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Grade 9 Physics Unit 7

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94 views2 pages

Grade 9 Physics Unit 7

Uploaded by

luqmaanabdallaa21
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 7: Temperature and Heat - Explained

This unit distinguishes between heat and temperature, explores the effects of heat on matter,
and introduces specific heat capacity and latent heat.

7.1 Temperature and Heat

 Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects or systems at different


temperatures. It flows spontaneously from hotter objects to colder objects.
 Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles within a
substance. It determines the direction of heat flow (from higher to lower temperature).
 Thermal Equilibrium: When two objects or systems are in thermal contact and at the
same temperature, they are in thermal equilibrium. There is no net heat flow between
them.
 The Celsius scale and the Kelvin scale are the two main temperature scales used in
science. The Kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale where 0 K (absolute zero)
represents the lowest possible temperature.

7.2 Effects of Heat

 Thermal Expansion: When a substance absorbs heat, its particles move faster and
further apart, causing it to expand in size.
o Linear Expansion: The expansion of a solid in one dimension (length). The
coefficient of linear expansion (α) is a material property that quantifies how much
a material expands per degree Celsius (or Kelvin) of temperature change.
o Volume Expansion: The expansion of a solid, liquid, or gas in three dimensions.
Liquids generally expand more than solids for the same temperature change.
 Anomalous Expansion of Water: Water exhibits unusual behaviour between 0°C and
4°C. It expands as it cools within this range, reaching its maximum density at 4°C. This is
why ice floats on water.

7.3 Quantity of Heat, Specific Heat Capacity, and Heat Capacity

 The specific heat capacity (c) of a substance is the amount of heat energy required to
raise the temperature of 1 kg of that substance by 1 K (or 1°C). It's measured in joules per
kilogram per Kelvin (J/kg K).
 The amount of heat (Q) absorbed or released by a substance can be calculated using the
equation: Q = mcΔT, where:
o Q is the heat energy (in joules)
o m is the mass of the substance (in kilograms)
o c is the specific heat capacity of the substance (in J/kg K)
o ΔT is the change in temperature (in Kelvin or degrees Celsius)
 Heat capacity is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of an entire
object by 1 K (or 1°C). It depends on both the mass and the specific heat capacity of the
material.
7.4 Changes of State

 Latent Heat: The heat energy absorbed or released during a change of state (e.g.,
melting, freezing, boiling) without a change in temperature.
 Latent Heat of Fusion (Lf): The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a
substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point.
 Latent Heat of Vaporisation (Lv): The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg
of a substance from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point.
 The energy (Q) involved in a change of state can be calculated using:
o Q = mLf (for melting or freezing)
o Q = mLv (for boiling or condensing)

Key Takeaways:

 Heat and temperature are distinct but related concepts. Heat is the transfer of thermal
energy, while temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy.
 Heat causes substances to expand. Water exhibits unusual expansion behaviour.
 Specific heat capacity is a material property that indicates how much heat energy a
substance can absorb or release per unit mass per degree of temperature change.
 Latent heat is associated with changes of state.

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