(Effective Alternative Secondary Education)

MATHEMATICS IV
 Module 1
Polynomial Functions

Module 1
Polynomial Functions

What this module is about

​ This module is about polynomial functions. In the previous lessons you
have learned about linear and quadratic functions. These two belong to the
family of polynomials but whose degrees are 1 and 2. In this module, you will
learn about functions of degree greater than 2.

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1.​ identify a polynomial function from a given set of relations,

2.​ determine the degree of a given polynomial function,
3.​ find the quotient of polynomials by,

●​ algorithm
●​ synthetic division

4.​ State and illustrate the Remainder Theorem

5.​ Find the value of p(x) for x = k by:

2
 ●​ synthetic division
●​ Remainder Theorem

6.​ Illustrate the Factor Theorem

How much do you know

Answer the following:

1.​ One of the following is not a polynomial function. Which is it?

a.​ f(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 + 4x – 12​ ​ c. p(x) = x-4 + 8x3 – x2 + 2x + 8

b.​ f(c) = x3 - 6x2 + 12x + 4​ ​ d. f(x) = 7x5 – 9x3 + 5x –2​

2.​ What is the degree of the polynomial function f(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 –x2 + 5x – 4?

3.​ Find the quotient and the remainder if y = 3x4 –x3 + 6x2- 11x + 6 is divided
by 3x-1.

4.​ If f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 10x + 5,what will be the value of f(x) at x = 3?

5.​ What will be the value of k such that x –1 is a factor of x3 – 3x + k?

6.​ What must be the value of k such that 3 is the remainder when f(x) = x3 +
4x2 – kx ÷ (x -1)?

7.​ What is the remainder when f(x)= x5 – 2x4 + 3x3 – 2x2 – x + 2 is divided by
x+ 1?

8.​ Which of the following binomial is a factor of 2x3 + 5x2 –10x –16?
a.​ x – 2​ ​ ​ ​ c. x - 1
b.​ x + 2​ ​ ​ ​ d. x + 1

9.​ If f(x) = 2x4 – x3 –3x2 + x – 5 , what will be the value of f(x) at x = -3?

10.​ What must be the value of k so that x+ 1 is a factor of f(x) = 3x3 + kx2 - x
–2?

What you will do

3
 Lesson 1

Identify and Determine the Degree of the Polynomial Function

from a Given Set of Relations

A function defined by p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a1x + a0 where n

is a positive integer an, an-1, an-2 , a0 are real numbers, and an = 0.The exponent n
denotes the degree of the polynomial function.

​ The functions,
​ ​ ​ ​ p(x) = 3x + 4 is of degree 1.

​ ​ ​ ​ p(x) = 4x2 + 15x + 10 is of degree 2.

​ In this lesson, you will study about polynomial functions of degree greater
than 2. Remember that there are restrictions to be considered to determine if it is
a relation which is a polynomial function. Looking back at the definition, the
exponent should be positive or the value of n > 0.

Examples:

1.​ f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12​​ ​ Polynomial of degree 3

2.​ p(x) = x4 – 4x3 – 13x2 + 3x + 18​ Polynomial of degree 4

3.​ f(x) = x-3 + 4x2 + 2x + 1​ ​ ​ Not a polynomial. There is a

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ negative exponent or n < 0.

4. f(x) = 4x5 – 2x3 + 5x – ​ ​ Not a polynomial. There is a​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ variable x in the denominator.
Try this out

A. Tell whether the following is a polynomial function or not.

1.​ f(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 + 4x – 12​

2.​ p(x) = x-4 + 8x3 – x2 + 2x + 8
3.​ f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 12x + 4​
4.​ f(x) = 7x5 – 9x3 + 5x –2​
5.​ p(x) = 2x-3 + 3x2 + 5x – 3

6.​ p(x) = x2 + 3x + 1+ ​

4
 7.​ f(x) = x3 + 13​

8.​ p(x) = 5x - 6 + 2 +
9.​ f(x) = x4 + x ​
10.​f(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 + 2x + 1​

B. Determine the degree of the polynomial function.

1.​ p(x) = x4 + 2x3 + 2x + 1​ ​

2.​ f(x) = x5 – x4 + 2x3 - 3x2 + 4x – 12​
3.​ p(x) = x6 + 5x5 – 6x4 + 8x3 + 4x2 - 3x + 1
4.​ f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 3x + 9​ ​
5.​ p(x) = x8 + 4x4 + 2x2 + 1
6.​ p(x) = 16x5 - 6​ ​
7.​ f(x) = -2x + x2 - 5 - 2x3 ​
8.​ p(x) = .10x2 + 5x3 – 2
9.​ f(x) = 7x - 2x4 + 1​ ​
6 3
10.​p(x) = x + 5x - 6
​
Lesson 2

Find the Quotient of Polynomials by Division Algorithm

​ Division algorithm is the division process that you are familiar with.
Dividing polynomials are the same as dividing numbers.

