics Question: A convex mirror of focal length F (in air) is Optics Question: If you look into a mirror and find that
immersed in a liquid. The focal length of the mirror in the image (your reflexion) is smaller than you, then the
liquid will be: F type of the mirror is:

Convex mirror or diverging mirror is a type of curved

The focal length of the mirrors does not depend on the
mirror that reflects the light outwards and hence form virtual
refractive index of the medium.The incident ray angle and images.
angle of reflection will remain the same as long as the
immersed object is not lens. Therefore, the focal length will The convex mirror is generally used as a rearview mirror
remain the same as F. because it provides the maximum rear field of view and image
formed is always erect.
Optics Question: A periscope makes use of………:
Optics Question: What is the velocity of light in a diamond if
two plane mirrors.A periscope makes use of two plane the refractive index of diamond with respect to vacuum is 2.5?
mirrors. Periscopes are used in order to see the objects that
CALCULATION:
are not in direct line of sight. Its work is based on the laws
of reflection. Given that:
Uses: It is used by the submariners to view the objects at the
Refractive index of the diamond (µd)= 2.5
surface of the water. It is used in a nuclear reactor to observe
We know E₂ = (3/2)R × 50 = 624.75 J

The velocity of light in vacuum (c) = 3 × 108 m/s From the relation E₁ / E₂ = x / 9, we have:

To find the velocity of light in diamond (v) 1039.25 / 624.75 = x / 9

x = 15

∴ The value of x is 15.

The Kinetic Theory of Gases The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: Using the given P-V
diagram, the work done by an ideal gas along the path ABCD is-
The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: Given below are two
statements. One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is
labelled as Reason(R).

Assertion (A) : In an insulated container, a gas is adiabatically

shrunk to half of its initial volume. The temperature of the gas
decreases.

Reason (R) : Free expansion of an ideal gas is an irreversible and an

adiabatic process.

In the light of the above statement, choose the correct options given Calculation:
below :
wABCD = wAB + wBC + wCD
1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation
of (A)
= P0V0 + 0 + (–2P0 × 2V0)
2. (A) is true but (R) is false
3. (A) is false but (R) is true
4. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct = P0V0 – 4P0V0
explanation of (A)
= – 3P0V0

The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: Which of the Following

statements are true?

(A) The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule decreases when the
temperature is reduced.

(B) The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule increases with

increase in pressure at constant temperature.

(C) The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule decreases with

increase in volume.

The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: (D) Pressure of a gas increases with increase in temperature at
constant pressure.

(E) The volume of gas decreases with increase in temperature.

correct answer from the options given below:

(A) only
Calculation:
Explanation:
Given, ΔT = 50°C, n = 1 mole

E₁ = (5/2)R × 50 = 1039.25 J
 (A) The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule decreases when the Absolute Temperature is halved, So the new absolute Temperature
temperature is reduced. T' = T/2

Correct: The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly Also, Molecular weight is doubled, So the new molecular weight M'
proportional to the temperature of the gas. If the temperature = 2M
decreases, the average kinetic energy also decreases.
⇒ V'rms = 300 m/s / 2 = 150 m/s
The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: The Vrms of gas molecules
is 300 m/sec. If its absolute temperature is reduced to half and .
molecular weight is doubled the Vrms will become:

CALCULATION:

Type Behaviour Example

 Atoms have no
magnetic Inert gases
moment
Diamagne  Susceptibility is Many metals Au. Cu, Hg The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: Inert gases exhibit
tism small and _______: Diamagnetism
negative Non-metals such as B, Si, P
Different magnetic materials and their properties are shown in the
Table:
 Atoms have
randomly
Some metals such as Al The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: On increasing the
oriented
magnetic temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles ________.
Paramagn moment Some diatomic gases O2, NO
etism  Susceptibility is EXPLANATION:
small and Ions of transition metals and rare
positive earth metals  The energy of a molecule in the solid is due to its
randomness.
 Atoms have  If there is a change in the temperature of the solid, the
parallel aligned randomness of the molecules will change.
magnetic Transition metals Fe, Co, Ni  Once we increase the temperature, the randomness will
Ferromag moment increase, and hence the kinetic energy of the molecules
netism  Susceptibility is Alloys of Mn increases.
large
The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: According to Boyle's law for a
 Atoms have an perfect gas
anti-parallel
aligned Boyle’s law: For a given mass of an ideal gas at a constant
Antiferro magnetic temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its
Transition metals Mn, Cr and many
i.e. PV = constant ⇒ P1V1 = P2V2
magnetis moment pressure.
 Susceptibility is of their compounds
m
small and
positive As temperature remains constant in the isothermal process, then
Boyle's law holds for an ideal gas Isothermal changes.
 Atoms have
mixed parallel EXPLANATION:
Fe3O4 (Magnetite)
and anti-parallel
aligned  From above it is clear that according to Boyle’s law for a
Ferrimagn magnetic γ-Fe2O3
fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature, the volume
etism moment is inversely proportional to the pressure.
 Susceptibility is mixed oxides of iron and other  That means that, for example, if you double the pressure,
large elements such as Sr Ferrite you will halve the volume.

