@ storage unit th * System pro rams: The: editors, es ers, uti HgSe cou lities, etc, Application Programs: Programs, etc. » business Process Managemen: execution of Program: Memor with all * 1/0 device: This refer: input / output d and software. lated to the unhindered Wenn en ena PEs cee ee FlateyBasic concepts of be) TACIT Key Words * Resource: In the context of a computer system, it means memory or any input / output device, * Process: It isa program in execution. * File: Itis a data Storage unit that holds information. * System programs: These could be ° editors, loaders, uti ies, etc. * Application programs: programs, etc. perating system, compilers, These are database systems, business * Process management: These are execution of progr: ams. * Memory management: An activity or a set of acti with allocating and de-. locating memory space. * 1/0 device: This refers t cfs to a proper activation an input / output device Management with and software. jobs related to the unhindered les associated d de-activation of appropriate hardware Manoj Wariya” |ETS (a CONCcepts of esta * File “management: A set of jobs associated with Creating, retrieving, deleting, amending data storage units on storage devices and keeping track of the same, * Protection: : | for contro! ing the access of Programs, in Operating System resources in the computer. * Command interpreter: It a system program, which is an essential component of the operating system, that accepts, deciphers and executes the job related to the command statement. * Kernel: It is the core library of functions that provides the most basic interface between the computer machine and the rest of the operating system. * System calls: It provides the interface between a running program and the operating system. Manoj Wariya PERN eMC cen mn nA ence)Basic concepts of chants Key Words Operating system command: which the user interacts with t These are commands through he operating system directly. Batch processing :These are jobs that are executed with minimum user interaction and as and when the computer system is available following a schedule. Multiprogramming: Multi which a single CPU Programming refers to the situation des its time between more than one job. Multitasking :Multi tasking refers to execution of more than one application program at any given time. Time-sharing :In the context of a computer, time-sharing means sharing of the computer resources among many users by allocating them for a specified time. Manoj Wariya DSUs CdseScMee hae ee unm a LA EeE CEssing :ANY simultaneous execution of multip! different processors. ve context of an operating syst that provides quick and tim » Multiproce processes On = Real-time: In th operating system response. = Networked computing :A collection interconnected computers. * Distributed computing = his refers to pro — jobs by automatically sharing the job-processing ad among the constituent com See puters connected to the em, itis an e critical of physically Neon cin ms Re MMU Chan eeu aD SVD NILE ene leet |= Multiprocessing Any simultaneous processes On different processors: ae : Inthe context of an operate ort stem that provides quick = «= Real-time: operating sy response. = Networked computing :A co interconnected computer! load among the cons same network. TOR | ag, MNNIT AllahabadESTA eK lela \ntroduction = Without software, a computer is basically a useless equipment. With software, a computer can store, process, and retrieve information and engage in five We |, Akin many other valuable activities. Swen esenaten bowser | pagans = Computer software can be led roughly into two parts: system programs, which manage the operation of the computer Operaingsysem itself, and application programs, which Mechine language | perform the actual work the user wants. = The most important system program is the Operating system (OS) that controls all the computer resources and provides the base upon which the application program can be written. Comnand intepeter | Vico xogenning > Hardeere Physical devices Manoj Wariya_| Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT AlLES (erel ett} Selah aa ise Introduction: Operating System s An Operating system is a collection of programs that acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware. = Without software, a modern-day computer is unusable. Software comprising operating system, programming language compilers, etc. are essential to provide an ‘user-friendly’ interface to the user. =A n operating system is an important part of almost every computer system that comprises three main components: = The hardware (memory, CPU, arithmetic- gic unit, various storage devices, \/O, peripheral devices, etc.) ™ Systems programs (operating system, compilers, editors, loaders, uti etc.) ™ Application programs (database systems, business programs, etc.) EU arensomeucascmenchsnanccn mun UE cieeeLeSIeeo ony ee i SS \ntroduction: Oe) STE RN TT * A software that acts as an interface b etween the user and hardware of the computer system = A software that provides a working environment for the users’ ap, " A resource manager that m applications in the background * A software in which all common functi system have been put together. anages the resources needed for a the ons required to work on the computer Mano} Wariya | Department of Computer Sci and Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadEEN e Mme el LS Need of OS = How are the files as a logical concept mapped to the physical disk? * Today, we are able to open many windows at a time; who is managing all these windows despite a single processor? = Who ensures that the CPU is not sitting idle or busy forever? = Sometimes we see some messages like memory error or power failure, connection failure in network, paper jam in printer, etc. Who is detecting these errors and displaying error messages? = Who manages the limited memory despite the large size of user programs? " Our processes can also communicate and cooperate via some synchronization mechanisms? = Who schedules tasks to the CPU for execution? = What happens to a task when the CPU is already busy in processing some other task? * Despite a single processor, it seems that many jobs are being executed in parallel. How does this happen? Manoj Wariya’ |’ Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadBasic Concepts of operat Ing systems Need of OS ™ Suppose, some user are workin; Printer and more than one use! i in a LAN (local area network) with a single request of multiple users on a single printer managed? * Who protects one user's area from unauthorized access by another user's tasks? = Why is it that sometimes our system hangs? ICON EUNhal Ma MUS OK CMC Menem en eeeBasic concepts of ent Sc Functions of LO} TTL le] Manages the computer’s resources: The OS controls and efficiently utilizes hardware components such as. CPU, memory, and I/O devices. Provides a user interface: The OS enables users to easily interact with the computer hardware. For Example, the Windows Operating system displays icons, using