​ All you have to do is to follow the steps in dividing a polynomial by another

polynomial as illustrated in the example below.

Example: Divide:

1. ( – x2 + 3x3 - 8x + 5) by (x + 2)​
​
(3x3 - x2 - 8x + 5) by (x + 2)​

3x2 ​
x + 2 3x3 - x2 - 8x + 5

​
​ 3x2 ​
x + 2 3x3 - x2 - 8x + 5
3x3 + 6x2

5
 3x2 -7x​
x + 2 3x3 - x2 - 8x + 5
​ 3x3 + 6x2
​ - 7x2 - 8x

3x2 - 7x + 6​
x + 2 3x3 – x2 - 8x + 5
​ 3x3 + 6x2
​ - 7x2 - 8x
- 7x2 -14x
​ ​ ​ 6x + 5
​ ​ ​ 6x +12
​ ​ ​ -7

3x3 – x2 - 8x + 5 = 3x2 – 7x + 6 + -7
x+2 x+2

The quotient of – x2 + 3x3 - 8x + 5 by x + 2 is 3x2 – 7x + 6 and the

remainder is -7.

​ Check by multiplying the quotient to the divisor. Do not forget to add the
remainder.

2. (x3 – 13x + 12) by (x + 4) ​ ​ Notice the absence of an x2 term in the

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ dividend.
2
x ​
x + 4 x3 + 0x2 - 13x + 12​ ​ Add a 0x2 term to the dividend.

​
​ x2 ​ ​ ​ ​ Follow the steps in the first example.
x + 4 x + 0x2 - 13x + 12
3

x3 + 4x2

x2 - 4x​
x + 4 x3 + 0x2 - 13x + 12
​ x3 + 4x2​ ​ ​ ​ Do not forget to change the sign of the
​ - 4x2 - 13x​ ​ ​ subtrahend when subtracting.

x2 - 4x + 3
x + 4 x + 0x2 - 13x + 12
3

​ x3 + 4x2
​ - 4x2 -13x
- 4x2 -16x
​ ​ ​ 3x +12
​ ​ ​ 3x +12

6
​ ​ ​ 0

​ x3 – 13x + 12 = x2 - 4x + 3

​ x + 4​

​ The quotient is x2 - 4x + 3.

Try this out

Find the quotient by dividing the polynomials using division algorithm:

1.​ (3x3 – x2 - 8x + 5) ÷ (x + 2) ​ ​
2.​ (4x2 +15x + 10) ÷ (x – 2)​
3.​ (x3 - 2x2 + 6x + 3) ÷ (x – 3)
4.​ (x3 - 5x2 - 9x + 3) ÷ (x – 4)​ ​
5 4
5.​ (2x + 4x + 8x - 1÷ (x + 2)
6.​ x4 - 3x + 5) ÷ (x + 3) ​ ​
7.​ (x3 - 2x2 + 4) ÷ (x – 3)​
8.​ (-10x + 2x4 - 5x3 + 8) ÷ (x – 3)
9.​ (x3 + 3x - 4x2 - 12) ÷ (x – 4)​ ​
10.​(x5 + 32)÷ (x + 2)
​
Lesson 3

Find by Synthetic Division the Quotient and the Remainder

When P(x) is Divided by (x - c)

Another method of dividing polynomials which has a very short and simple
procedure is called synthetic division. Unlike the usual division which involves
the four fundamental operations, this method requires only addition and
multiplication applied to the coefficients. This method is applied when the divisor
is of the form x - c.

Steps to follow in dividing by synthetic division:

1.​ Arrange the terms of the dividend in descending order of exponent.

2.​ Write the numerical coefficient in a row, with 0 representing any

missing term.

3.​ Write the constant term c of the divisor x - c at the left hand side of the
coefficient.

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 4.​ Bring down the leading coefficient of the dividend. Multiply it by c and
add to the second column.

5.​ Multiply the sum obtained in step 4 by c and add to the 3rd column.
Repeat this process until you reach the last column.

6.​ The 3rd rows of numbers are numerical coefficient of the quotient. The
degree is one less than that of the dividend. The right member is the
remainder.

Examples:

Find the quotient and the remainder using the steps in synthetic division.
Write your answer in the form P(x) = Q(x)D(x) + R where, P(x) is the dividend,
Q(x) is the quotient, Q(x) is the divisor, and R is the remainder.

1.​ P(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 3x – 2 by x – 3

1 4 3 -2 x=3
3 3 21 72
1 7 24 70 ​

Since Q(x) = x2 + 7x + 24 and R = 70, then

​ P(x) = (x2 + 7x + 24) (x - 3) + 70 in the form P(x) = Q(x)D(x) + R

2. P(x) = 3x 4 – 2x3 + 5x 2 – 4x – 2 by 3x + 1

3x 4 – 2x3 + 5x 2 – 4x – 2 ; x+1 ​ Divide both divisor and

3 3​ ​ dividend by 3 then follow
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ steps in synthetic division.