The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: The ratio of mean kinetic

Given V rms
= 300m/s. energy per mole of hydrogen and oxygen at a given temperature
is
EXPLANATION:According to kinetic energy theory, if Initial pressure: P = (1/3) * (N/V) * m * v²
we increase the temperature of a gas, it will increase the average
kinetic energy of the molecule, which will increase the motion of
the molecules.This increased motion increases the outward pressure After halving the mass and doubling the speed:
of the gas. The average kinetic energy of translation per molecules of
the gas is related to temperature by the relationship: New pressure: P_new = (1/3) * (N/V) * (m/2) * (2v)^2

Where E = kinetic energy, kB = Boltzmann constant and T = P_new = (1/3) * (N/V) * (m/2) * 4v²
temperature From the above equation, it is clear that the average
kinetic energy of the gas molecule is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature of the gas. As the temperature of both P_new = 2 * (1/3) * (N/V) * m * v² = 2P
gases is the same. Therefore, the average kinetic energy of O2 and
∴ The new pressure is: 2P
H2 is the same. I.e 1:1

The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: Degree of freedom of a

The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: For a particular ideal gas
monoatomic gas molecule is?
which of the following graphs represents the variation of mean
squared velocity of the gas molecules with temperature ?
Solution:The degree of freedom of a gas molecule is defined as the
number of independent ways in which the molecule can possess
energy.For a monoatomic gas molecule, it can only possess
translational energy in three perpendicular directions (x, y, and z-
axis). Therefore, the degree of freedom for a monoatomic gas
molecule is 3.

The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: In a vessel, the ideal gas is at

a pressure P. If the mass of all the molecules is halved and their
speed is doubled, then resultant pressure of the gas will be Calculation:

Calculation:
The Kinetic Theory of Gases Question: What is the  In the second case, where the ice has melted,
relation between Kinetic energy (E) of a gas and its it turns into the water of volume exactly the
same volume as it displaced before.
pressure (P)?
 So the added volume is the same, so the level
of the water will not change.
CONCEPT:The pressure in a gas developed due to the
collisions between the gaseous molecules. The energy
possessed by the molecule of the gas due to its motion
is called kinetic energy of the gas molecules. Density and Pressure Question: Clouds float in the air,
because of:
From the kinetic theory of gases, the pressure (P)
exerted by an ideal gas is given by CONCEPT:

 Cloud is a mass of minute water droplets or

tiny crystals of ice formed by the
condensation of the water vapour in free air
where ρ is the density of ideal gas and C is its root mean at considerable elevations.
square velocity.  As the clouds are formed at some height over
the surface of the earth, they take various
We know, density = mass/volume which implies that shapes.
 According to their height, expanse, density,
mass = density × volume. So, for a unit volume of gas,
and transparency or opaqueness clouds are
mass= ρ × 1 = ρ grouped under four types:
1. cirrus
Now, the mean kinetic energy of translation per unit 2. cumulus
3. stratus
volume of gas (E) =
Density and Pressure Question: Which one of the
following instruments is used to measure the pressure ?
Manometer

