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csWithPython1

The document provides an overview of basic computer organization, detailing the components such as the CPU, memory, and storage units, along with their functions and interactions. It also covers mobile system organization and types of software, including system software and application software, highlighting their roles and examples. Key concepts like the IPO principle, types of memory, and various software categories are discussed to illustrate the functioning of computer systems.

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Malik Nayab
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

csWithPython1

The document provides an overview of basic computer organization, detailing the components such as the CPU, memory, and storage units, along with their functions and interactions. It also covers mobile system organization and types of software, including system software and application software, highlighting their roles and examples. Key concepts like the IPO principle, types of memory, and various software categories are discussed to illustrate the functioning of computer systems.

Uploaded by

Malik Nayab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1 :

Introduction
- hardware
- software

BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION


• refers to logical structure of a computer describing how its components are connected to
one another; functioning and overall performance.
• IPO principle
• computers having different parts for different stages of IPO
• Diagram

CPU [ ALU , Registers, Control unit ] => BUS


Input unit , Output unit , Storage unit , memory => Bus

Input unit
• input devices : OCR , OMR, keyboard
• Concept of binary and language of computer using electricity
• inputs : data ( on which action is to be performed ) and instructions ( actions to be
performed )
• Microphone -> mic can work by using sound card

Output Unit
• Monitors , Printers, Speakers

CPU
• guides directs controls and governs
• i) ALU ii) Control Unit iii) Registers
• 4 fundamental mathematical and logical operations by ALU ( < , > , <= , >= , != )
• CU controls and guides the interpretation, flow and manipulation of all data and
information. The CU sends control signals until the required operations are done properly
by ALU and memory.
• Program execution ( carrying our all the instructions stored int the program) is done by
CU which it gets one by one instructions from the sequence in the memory
• CU controls the flow of data from the input devices to memory and from memory to
output devices.
• Registers or processor registers are small units of data holding places. temporarly holding
processing-info during processing time.

The memory ( main memory/ primary memory)


• like a predefined workspace where it temporarily keeps information and data to facilitate
its performance.
• Each memory location gas a unique address .
• 1 task finished => memory clear => available for the next task.
• power off => all stored data gets erased and lost.
• bits, bytes, nibbles KB, MB , GB
• concept of secondary memory => storage devices

• RAM ( equal cost of computation for accessing information from any random address )
=> volatile memory
• (i) DRAM : dynamic - RAM, are made up of transistors and capacitors
• (ii) Static RAM : made up of flip flops and offer faster access times ( 10 nano sec ) =>
used only for specialized applications

• ROM : non-volatile read only memory, initially configured permanently during the
hardware production of the unit and cant be altered. => slower than RAM
(i) PROM - programmable ROM ( One Time Programmable ) => user programmable
memory, info burnt using ROM burner.
(ii) EPROM - erasable PROM => read and write many times using UV ( takes 20 min to erase
fully )
(iii) EEPROM - electrically EPROM => erase with electricity and also selective bit erasing
(iv) Flash EEPROM - faster than EEPROM but not selective erasing
(v) Mask ROM - contents are programmed by IC manufacturer.

The storage unit ( Secondary Memory )


• large and permanent data
(i) Hard Disk
• store info on one or more circular platters ( disks ) which are continuously spinning.
• These disks are covered with magnetic material and stacked with space between them.
• Magnetic heads as tiny magnetic spots writes data
(ii) CDs - optical media
• CD ROM ( by games, ebooks, encyclopedia )
• CD-R ( recordable ) : written once and cannot be erased
• CD-RW ( Rewritable ) : write multiple times.
(iv) DVDs - more storage and much faster ( 15 and 20 times respect )
• Super Density disk (SD) : 17 gigabytes
• DVD-ROM , DVD-R, DVD-RW
(v) Flash Memory - solid state memory ( no moving parts )
(vi) Blu Ray Disk - optical
• DVDs : red laser to read and write data
• Blu ray : blue-violet laser ( 405 nm ) , shorter wavelength than ( 650 nm) => more
focused spot => more dense data => 128 GB

System Bus
• electronic pathway composed of connecting cables and that connects the major
components of a computer system.
• data part : data bus
• control instructions : control bus
• memory address carrying part : address bus
• I/O bus : connects input and output devices

MOBILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION


- diagram :
System On Chip (SoC) : integrated modern chips for the major systems of a mobile phone
Mobile Processor ( CPU )
(i) Communications Processing Unit
• ( mobile system I/O unit )
• responsible for making and receiving phone calls.
• Digital signal processor => RF transceiver and Audio subsystem
• Radio Signal Management Unit => connecting SIM to the base stations through radio
signals
(ii) Applications Processing Unit
• govern and control all operations taking place

Display Subsystem
• display facilities, touch sensitive interface and keyboards.

Camera Subsystem
• image processing package
• integrated image signal processor

Mobile system memory


(i) RAM - work memory
• more RAM => better performance
• erase data after device is turned off
(ii) ROM => part of systems internal storage ( technically EEPROM )
• OS and pre installed apps

Storage
• expandable storage
• SD cards

Power management
• battery management unit

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
(A) SYSTEM SOFTWARES
• controls internal computer operations
(i) Operating System
• primary goal : make computer system convenient to use
• secondary goal : use hardware in efficient way
• interface b/w user and the hardware
• to execute a program
• single user OS, multiuser, time sharing, real time , multiprocessing, distributed OS
(ii) Language Processors
• translate source code into and object or machine code
• Assembler : assembly -> machine code
• Interpreter : translates and execute line by line
• Compiler : translates and executes in one go

(B) Application Software - set of programs necessary to carry out operations


for a specified application
(i) Packages
general application software
word processing , spreadsheets, database management system , desktop publishing , graphics
multimedia and presentations
(i) Utilities
• smooth func of computers by assisting
• text editor
• Backup : duplicating disks contents
• compression
• Disk defragmenter : a file is fragmented when its too large for the comp to store in a
sing le location on a disk. => file is split this utility speeds up this process by
rearranging the files for contiguous units and free space is consolidated
• Anti Virus
(iii) Business Software
• inventory management
• Payroll system
• Financial accounting
• hotel management
(iv) Software libraries - basically code libraries predefined for chunks of software
• NumPy : operations on numeric arrays and matrices
• SciPy : modules for linear algebra , optimization, calculus and statistics
• Pandas - labeled and relational data. data visuals and mainpulations

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