1 - - - x=- ​

- - ​ - ​
​ 1 -1 2 -2 0 ​

Q(x) = (x3 - x2 + 2x – 2 ) and R = 0

Therefore: P(x) = (x3 - x2 + 2x – 2 ) ( x + 1/3) + 0

3. P(x) = 2x4 – 18x2 – 7 – x3 by x – 3

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​ P(x) = 2x4 – x3 – 18x2 + 0x – 7 ​ ​ Arrange exponent in
​ descending order and
2 - 1 - 18 0 -7 ​ ​ ​ represent the missing
3​ 6 15 -9 -27​ ​ ​ ​ term by 0
​ 2 5 -3 -9 -34 ​

Q(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 –3x – 9 and R = –34

​ Therefore: P(x) = (2x3 + 5x2 – 3x –9) ( x –3) -34

Try this out

A. Use synthetic division to divide the given polynomial P(x) by the given
polynomial x – c. Write your answer in the form P(x) = Q(x) (x-c) + R

1. P(x) = 4x6 + 21x5 – 26x3 + 27x ​ ​ x+5

2. P(x) = x5 – 3x4 + 4x + 5 ​ ​ ​ x–2
3 2
3. P(x) = 2x – 4x – 5x +3 ​ ​ ​ x+3
4. P(x) = x5 + 5x3 – 3x + 7 ​ ​ ​ x–2
4
5. P(x) = x – 8 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x–2
6. P(x) = 2x3 + 11x + 12 ​ ​ ​ x+4
3 2
7. P(x) = 2x – 3x + 3x – 4 ​ ​ ​ x–2
8. P(x) = x5 + 32 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x+2
4 3
9. P(x) = 2x – 5x – 10x + 8 ​ ​ ​ x–3
10. P(x) = 6x3 – 19x2 + x + 6 ​ ​ ​ x–3

B. Find the quotient and the remainder by synthetic division of the polynomial
P(x) for the given polynomial x - c. Write your answer in the form P(x) = Q(x)
D(x) + R

1.​ P(x) = 4x4 + 12x3 + 9x2 – 8x – 5 ​ ​ 2x + 1

2.​ P(x) = 15x3 – 19x2 + 24x – 12 ​ ​ 3x – 2
3.​ P(x) = -9x4 + 9x3 – 26x2 + 26x – 8 ​ ​ 3x - 1
4.​ P(x) = 3x4 – x3 + 6x2 – 11x + 6 ​ ​ 3x – 1
5.​ P(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 + 6x + 1 ​ ​ ​ 2x –1
4 3 2
6.​ P(x) = 2x – x + 4x –12x + 3 ​ ​ 2x –1
7.​ P(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + 10x – 3 ​ ​ ​ 2x – 1

8.​ P(x) = 6x3 – 2x2 – x – 1 ​ ​ ​ x +

9.​ P(x) = 4x4 – 5x2 + 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ x–

10.​ P(x) = 2x3 + x2 + 12 ​​ ​ ​ x+2

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 Lesson 4

State and illustrate the Remainder Theorem

In the two previous division processes illustrated, a remainder was noted

when the polynomial is not exactly divisible by another polynomial. You’ll get a
zero remainder when a polynomial is exactly divisible by another.

By substituting the value of (c) of the divisor x – c in the polynomial P(x),

you can also test whether a certain polynomial is exactly divisible by another or is
a factor by the Remainder Theorem.

The Remainder Theorem states that P(c) is the remainder when the
polynomial p(x) is divided by (x – c). The divisor x – c is then restated as x = c.

Examples:

1. Find the remainder using the remainder theorem if P(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 3x – 2 is

divided by x – 3.

Solution: Instead of using synthetic division, it is easier to solve by

substitution.

​ P(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 3x – 2; x = 3
P(3) = (3) + 4(3) 2 + 3(3) – 2​ ​ ​ Substitute 3 for x.
= 27 + 36 + 9 – 2
P(3) = 70 the remainder
​ Hence, the polynomial P(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 3x – 2 is not exactly divisible by x – 3.

2. Find the value of P(x) using the remainder theorem if P(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 5x2 +
5x - 2 is divided by x + 2.

Solution:

​ P(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 5x2 + 5x - 2 ; x = -2

​ P(-2) = (-2) 4 + 3(-2) 3 + 5(-2) 2 + 5(-2) -2​ ​ Substitute -2 for x.
= 16 - 24 + 20 - 10 - 2
P(-2) = 0 the remainder

​ Hence P(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 5x2 + 5x - 2 is exactly divisible by x + 2.

