Mechanics of Solids

 Assumption: Body is deformable

[body undergoes deformation under the given force system, but the
magnitude of deformation depends on the material (i.e., mechanical
properties) of the body]
Free body diagram: The diagram of an element drawn, by isolating that element from the
given system and representing all the forces acting on the element.
Forces: (i) body forces -- gravitational force i.e., self-weight, inertial force
(ii) surface forces -- active forces, reactions at constraints, frictional force etc.

 The required data to analyse any problem in Mechanics of Solids:

i) Geometry of the element
ii) Material characteristics (mechanical properties) of the element
iii) Loading condition on the element
Geometry of element:
a) Length of the element
b) Cross section dimensions of the element (shape and size of cross section)
Longitudinal axis: The path of centroids along the length of element

y
x
z
 Classification of elements:
Elements classified based on longitudinal axis: (i) straight bars
(ii) curved bars
Elements classified based on cross section (shape and size):
 Prismatic bar
 Tapered bar
 Stepped bar
Material characteristics (mechanical properties):
Elastic constants: (i) Young’s modulus of elasticity
(ii) Poisson’s ratio
From these two values the Shear modulus (modulus of rigidity) and
Bulk modulus can be calculated.
Material constant: co-efficient of thermal expansion

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 Loading condition on the element:
y P
x
x-axis is the longitudinal axis
z
Acting along the longitudinal Produces axial deformation
Axial force Force Nx
axis i.e., x – axis i.e., deformation in x-direction
Force Ny Acting along the y - axis
Produces bending in xy-plane
Moment Mz Acting about the z - axis
Lateral loading
Force Nz Acting along the z - axis
Produces bending in xz-plane
Moment My Acting about the y - axis
Axial moment
(Torsion) Moment Mx Acting about the x - axis Produces twisting in yz-plane

Axial loading on the element: (Nx)

 Any force on a surface can be resolved into two components: Normal force &
Tangential force (shear)
 The parameters to be determined in the analysis of Mechanics of Solids problem:

1) Resistance Resistance is Resistance is quantified by Normal stress

normalised by the stress and denoted by  (axial stress)
cross-sectional area
2) Deformation Deformation is Deformation is quantified by Direct strain
normalised by the strain and denoted by  (axial strain)
length (Longitudinal strain)
 The Stess and Strain are vector quantities.
Stress is defined as resistance per unit area
Strain is defined as deformation per unit length
Axial force (P) Axial deformation (∆)
Tensile +ve Elongation +ve
Compressive -ve Contraction -ve
The positive force causes positive deformation
The negative force causes negative deformation
Axial stress (𝜎) Axial strain (∈)
Tensile +ve Tensile +ve
Compressive -ve Compressive -ve

Hooke’s Law: Stress is proportional to strain within the limit of proportionality /

within the elastic limit
𝜎 ∝∈ i.e., proportionality constant is to be introduced
𝑃 ∆ 𝑷𝑳 𝝈𝑳
Young’s modulus of elasticity E: 𝜎 = 𝐸 ∈  =𝐸  ∆=  ∆=
𝐴 𝐿 𝑨𝑬 𝑬

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Poisson’s ratio (𝝁): Poisson’s ratio is the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal
∈𝑳𝒂𝒕
strain i.e., 𝝁=
∈𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈
 This ratio gives always negative value because the nature of lateral strain is
always opposite to that of longitudinal strain.
 In the analysis the Poisson’s ratio value is taken as a factor (between zero
and 0.5) and its effect is considered as negative.
 no units
Range for different materials: (Cork material)
      to
      0.5 (natural rubber)
 0.2 to 0.35 for metals
S.I. units
Parameter Units Parameter Units
Force N Strain no units
Length mm Stress N/ mm2 or MPa
Pressure N/m2 or Pa

Conversion of Units: 1 MPa = 106 Pa = 106 N/m2 = 1 N/mm2

Strain in microns: example 2215.8 x 10-6 or 2215.8 microns

Prefix:
3) nano 10-9
2) micro 10-6
1) milli 10-3
- -
1) Kilo 103
2) Mega 106
3) Giga 109

1) Young’s modulus of elasticity (E),

2) Rigidity modulus (G) or (N) GPa
3) Bulk modulus (K)

E = 200 GPa = 200 x 1000 = 2x105 MPa = 2x105 N/mm2 for steel

E = 80 GPa to 120 GPa for Al, Copper, Brass, Bronze etc.,


oOo

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