1. Ammeter
2. Manometer
3. Lactometer
4. Picometer
Density and Pressure
CONCEPT:
Density and Pressure Question: If two soap bubbles of
different radii are connected by a tube
Manometers: It is a pressure measuring device which
are based on the principle of balancing the column of
Explanation: liquid (whose pressure is to be found) by the same or
another column of liquid.
Air always flows from the region of higher pressure to
the region of lower pressure. In order to prevent the capillary action from affecting the
height of the column of liquid in a manometer, the glass
- Since the smaller bubble has higher pressure due to its tube having an internal diameter of less than 12 mm
smaller radius, the air will flow from the smaller bubble should not be used.
to the bigger bubble, which has lower pressure, until the
pressures are balanced. EXPLANATION: It is the device to measure current
and is always put in connected in series across the
Density and Pressure Question: When we heat floating device the current is to be measured. Ideally,
ice in a pot, after converting into the water, the level of the ammeter has zero resistance.
water will -
A lactometer is an instrument that is used to check for
EXPLANATION:Since the density of ice is less than the purity of milk by measuring its density. It can find
that of water that's why it floats on the water. out the content of water in the milk or to test the richness
of the milk. The lactometer works on the principle of
Mass (M) = ρ × V Consider two cases, in the first gravity of milk.
case an ice cube of mass m floating in the water, if it
is floating (in equilibrium), it will have  Picometer is a unit of distance.
to displace enough water to support its weight.
Density and Pressure Question; The atmospheric  Barometer: A barometer is an instrument that
pressure near the surface of the Earth is is used to measure atmospheric pressure in a
particular environment.
CONCEPT: Atmospheric pressure: The force per  Atmospheric pressure: It is the pressure
unit area pushed on any surface by the Earth's exerted by a column of air of a unit surface
atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric area on the surface of the Earth.
pressure decreases with an increase in the altitude for  Capillarity: It is the ability of a fluid to rise
any region.This is because high altitude places do not and fall in a capillary tube as a result of
have sufficient air above them, pushing down. surface tension. Mercury is used inside a
Barometers used to measure the pressure of the barometer.
atmosphere. The atmospheric pressure is given by: P
=ρgh  Mercury is preferred over other liquids
because of its high density.
Where ρ is the density of the fluid/air, g is the  The high density of mercury makes it expand
acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the less and thus rise to a reasonable height to
fluid/air.The standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm) is measure atmospheric pressure.
equal to the pressure which supports the 760 mm column
of mercury at 0 °C at sea level. The atmospheric pressure Density and Pressure Question: The S.I. unit of relative
at sea level is equal to the atmospheric pressure on the density is…..?
earth's surface. The value of 1 atm is given by: P = 1.013
x 105 Pa = 1013 hPa = 1013 mb = 1 atm = 760 torr.
No unit

Density and Pressure Question: When ice melts, its

EXPLANATION:
density ______?

 Unit of Relative Density = (Unit of Density of

Increases
Object) / (Unit of Density of water)

EXPLANATION:
(kg m-3) / (kg m-3) = 1

 So, when the ice melts, it is converted into

 So, Relative Density has no unit, because it is
liquid water.
the ratio of two similar physical
 This liquid water is having more density
quantities that is density. So, units get
than solid ice.
canceled out.
 So, overall ice melts its density Increases.

Density and Pressure Question: 1 atm =

Density and Pressure Question: A 2 cm cubical block
______________ Pa
of mass 2 kg is lying on the ground. What is the pressure
exerted by the block on the ground?
EXPLANATION:
EXPLANATION:
Pressure: The force applied perpendicular to an object's
-2 surface by area of the region over which the force is
Given - length of cubical block (a) = 2 cm = 2 × 10 m
spread is called force.The relation between pascal and
and mass of the block (m) = 2 kg
atmospheric pressure is given by

⇒ 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa

 The area of the block is

⇒ A = a2 = (2 × 10-2 )2 = 4 × 10-4 m2
Mass Weight and Density

The pressure exerted by the block on the ground is

Mass Weight and Density Question: An object with a
specific mass will weigh ______.

The weight on the surface of earth is more than that

on the moon's surface

Explanation:
D
ensity and Pressure Question: The liquid mainly used
Weight, W = mg
in a barometer is-….? Mercury

On the moon, g' = g/6, where, g = acceleration due to

CONCEPT:
gravity on the surface of earth.
  Hence, the weight is directly proportional to ⇒ Mass = Density (ρ) × volume of tank = 800 × 10 =
the acceleration due to gravity. 8000 kg
 The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is
less as compared to the surface of earth. Mass Weight and Density Question: Volume of water is
 Therefore, the weight on the surface of earth ______ while heating from 0°C to 4°C.
is more than that on the moon's surface.
Explanation: Expansion due to heat
Mass Weight and Density Question: Acceleration due
to gravity on Jupiter is two and a half times that on
earth. How much would a 250 kg satellite weigh (in When a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance is heated, it
N) on Jupiter? (acceleration due to gravity on earth = expands and volume is increased. Similarly, when it is
10 m/s2) cooled, it contracts (shrinks), and volume is decreased.
E.g: small gaps are left in between the lines of railway
Calculation: track to allow for expansion during summer.If this is not
done, the rails would expand and bend thereby causing
derailment of trains.
W=m×g