You can also solve an equation using the Remainder Theorem. In the next
example, the polynomial P(x) is equated to the remainder to solve for the value of
k, the numerical coefficient of the x term.
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Example:

Find the value of k when polynomial 3x2 + kx + 4 is divided by x – 1 and the

remainder is 2.

Solution:

3x2 + kx + 4 = 2 ​ The polynomial is equal to the remainder 2.

3(1) 2 + k(1) + 4 = 2 ​ ​ Substitute 1 for x, then solve for k.
3+ k + 4 = 2
k=2–7
​ ​ k = -5

Check by synthetic division

​ 3x2 - 5x + 4 ​ ​ Substitute k by – 5 in the original expression,

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3x2 - kx + 4.
​ 3 -5 4
1 3 -2
​ 3 -2 2 remainder

Try this out

A.​ Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by x – c using the remainder
theorem.

1.​ P(x) = (x3 – 7x2 + x + 10) ​ ​ ​ x–2

2.​ P(x) = (x4 + 10x3 - 8x –80) ​ ​ ​ x + 10
3.​ P(x) = (x5 + 2x4 – 3x3 + 4x2 - 5x + 2) ​​ x–1
4.​ P(x) = (x3 + 3x2 + 10x + 5) ​ ​ ​ x–3
5.​ P(x) = (x3 + 125) ​ ​ ​ ​ x+5
3 2
6.​ P(x) = (x - 4x – 3x + 18) ​ ​ ​ x+2
7.​ P(x) = (x5 + 5x3 - 3x + 7) ​ ​ ​ x–2
5 3
8.​ P(x) = (x + 5x - 3x + 7) ​ ​ ​ x+2
9.​ P(x) = (x59 + 3x35 – 5x7 + 9x + 8) ​ ​ x–1
10.​P(x) = (x99 - 2x81 + 3x5 – 5) ​ ​ ​ x+1
​
B. Find the remainder when a polynomial is divided by x - c using the remainder
theorem.

1.​ (-x3 + 5x2 – 10x + 3) ÷ (x – 4)

2.​ (-x + 2x3 – 3x + 3) ÷ (x + 2)
3.​ (-2x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5) ÷ ( x + 1)

11
 4.​ (-9x + 2x3 – 20) ÷ (x + 2)
5.​ (-3x – 15x3 + 4x4 + 20) ÷ (x –3)
6.​ (-5x3 – 12x2 + 10x – 6) ÷ (x + 3)
7.​ (-x3 + 6x2 – 10x + 8) ÷ ( x – 4)
8.​ (-x4 – 3x3 –2x2 + 12x + 72) ÷ ( x + 6)
9.​ (-2x4 – 9x3 + 14x2 + 68) ÷ ( x – 2)
10.​ (-5x5 – 3x4 + 4x + 5) ÷ (x – 1)

C. Find the value of the following function using the remainder theorem.

1.​ p(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 + 3x -7

x = -3

2.​ p(x) = 5x3 + 7x2 + 8

x = -2

3.​ p(x) = 4x4 + 5x3 + 8x2

x=4

4.​ p(x) = 3x3 - 7x2 + 5x –2

x = -2

5.​ p(x) = 4x3 + 2x + 10

x = -3

6.​ p(x) = 5x4 + 6x3 + 10x2

x=5

7.​ p(X) = 6x2 + 3x – 9

x=1

8.​ p(x) = 2x3 + 4x2 – 5x + 9

​ x = -3

9.​ p(x) = 2x4 - 9x3 + 14x2 – 8

x=2

10.​p(x) = 2x4 - 9x3 + 14x2 – 8

x = -2

D. Given a condition, determine the value of k.

1.​ When kx3 – x2 + 2x – 30 is divided by (x – 2), the remainder is 2.

2.​ When 8x3 – 4x2 – 7x + k is divided by (x – 1), the remainder is 5.
3.​ When x5 + x4 – 4x3 – 4x2 – 8x + k is divided by x – 2, the remainder is 0.

12
 4.​ When kx2 – x + 3 divided by x + 1, the remainder is 5.
5.​ When 6x2 = 4x + k divided by x + 3, the remainder is 2.

Lesson 5

Find the Value of P(x) for x = c by Synthetic Division

and the Remainder Theorem

The synthetic division and remainder theorem are two ways used to find
the value of P(x). You have seen in the previous lessons that the last value
obtained in synthetic division is equal to the value of the remainder. Now, how is
this related to the remainder theorem.

Let’s find out by comparing the two processes.

Examples:

1. Use synthetic division and remainder theorem to find the value of P(x) = x4
– 2x3 – x2 – 15x + 2 at x =12

Solution:

a. By synthetic division:

​ 1 -2 -1 -15 2
12 12 120 1428 16956

​ 1 10 119 1413 16958​ ​ the remainder

​
b. by remainder theorem:

​ P(12) = x4 – 2x3 – x2 – 15x + 2

​ ​ = (12) 4 – 2(12) 3 – (12) 2 – 15(12) + 2
​ ​ = 20,736 – 3456 – 144 – 180 + 2
​ P(12) = 16,958

​ Notice that the same value was obtained for the two processes. We can
now say that P(x) = R, and P(12) = 16,958.