which the user can interact with the system. Process management: The OS enables a user to execute more the same time to enhance productivity, than one job at Multiple process begi the same time calls for efficient utilizati Operating system. executed at on of the system's resources by the Memory Mana; the appropriat igement: Finding vacant spaces in the primary memory, e data and programs in the located space, executing thi removing them from the memory is all done by the Operating system. File mana loading em, and igement: The OS allows users to create, copy, delete, and rename files. Security management: The OS protects stored information from malicious users. It ensures that the data and unauthorized users. ‘les stored cannot be accessed by EMINEM MSeneoncomaccme hs WISTS ele leetBasic concepts of operating systems Functions/of Operating * Device Management: The operating system manages and controls all 1/O devices such as disks, tape, terminal printer, and keyboard to ensure correct data transmission to and from divides. It also provides an intuitive interface so that the users can easily work with them. = Booting Services: Booting means loading an operating system in to the computer’s main memory. After the operating system is loaded, it becomes ready for users to run their applications. During the boot process, the computer performs a self-diagnostic test, also known as a POST (Power On Self Test) to ensure that all components are operational It also loads necessary drives and programs that help the computer and devices communicate with each other. Manoj Wariya |) Department of Computer Sci. and Engineeri ereREWTaeel etc Key Tele Say Components of an Operating "\n general there are two main components of an operating system: = command interpreter = Kernel = Command interpreter = Command interpreter is one of the most important components of an operating system. It Kemal is the primary interface between the user and Hardware Command interpreter the rest of the system. = Kernel = Kernel is a core part of the operating system and is loaded on the main memory when it starts up. it is the core library of functions; the operating system ‘knows’. = In the kernel, there are the functions and streams to communicate with the system's hardware resources. Fig. Operating system structure Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadBasic concepts of Tella sci Interaction with Operating * Broadly speaking, system: ™ By means of operating system calls in a program " Directly by means of operating system commands there are two ways to interact with an operating = System calls ™ System calls provide the interface between a running program and the operating system. " These calls are generally available as assembly language instructions, and are usually listed in the manuals used by assembly language programmers. ™ Some systems may allow system calls to be made rectly from a high-level language program, in which case the calls normally resemble predefined function or subroutine calls. ™ System calls can be roughly grouped into five major categories : process control, file manipulation, device manipulation, information maintenance, and communications. IEW ANCL Cie BaP lauasaeom cena ceemeteE Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadLWSTeLeeh te eeg Sera slg Interaction with Operating ™ Operating system commands * Apart from system calls, users ma directly by means of commands. = For example, if the user wants to list file: DIR command is invoked. Operating system acts as an interface between users and the hardware of a computer system. " The fundamental goal of a computer system is to solve user problems. The computer hardware is designed towards this goal. * The command function of controlling and al locating resources are then brought together into one piece of software, the Operating system. y interact with the Operating system 'S Or sub-directories in MSDOS, the Manoj Wariya _||_Department of Computer Sci, and Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadEESITeohites NeKo ele ESCs History of Operating Systems = By tracing that evolution, the common elements of Operating systems can be identified as well as how and why they developed as they are now. "= Operating systems and computer architecture have a great deal of influence on each other. Operating systems were developed to facilitate the use of the hardware. " First Generation (1945-55) * Second Generation (1956-63)—Transistors and Batch System ® Third Generation (1964-80)—Integrated Chips and Multiprogramming * Fourth Generation (1980-present)— Personal Computers MONCH V Slat eRe UCT neem EeeEE MAee ely Ke| easel HLM TRU TT TTT Operating System User “"Systom and application ™ programs, a = ( Hardware Sas “ pe ~ — Computer system, EWN EM MLA eskeiu case nen MNNIT AllahabadACUeee) ao} le Ke) ea ls Computer System with Operating System no system © Manoj Wariya_|_ Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT Allahabadcletsehie ss csey RSet Evolution of Operating : * bl Cher 7 oUt ote Computer architecture Beene, RTT ny Vacuum tubes based technology, plug First 1940s-1950s boards and punched cards, magnetic core memories. No operating system Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and LS) HIMSLIag ON PN ladets}EENTeteehate estes Operati Alay as) stems Nei Cy tion of Operating BSS tee enone Problems and CI atnseldel teers SACU Second 1950s-1960s Transistors based Set up delay problem due to loading and technology, Mainframe unloading of tapes in earlier computer systems. computers, ine CPU was idle, rinters ic , Pee meeucts Jobs of users prepared with same programming tapes, assemblers, ease language were batched together. linkers, loaders, compilers, FORTRAN, Automated job sequencing COBOL Resident monitor Batch systems Mismatch between the speed of CPU and 1/0 devices - g Offline operation with magnetic tapes ~~» Tapes were sequential access devices NEIMAN Ua eS AUTOR cuScme nan nee ama NA eee)Pessoa eS has NCU ool Oy TeTiTALe] Oy Icig een rd SSE TT Ly ut aL te ci Saou Third 1960s-1980s \C based technology, Hard disks came into existence Minicomputer (Spooling”> Magnetic disk Multiprogramming Multi programmed batch systems Lack of user/programmer interaction with their jobs in multi programmed batch systems Timesharing multiuser systems — cTss MULTICS UNICS UNIK Unix written in WON eS Cet RCM Te Mean eam ne eeeESIC eee Evolution of Le) sYeTe-T alae) }) If Jey LTe-i¢, TT taste] LoS CHa Teale raat cs ig EEOC Sinise Hs Fourth 1980s— LSI and VLSI! based CP/M for PCs Present Technology, Microcomputer Os/2 No user friendliness and convenience due to command driven and complex file systems Apple Macintosh Windows Multitasking Multithreading X-windows Motif Manoj Watiya WIS EUs eRe Momsen iyBasic concepts of Sects Goals of an Operating System " Convenience = Hardware abstraction / Virtual machine, = Convenient programming environment = Response Time = Easy to use interface = Resource utilization / management = Protection ENING MSR eRCouoCRcm Cece mn ln ete