Except for a few substances, all solids, liquids, and gases

Given: Mass of satellite = 250 kg, acceleration due to
expand. For the same amount of heat given, the
gravity on earth = 10 m/s2
expansion of liquids is greater than solid, and the

∵ Acceleration due to gravity on Jupiter is two and a half

expansion of gas is more than liquid.

times that on earth.

The volume of water is reduced while heating from

∴ Weight of the satellite on the Jupiter = 250 × 10 ×

0°C to 4°C.
2.5 = 6250 N
 After that volume is increasing.
 The data at 4°C of water will be taken as a
Mass Weight and Density Question: Find the density
reference point for any calculations relating
(in kg/m3) of a piece of wood of dimensions 6 cm × 8
with water.
cm × 5 cm, and weight 1.92 N. (Use g = 10 m/s2)

Mass Weight and Density Question: difference

Calculation:
between Mass and weight ________

Given: dimensions of wood = 6 cm × 8 cm × 5

1) Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter
cm, weight = 1.92 N, g = 10 m/s2
something contains, while Weight is the measurement of
the pull of gravity on an object.
Weight = mass × gravity

⇒ 1.92 = mass × 10
2) Mass is measured by using a balance comparing a
known amount of matter to an unknown amount of
matter. Weight is measured on a scale.

3) The Mass of an object doesn't change when an object's

location changes. Weight, on the other hand, does change
with location.

4) Mass can never be zero. Weight can be zero. An

example of this is an astronaut floating in space - there's
no gravity acting on his body and, therefore, he has no
weight.

⇒ ρ = 800 kg/m3
5) Mass is commonly measured in kilograms and grams.
Weight is commonly measured in Newtons.

Mass Weight and Density Question: Find the mass (in

Mass Weight and Density Question: Acceleration due
kg) of kerosene filled up to the brim in a tank of
to gravity on Jupiter is two and a half times that on
dimensions 5 m × 2 m × 1 m. (Density of kerosene is
earth. How much would a 250 kg satellite weigh (in
800 kg/m3)
N) on Jupiter? (acceleration due to gravity on earth =
10 m/s2)
Calculation:
Calculation:
Given: volume of tank = 5 m × 2 m × 1 m = 10m3,
Density (ρ) = 800 kg/m3
 Given: Hence, 17 m is the minimum distance required
between the reflecting surface and source to hear an
Mass of satellite = 250 kg, acceleration due to gravity on echo.
earth = 10 m/s2
Waves Question: The width of one of the two slits in

∵ Acceleration due to gravity on Jupiter is two and a half

Young's double slit experiment is d while that of the
other slit is xd. If the ratio of the maximum to the

screen is 9 ∶ 4 then what is the value of x?

times that on earth. minimum intensity in the interference pattern on the

∴ Weight of the satellite on the Jupiter = 250 × 10 × (Assume that the field strength varies according to the
2.5 = 6250 N slit width.)
5. 2
6. 3
7. 5
8. 4
Mass Weight and Density Question: Acceleration in a
I ∝ (width)2
Calculation:
body by an unbalanced force is ________.
⇒ 3x – 3 = 2x + 2
Directly proportional of force Therefore, x = 5
Waves Question: The equation of a transverse wave
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an travelling along a string is y(x, t) = 4.0 sin [20 × 10–3 x +
object with respect to time. An object's acceleration is 600t] mm, where x is in the mm and t is in second. The
the net result of any and all forces acting on the object, velocity of the wave is :
as described by Newton's Second Law. 5. + 30 m/s
6. – 60 m/s
Newton's second law of motion can be formally stated 7. – 30 m/s
as follows: The acceleration of an object as produced by 8. + 60 m/s
a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of Option 3 : – 30 m/s
the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and Calculation:
inversely proportional to the mass of the object y = 4 sin (20 × 10–3 x + 600 t)
Here ω = 600 s–1