2. Use synthetic division and remainder theorem to find the value of P(x) =
2x3 + 8x2 + 13x –10 if x = -3

13
 Solution:

a.​ by synthetic division:

2 8 13 -10
-3 -6 -6 -21

2 2 7 -31 ​ the remainder

​ P(-3) = -31

b.​ by remainder theorem:

P(-3) = 2 x3 + 8x2 + 13x – 10

= 2 (-3) 3 + 8(-3) 2 + 13(-3) – 10
= -54 + 72 - 39 -10
P(-3) = -31, the remainder

Again, notice that the value obtained using synthetic division and
remainder theorem yield the same value for P(-3).

Try this out

A. Find the value of the P(x) for the given x using synthetic division and
remainder theorem.

1.​ P(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 2x – 6 ​ ​ ​ x=4

2.​ P(x) = x5 – 3x2 – 20 ​ ​ ​ x=2
3.​ P(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – x – 79​ ​ ​ x=9
4.​ P(x) = x3 – 8x2 + 2x + 5 ​ ​ ​ x=3
5.​ P(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 ​ ​ ​ x=4
6.​ P(x) = 3x4 + 8x2 – 1 ​ ​ ​ x = -4
7.​ P(x) = 6x3 + 9x2 – 6x + 2 ​ ​ ​ x=2
8.​ P(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 4x2 + 6x – 8 ​​ x=3
9.​ P(x) = 4x4 + 3x3 – 2x2 + x + 1 ​ ​ x = -1
10.​P(x) = 2x3 + 8x2 – 3x – 1 ​ ​ x = -2

B. Using synthetic division or remainder theorem, find the value of the polynomial
for the given value of x.

1. x4 - 2x2 - x – 6​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x=2
2. x4 - 4x3 + 3x2 + 12 ​ ​ ​ ​ x = -3
3. -x4 - x3 + x – 5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x=1
4. x3 - x2 - x - 5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x= 1
14
 5. x5 - 6x3 - x – 7 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x = -2
6. x6 - x5 - x4 - x – 3 ​ ​ ​ ​ x=2
7. 4x5 - 3x + 122 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x = -2
8. x5 - 4x3 - 3x – 2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x=3
9. x3 - 2x2 - 5x – 6 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x = -1
10. 2x2 - 19x + 35 ​ ​ ​ ​ x=7

C. Using synthetic division or remainder theorem, find the value of y for the
given x.

1. y = 6x3 - 17x2 + 14x + 8 , ​ ​ ​ x=

2. y = 8x3 - 14x2 - 5x – 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ x =

3. y = 64x3 + 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ x=-

4. y = 6x4 - 3x2 + 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ x=-

5. y = 4x4 + 2x2 + 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ x =

Lesson 6

Illustrate the Factor Theorem

In your experience with numbers, you obtain a remainder of zero when a

number is exactly divisible by another number. We can say that the divisor is a
factor of the dividend in that case. Same is true with polynomials.

A zero remainder obtained when applied using the Remainder Theorem

will give rise to another theorem called the factor theorem. This is a test to find if
a polynomial is a factor of another polynomial.

The Factor Theorem states:

Let P(x) be a polynomial. If c is a zero of P that is P(c) = 0, then (x - c) is

a factor of P(x). Conversely, if (x - c) is a factor of P(x) then, c is a zero of P.

​
Simply, if zero is obtained as a remainder when c is substituted to the
polynomial P(x), then the polynomial x – c is factor of P(x).

15
Examples:

1. Show that x - 2 is a factor of x3 + 7x2 + 2x – 40.

Solution:

a.​ Using the remainder theorem

P(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 2x –40 if x = 2

P(2) = (2) 3 + 7(2) 2 + 2(2) – 40
= 6 + 28 + 4 - 40
P(2) = 0

Since P(2) = 0, then x - 2 is a factor of x3 + 7x2 + 2x – 40.

b.​ Using another method, by synthetic division

1 7 2 -40
2 2 18 40

1 9 20 0 ​the remainder​

Since the remainder is 0, then x - 2 is a factor of x3 + 7x2 + 2x –40.

2. Determine if ( x – 3) is a factor of (2x4 - x3 – 18x2 – 7).

Solution:

a.​ by remainder theorem

P(x) = 2x4 - x3 – 18x2 - 7 if x = 3

P(3) = 2(3)4 - (3)3 - 18(3)2 - 7
​ = 2(81) - 27 - 18(9) - 7
= 162 –27 –162 – 7
P(3) = -34

​ Since the P(3) = -34, which is not 0 then, (x – 3) is not a factor of (2x4
- x3 – 18x2 – 7).

b.​ Using synthetic division

2 -1 -18 0 -7
3 6 15 -9 -27

2 5 -3 -9 -34 ​ ​ remainder
16
 Since r = -34, then x – 3 is not a factor of the second polynomial.

