CHAPTER 1 :
Introduction
- hardware
- software
BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
• refers to logical structure of a computer describing how its components are connected to
one another; functioning and overall performance.
• IPO principle
• computers having different parts for different stages of IPO
• Diagram
CPU [ ALU , Registers, Control unit ] => BUS
Input unit , Output unit , Storage unit , memory => Bus
Input unit
• input devices : OCR , OMR, keyboard
• Concept of binary and language of computer using electricity
• inputs : data ( on which action is to be performed ) and instructions ( actions to be
performed )
• Microphone -> mic can work by using sound card
Output Unit
• Monitors , Printers, Speakers
CPU
• guides directs controls and governs
• i) ALU ii) Control Unit iii) Registers
• 4 fundamental mathematical and logical operations by ALU ( < , > , <= , >= , != )
• CU controls and guides the interpretation, flow and manipulation of all data and
information. The CU sends control signals until the required operations are done properly
by ALU and memory.
• Program execution ( carrying our all the instructions stored int the program) is done by
CU which it gets one by one instructions from the sequence in the memory
• CU controls the flow of data from the input devices to memory and from memory to
output devices.
• Registers or processor registers are small units of data holding places. temporarly holding
processing-info during processing time.
The memory ( main memory/ primary memory)
• like a predefined workspace where it temporarily keeps information and data to facilitate
its performance.
• Each memory location gas a unique address .
• 1 task finished => memory clear => available for the next task.
• power off => all stored data gets erased and lost.
• bits, bytes, nibbles KB, MB , GB
• concept of secondary memory => storage devices
• RAM ( equal cost of computation for accessing information from any random address )
=> volatile memory
• (i) DRAM : dynamic - RAM, are made up of transistors and capacitors
• (ii) Static RAM : made up of flip flops and offer faster access times ( 10 nano sec ) =>
used only for specialized applications
• ROM : non-volatile read only memory, initially configured permanently during the
hardware production of the unit and cant be altered. => slower than RAM
(i) PROM - programmable ROM ( One Time Programmable ) => user programmable
memory, info burnt using ROM burner.
(ii) EPROM - erasable PROM => read and write many times using UV ( takes 20 min to erase
fully )
(iii) EEPROM - electrically EPROM => erase with electricity and also selective bit erasing
(iv) Flash EEPROM - faster than EEPROM but not selective erasing
(v) Mask ROM - contents are programmed by IC manufacturer.
The storage unit ( Secondary Memory )
• large and permanent data
(i) Hard Disk
• store info on one or more circular platters ( disks ) which are continuously spinning.
• These disks are covered with magnetic material and stacked with space between them.
• Magnetic heads as tiny magnetic spots writes data
(ii) CDs - optical media
• CD ROM ( by games, ebooks, encyclopedia )
• CD-R ( recordable ) : written once and cannot be erased
• CD-RW ( Rewritable ) : write multiple times.
(iv) DVDs - more storage and much faster ( 15 and 20 times respect )
• Super Density disk (SD) : 17 gigabytes
• DVD-ROM , DVD-R, DVD-RW
(v) Flash Memory - solid state memory ( no moving parts )
(vi) Blu Ray Disk - optical
• DVDs : red laser to read and write data
• Blu ray : blue-violet laser ( 405 nm ) , shorter wavelength than ( 650 nm) => more
focused spot => more dense data => 128 GB
System Bus
• electronic pathway composed of connecting cables and that connects the major
components of a computer system.
• data part : data bus
• control instructions : control bus
• memory address carrying part : address bus
• I/O bus : connects input and output devices
MOBILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
- diagram :
System On Chip (SoC) : integrated modern chips for the major systems of a mobile phone
Mobile Processor ( CPU )
(i) Communications Processing Unit
• ( mobile system I/O unit )
• responsible for making and receiving phone calls.
• Digital signal processor => RF transceiver and Audio subsystem
• Radio Signal Management Unit => connecting SIM to the base stations through radio
signals
(ii) Applications Processing Unit
• govern and control all operations taking place
Display Subsystem
• display facilities, touch sensitive interface and keyboards.
Camera Subsystem
• image processing package
• integrated image signal processor
Mobile system memory
(i) RAM - work memory
• more RAM => better performance
• erase data after device is turned off
(ii) ROM => part of systems internal storage ( technically EEPROM )
• OS and pre installed apps
Storage
• expandable storage
• SD cards
Power management
• battery management unit
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
(A) SYSTEM SOFTWARES
• controls internal computer operations
(i) Operating System
• primary goal : make computer system convenient to use
• secondary goal : use hardware in efficient way
• interface b/w user and the hardware
• to execute a program
• single user OS, multiuser, time sharing, real time , multiprocessing, distributed OS
(ii) Language Processors
• translate source code into and object or machine code
• Assembler : assembly -> machine code
• Interpreter : translates and execute line by line
• Compiler : translates and executes in one go
(B) Application Software - set of programs necessary to carry out operations
for a specified application
(i) Packages
general application software
word processing , spreadsheets, database management system , desktop publishing , graphics
multimedia and presentations
(i) Utilities
• smooth func of computers by assisting
• text editor
• Backup : duplicating disks contents
• compression
• Disk defragmenter : a file is fragmented when its too large for the comp to store in a
sing le location on a disk. => file is split this utility speeds up this process by
rearranging the files for contiguous units and free space is consolidated
• Anti Virus
(iii) Business Software
• inventory management
• Payroll system
• Financial accounting
• hotel management
(iv) Software libraries - basically code libraries predefined for chunks of software
• NumPy : operations on numeric arrays and matrices
• SciPy : modules for linear algebra , optimization, calculus and statistics
• Pandas - labeled and relational data. data visuals and mainpulations