∴
Mass Weight and Density Question: The weight of an k = 20 × 10–3 m/s–1
object on the surface of Earth is 60 N. On the surface
of the Moon, its weight will be = 30 × 10–3 mm/s
= 30 m/s

∴ v = – 30 m/s
Again, direction is towards -ve x axis
Calculation:
Waves Question: A stationary source emits sound at a
Weight on Earth = mg = 60 × 9.8 N frequency of k× 1000 Hz. The sound is reflected by an
object moving towards the source at a speed of 60 m/s,
Weight on Moon: back to a stationary observer at the source. The speed of
sound in air is 330 m/s. The frequency of the sound heard
by the observer is 1200 Hz.
Determine the value of k.
Concept:
Doppler Effect for Sound:
Waves  The Doppler effect describes the change in frequency or
Waves Question: The minimum distance between the wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is
source of sound and a surface to hear an echo is moving relative to the wave source.
6. 10 m  The formula for observed frequency when a sound
7. 17 m source and observer are in motion is:
8. 24 m fobserved = fsource × (vsound + vobserver) / (vsound - vsource)
9. 31 m Where:
10. None of the above  fobserved = observed frequency
CALCULATION:  fsource = frequency of the source
 The original sound persists in our ear for 0.1 s. So to  vsound = speed of sound in the medium
hear an echo, the reflected sound must be reaching our  vobserver = velocity of the observer (here, 0 since the
ears at least after 0.1 s. observer is stationary)
 Assuming the speed of sound in air as 340 m/s, we can  vsource = velocity of the source or object (moving towards

⇒ D = speed × time = 340 x 0.1 = 34 m.

calculate the distance travelled by the sound as the observer)
Calculation:
 This 34 m is the combined to and fro distance from the Given:
source to the reflected surface.  vobject = 30 m/s (the velocity of the object)
So, one way distance = 34/2 = 17 m.  vsound = 330 m/s (speed of sound in air)
 fobserved = 1200 Hz EXPLANATION:
The object is moving towards the stationary source, so:  From the above discussion, we can say that
fobserved = fsource × (vsound + vobject) / (vsound - vsource) the infrasonic sound is produced by elephants.
Substitute the given values:  Elephants can communicate by using very low-
fobserved = fsource × (330 m/s + 30 m/s) / (330-30) m/s frequency sounds, with pitches below the range of
1200 Hz = fsource × (360 m/s) / 300 m/s human hearing. By this hypothesis, elephant
fsource = 1000 Hz infrasounds..
Now, according to the problem:
fsource = K × 1000 Hz
Waves Question: The frequency of a sound wave is 200
Comparing the two equations:
1000 = K × 1000 Hz and its wavelength is 2 m. What is the speed of the
K=1 sound wave?
Therefore, the value of K is approximately 1. 5. 400 m/s
Waves Question 5: 6. 200 m/s
SONAR is based on which of the following principle? 7. 80 m/s
6. Reveberation 8. 100 m/s
7. Reflection of sound waves(Echo) EXPLANATION:
8. Resonance Given that:
9. More than one of the above Wavelength (λ) = 2 m
10. None of the above Frequency (f) = 200 Hz

⇒ v = 200 x 2
EXPLANATION: Speed (v) = f × λ

⇒ v = 400 m/s. Hence option 1 is correct.