Again, we can use this knowledge to solve equations. If the polynomial x

– c is a factor of P(x), then you can equate P(x) to zero. An example is given to
you below.

Example:

Find the value of k so that polynomial x – 2 is a factor of 2x3 – kx - 3.

Solution:

By remainder theorem:

​ 2x3 – kx – 3 = 0 Since x-2 is a factor of the polynomial then equate to 0.

2(2) 3 – k(2) – 3 = 0 Substitute x by 2 and perform operations.
2(8) – 2k – 3 = 0 Solve for k.
16 – 2k – 3 = 0
​ ​ -2k = - 13
​ ​ k = 13
2

Let us check using synthetic division;

​ 2x3 – 0x2 – kx – 3 ​ Supply the missing term by 0

​ 2x3 – 0x2 – x–3 ​ Substitute k by

2 0 - -3
2 4 8 3

2 4 0

Try this out

A. Tell whether the second polynomial is a factor of the first .

1. P(x) = 3x3 – 8x2 + 3x + 2; (x – 2)

2. P(x) = 2x4 + x3 + 2x + 1; (x + 1)
3. P(x) = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6; (x + 3)

17
4. G(x) = 4x3 – 6x2 + 2x + 1; (2x – 1)
5. H(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10; (x – 1)

B. Answer the following:

1. Which of the following is a factor of f(x) = x3 – 7x + 6?

a.​ x + 2
b.​ x – 3
c.​ x – 1
d.​ x + 1

2. Which of the following is a factor of f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 3x – 2?

a.​ x + 2
b.​ x – 3
c.​ x + 1
d.​ x – 2

3. Which is a factor of p(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 –4x2 –3x +2?

a.​ x – 2
b.​ x – 1
c.​ 2x + 1
d.​ x - 3

4. Which is a factor of g(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6?

a.​ x – 2
b.​ x + 1
c.​ x + 3
d.​ x – 3

5. Which is a factor of p(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 9x – 27?

a.​ x + 3
b.​ x + 2
c.​ x – 2
d.​ x – 3

6. Which is a factor of p(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 2?

a.​ x + 1
b.​ x – 2

c.​ x –

d.​ x +

7. Which is a factor of p(x) = x4 – 8x3 + 2x2 + 5?

18
 a.​ x+1
b.​ x–5
c.​ x+5
d.​ x–1

8. Which is a factor of f(x) = x4 – 2x3 – 3x2 + 8x – 4?

a.​ x – 1
b.​ x + 1
c.​ x + 3
d.​ x – 3

9. Which is a factor of f(x) = x4 + 6x3 + 9x2 – 4x – 12?

a.​ x + 3
b.​ x – 3
c.​ x + 1
d.​ x – 2

10. Which is a factor of f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 + x – 2 ?

a.​ x + 2
b.​ x –1
c.​ x – 2
d.​ x + 3

C. Determine the value of k which is necessary to meet the given condition.

1. (x – 2) is a factor of 3x3 – x2 – 11x + k.

2. (x + 3) is a factor of 2x5 + 5x4 + 3x3 + kx2 – 14x + 3.
​ 3. (x + 1) is a factor of –x4 + kx3 – x2 + kx + 10.
​ 4. (x + 2) is a factor of x3 + x2 + 5x + k.
​ 5. (x – 1) is a factor of x3 – x2 – 4x + k.
​ 6. (x – 5) is a factor of x3 – 3x2 – kx - 5.
7. (x + 1) is a factor of 3x3 + kx2 – x – 2.
​ 8. (x + 4) is a factor of kx3 + 4x2 – x – 4.
​ 9. ( x + 5) is a factor of kx2 + 4x – 5.
10. (x – 2) is factor of x3 + 3x2 – kx + 2.

Let’s summarize
1. Synthetic division is another method in finding the quotient and the
remainder.

2. Remainder theorem can be used to find the value of a function, that is

P( c) is the remainder when a polynomial p(x) is divided by ( x- c).
19
 3. Factor theorem: The binomial (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial P( x)
if and only if P(x) = 0.

What have you learned

1.​ Which of the following is a polynomial function?

a. P(x) = 3x-3 – 8x2 + 3x + 2 ​ c. P(x) = 2x4 + x3 + 2x + 1

b. P(x) = x3 + 4x2 + – 6​​ d. G(x) = 4x3 – + 2x + 1

2.​ What is the degree of the polynomial function f(x) = 5x – 3x4 + 1?

3.​ What will be the quotient and the remainder when y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 8x + 4 is
divided by (x +2)?

a.​ q(x) = 2x2 – 7x + 6 , R = -8

b.​ q(x) = 2x2 – 7x + 6, R = 8
c.​ q(x) = 2x2 – 7x – 6, R = -8
d.​ q(x) = 2x2 – 7x - 6 , R = 8

4. If f(a) = 2a3 + a2 + 12, what will be the value of f(a) at a = -2?

a.​ 1
b.​ -1
c.​ 0
d.​ 2

5. What must be the value of k so that when f(x) = kx2 - x + 3 divide by (x + 1),
the remainder is 5?
a.​ 2
b.​ -2
c.​ 0
d.​ 1

6. What must be the value of k in the function f(x) = x4 + x3 – kx2 – 25x – 12 so

that (x – 4) is a factor.
​ a. -12
b. -13
c.​ 13
d.​ 12

20
7. What is the remainder when f(x) = x4 + 3x2 + 4x – 1 divided by (x – 1)?
a.​ 7
b.​ -7
c.​ 6
d.​ 5

8. Which of the following binomial is a factor of f(x) = x3 – x2 – 5x – 3?

​ a. x + 1
b. x + 2
c.​ x -3
d.​ x –2

9. If f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 3x – 2, what will be the value f(x) at x = 3?

a.​ -70
b.​ 70
c.​ 50
d.​ –50

10. For what value of k , when x3 + 4x2 – kx + 1 ÷x + 1 the remainder is 3?

a.​ -1
b.​ 1
c.​ 2
d.​ -2

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 Answer key
How much do you know

1.​ c
2.​ 4
3.​ Q(x) =(x3 + 2x – 3), R = 3
4.​ 89
5.​ 2
6.​ 2
7.​ -5
8.​ a
9.​ 154
10.​4

Try this out

Lesson 1

A.
1.​ Polynomial function
2.​ Not a polynomial function
3.​ Polynomial function
4.​ Polynomial function
5.​ not a polynomial function
6.​ not a polynomial function
7.​ Polynomial function
8.​ not a polynomial function
9.​ Polynomial function
10.​Polynomial function
B.
1.​ fourth
2.​ fifth
3.​ sixth
4.​ third
5.​ eighth
6.​ fifth
7.​ third
8.​ third
9.​ fourth
10.​sixth

Lesson 2

22
 1.​ 3x2 – 7x + 6 + -

2.​ 4x + 23 +

3.​ x2 + x + 9 +

4.​ x2 - x -13 + (- )

5.​ 2x4 + 8 + -

6.​ x3 - 3x2 + 9x - 30 +

7.​ x2 + x + 3 +

8.​ 2x3 + x2 + 3x - 1 +
9.​ x2 + 3
10.​ x4 – 2x3 + 4x2 - 8x + 16

Lesson 3
A.
1. 4x6 + 21x5 – 26x3 + 27x = (4x5 + x4 –5x3 – x2 + 5x + 2)(x + 5) –10
2. x5 – 3x4 + 4x + 5 = (x4 – x3 – 2x2 –4x –4)(x - 2) – 3
3. 2x3 – 4x2 – 5x +3 = (2x2 – 10x + 25)(x + 3) –72
4. x5 + 5x3 – 3x + 7 = (x4 + 2x3 + 9x2 + 18x + 33)(x – 2) + 73
5. x4 – 8 = (x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 8)(x – 2) + 8
6. 2x3 + 11x + 12 = (2x2 – 8x + 43)(x + 4) –160
7. 2x3 – 3x2 + 3x –4 = ( 2x2 + x + 5)(x – 2) + 6
8. x5 + 32 = (x4 – 2x3 + 4x2 –8x + 16)(x + 2) + 0
9. 2x4 – 5x3 – 10x + 8 = (2x3 + x2 + 3x – 1)(x –3) + 5
10. 6x3 –19x2 + x + 6 = (6x2 – x –2)(x – 3) + 0

B.
1. P(x) = (2x3 + 5x2 + 2x – 5) ( 2x + 1) + 0
2. P(x) = (5x2 – 3x + 6) (3x –2) +0
3. P(x) = (-3x3 + 2x2 –8x + 6) (3x – 1) - 2/3
4. P(x) = (x3 + 2x –3) (3x –1) +1
5. P(x) = (x2 –2x + 2) (2x –1) + 3/2
6. P(x) = (x3 + 2x –5) (2x –1) – 4
7. P(x) = (x2 –4x + 3) (2x –1)

23
 8. P(x) = (6x2 – 6x + 3) (x + )-3

9. P(x) = (4x3 + 2x2 –4x –2) (x – )

2
10. P(x) = (2x – 3x + 6) (x + 2) + 0

Lesson 4
A.
1. P(2) = -8
2. P(-10) = 0
3. P(1) = 1
4. P(3) = 89
5. P(-5) = 0
6. P(-2) = 0
7. P(2) = 73
8. P(-2) = -59
9. P(1) = 16
10. P(-1) = -7
​
B.
1. - 21
2. -5
3. 13
4. -18
5. -70
6. -9
7. 0
8. -720
9. 20
10. 1

C.
1. p( -3) = -115
2. p(-2) = -4
3. p(4) = 1,472
4. p(-2) = -64
5. p(-3) = -104
6. p(5) = 4,125
7. P(1) = 0
8. P(-3) = 6
9. P(2) = 8
10. P(-2) = 152
D.
1. k = 4
24
 2. k=8
3. k = 16
4. k=1
5. k = 68

Lesson 5
A.
1. P(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 2x – 6 if x = 4

a.​ by synthetic division

1 -4 2 -6
4 4 0 8

1 0 2 2

b.​ by remainder theorem

x3 – 4x2 + 2x – 6
(4)3 – 4(4) 2 + 2(4) – 6
64 –64 + 8 – 6
P(4) = 2

2. P(x) = x5 – 3x2 – 20 if x= 2
x + 0x + 0x – 3x2 +0x – 20
5 4 3

a.​ by synthetic division

1 0 0 -3 0 -20
2 2 4 8 10 20

1 2 4 5 10 0

a.​ by remainder theorem

(2)5 – 3(2)2 – 20
32 -12 - 20
P(2) = 0

3. P(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – x – 79 if x = 9

a.​ by synthetic division

2 3 -1 - 79
9 18 189 1692

25
 2 21 188 1613

b.​ by remainder theorem

​ 2(9)3 + 3(9)2 – 9 – 79
2(729) + 3(81) –9 –79
1458 + 243 –88
P(9) = 1613

4. P(x) = x3 – 8x2 + 2x + 5 if x = 3

a.​ by synthetic division

1 -8 2 5
3 3 -15 -39

1 -5 -13 -34

b.​ by remainder theorem

(3)3 – 8(3)2 + 2(3) + 5

27​ - 72 + 6 + 5
P(3) = -34

5. P(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1, if x = 4
a.​ by synthetic division

1 1 1 1 1
4 4 20 84 340

1 5 21 85 341

b. by remainder theorem

​ ​ (4)4 + (4)3 + (4)2 + 4 + 1

256 + 64 + 16 + 5
P(4) = 341

6. P(x) = 3x4 + 8x2 – 1, if x = -4

a.​ by synthetic division

3 0 8 0 -1
-4 -12 48 -224 896

3 -12 56 -224 895

26
 b.​ by remainder

3(-4)4 + 8(-4)2 – 1
3(256) + 8(16) - 1
768 + 128 - 1
P(-4) = 895

7. P(x) = 6x3 + 9x2 – 6x + 2, if x = 2

a.​ by synthetic division

6 9 -6 2
2 12 42 72

6 21 36 74

b.​ by remainder theorem

​ 6(2)3 + 9(2)2 – 6(2) + 2

6(8) + 9(4) - 12 + 2
48 + 36 -10
P(2) = 74

8. P(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 4x2 + 6x – 8, if x = 3

a.​ synthetic division

1 -2 4 6 -8
3 3 3 21 81

1 1 7 27 73

b. by remainder theorem

(3)4 – 2(3)3 + 4(3)2 + 6(3) – 8

81- 54 + 36 + 18 – 8
27 + 54 – 8
P(3) = 73

9. P(x) = 4x4 + 3x3 – 2x2 + x + 1, if x = - 1

a.​ by synthetic division

27
 4 3 -2 1 1
-1 -4 1 1 -2

4 -1 -1 2 -1

b.​ by remainder theorem

4(-1)4 + 3(-1) 3– 2(-1)2 + (-1) + 1

​ 4 -3 -2 -1 + 1
P (-1) = -1

10. P(x) = 2x3 + 8x2 – 3x – 1, if x = -2

a.​ by synthetic division

2 8 -3 -1
-2 -4 -8 22

2 4 -11 21

b. check by remainder theorem

2(-2)3 + 8(-2)2 – 3(-2) – 1
2(-8) + 8(4) + 6 – 1
-16 + 32 + 5
P(-2) = 21

B.
1. 0
2. 228
3. -6
4. -6
5. 11
6. 11
7. 0
8124
9. -4
10. 0

C. 1. 11
2. -6
3. 0

4.

5.
28
Lesson 6
A.
1. is a factor
2. is a factor
3. is a factor
4. is not a factor
5. is not a factor

B.
1. c
2. a
3. b
4. d
5. d
6. c
7. d
8. a
9. a
10. a

C.
1. k=2
2. k = 13
3. k=4
4. k = 14
5. k=4
6. k=9
7. k=4
8. k=1
9. k=1
10. k = 11

What have you learned

1. c
2. 4
3. a
4. c
5. d
6. c
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. a

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