 From the above discussion, we can say that the SONAR
uses the principle of reflection of sound waves(Echo) to
detect and locate objects. So option 2 is correct. Waves Question:Which type of wave is a light wave?
 Reverberation: The persistence of sound in a closed Transverse wave
enclosure, due to continuous reflections at the walls or Longitudinal wave
the floor or the ceiling of the enclosure, even after the Both
source has stopped producing sound is known as None of the above
'reverberation'. The correct answer is the Transverse wave.
Waves Question: The waves with the frequency above  Light is a Transverse wave.
the audible range of human beings are called _______.  Electromagnetic waves are transverse, hence light is a
1. Supersonic waves transverse wave.
2. Ultrasonic waves  The wave nature of light explains rectilinear
3. Infrasonic waves propagation, reflection, refraction, interference,
4. Hypersonic waves diffraction, and polarization of light.
Option 2 : Ultrasonic waves  In quantum theory, light is regarded as a packet or
Explanation: bundle of energy called the photon.
 Frequency: The number of waves that pass a fixed point  Light behaves as wave and particle both. Thus light has
in unit time. dual nature.
o The unit of frequency is Hertz (Hz).  Speed of lIght is maximum in vacuum and air
 Infrasonic sounds have a frequency of less than 20 Hz
and these are generally produced by sources of a bigger (3×108 m/s).
size such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.  Longitudinal Wave:
 Sound waves with frequencies below the audible range o If the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction
are called infrasonic.
of propagation of the wave, the wave is called a
o Audible sounds have a frequency of 20-20000 Hz since longitudinal wave.
these are sensitive to the human ears o Waves on springs or sound waves in the air are
 And if the frequency is greater or less than audible examples of longitudinal waves.
frequency, the human ear won't be able to sense it
 Transverse Wave:
 Ultrasonic sounds have a frequency greater than 20000 o If the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to
Hz and certain creatures such as dogs, cats, bats can
the direction of propagation of a wave, the wave is
hear this kind of sound.
called a transverse wave.
Human ears are capable of hearing between 20 Hz
o Wave on strings under tension, light wave, waves on the
to 20000 Hz.
surface of the water are examples of transverse waves.
 Bats are capable of here sound above 20 kHz
Waves Question: The speed of sound in water is ______
(ultrasound).
 Elephants are capable of here sound below 20 Hz the speed of sound in air.
(infrasound). 5. Same as
Waves Question: By whom of the following infrasonic 6. Less than
sound is produced ? 7. Greater than
5. Porpoises 8. Sometimes greater and sometimes smaller
6. Dolphins Option 3 : Greater than
7. Elephants EXPLANATION:
8. Bats
 Sound waves travel faster in denser substances  Wavelength (λ): The space or length between two
because neighboring particles will more easily bump successive crests or troughs of a wave is called the
into one another. Water is denser than air, so the wavelength.
speed of sound is more in water than in air. So option 3  Frequency (f): It is the number of occurrences of a
is correct. repeating event per unit of time. Its SI unit is Hertz (Hz).
Waves Question: From which medium Sound wave  Velocity (v): Velocity is defined as the rate of change of
cannot pass through? displacement of a body with respect to time. The SI unit
5. Solid is meter per second (ms-1).
6. Vacuum The speed can be calculated using the formula:
7. Ideal gas speed (v) = wavelength (λ) x frequency (f).
8. Liquid EXPLANATION:
EXPLANATION: Given that:
 The vacuum is the medium from where the sound wave Wavelength (λ) = 0.5 m
Frequency (f) = 640 Hz
cannot pass. A vacuum is basically an area without any
⇒ v = 0.5 x 640
Speed (v) = f × λ
air.
⇒ v = 320 m/s. Hence option 4 is correct.
 Since the sound wave is a mechanical wave that's why
it cannot travel through a medium where there is no
Waves Question:What is the time period formula?
matter of vibrations to works in, i.e, it can't travel
through a vacuum. So option 2 is correct. 5. Frequency/2
 The sound wave can travel through solids, liquid and gas 6. 2/Frequency
medium. 7. Frequency/4
Waves Question:What type of wave is used in MRI 8. 1/Frequency
EXPLANATION:
machine?
Hence frequency v and time period T are inversely
5. Sound wave proportional to each other.
6. X-ray Time period (T) = 1/frequency (ν)
7. Acoustic wave
8. Magnetic wave
Option 4 : Magnetic wave
The correct answer is Magnetic waves.
 MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field
gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the
organs in the body.
 MRI does not involve X-rays or the use of ionizing
radiation, which distinguishes it from CT or CAT scans
and PET scans.
Waves Question:A man standing on a cliff hears the
echo of his shout after 1 s. If the velocity of sound in air
is 340 m/s, what is the distance between the man and the
mountain from which his voice is reflected?
5. 340 m
6. 170 m
7. 680 m
8. 85 m
Option 2 : 170 m
Calculation:
Given,
Time, t = 1 s
The velocity of the sound in air, v = 340 ms-1
Let's consider d is the distance between the man and the
mountain.
The sound wave travels two times between the mountain
and the man.
So, 2d = vt
Hence, the distance between the man and the
mountain is 170m.
Waves Question :Calculate the speed of a sound wave
whose wavelength is 0.5 m and frequency is 640 Hz.
5. 1280 m/s
6. 640.5 m/s
7. 500 m/s
8. 320 m/s
Option 4 : 320 m/s
CONCEPT: