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Arduino Basics

This document provides an overview of Arduino programming basics, covering the structure of an Arduino sketch, including setup and loop functions, variables, data types, pin modes, and control structures. It also explains digital and analog input/output, serial communication, functions, libraries, timing methods, and arrays. Each section includes examples to illustrate the concepts discussed.

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ssulemanakbar12
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22 views7 pages

Arduino Basics

This document provides an overview of Arduino programming basics, covering the structure of an Arduino sketch, including setup and loop functions, variables, data types, pin modes, and control structures. It also explains digital and analog input/output, serial communication, functions, libraries, timing methods, and arrays. Each section includes examples to illustrate the concepts discussed.

Uploaded by

ssulemanakbar12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arduino Programming Basics

1 Arduino Program Structure


An Arduino program, or ”sketch,” consists of two primary functions:

• setup(): Runs once at the beginning and is used to initialize settings,


such as setting pin modes.
• loop(): Runs repeatedly and is where the main code logic goes.

Example

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts serial communication at 9600 baud
}

void loop() {
Serial.println("Hello,␣Arduino!"); // Prints message to Serial
Monitor
delay(1000); // Waits for 1 second
}

2 Variables and Data Types


Variables are containers for storing data values. Common data types include:

• int: Stores whole numbers.


• float: Stores decimal values.

• char: Stores a single character.


• boolean: Stores true or false.

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Example

int ledPin = 13; // Integer to store the LED pin number


float temperature = 23.5; // Float for decimal values
char initial = ’A’; // Char for single character
boolean isOn = true; // Boolean for true/false

3 Pin Modes
The pinMode() function sets whether a pin will be used as an input or output.

Example

int ledPin = 13;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Sets pin 13 as an output
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turns on the LED
delay(1000); // Waits for 1 second
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turns off the LED
delay(1000); // Waits for 1 second
}

4 Digital Input and Output


• digitalWrite(): Sends a high (5V) or low (0V) signal to an output pin.
• digitalRead(): Reads the state of an input pin (either HIGH or LOW).

Example

int buttonPin = 2; // Button connected to pin 2


int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to pin 13

void setup() {
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); // Sets button pin as input
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Sets LED pin as output
}

void loop() {
int buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); // Reads button state

2
if (buttonState == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turns on LED if button is pressed
} else {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turns off LED if button is not
pressed
}
}

5 Analog Input and Output


• analogRead(pin): Reads an analog value (0-1023) from a specified pin
(A0 to A5).
• analogWrite(pin, value): Writes an analog-like output using PWM (0
to 255).

Example

int potPin = A0; // Potentiometer connected to pin A0

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication
}

void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(potPin); // Reads value from
potentiometer
Serial.println(sensorValue); // Prints value to Serial Monitor
delay(500); // Waits for half a second
}

6 Control Structures
if / else
Conditional statements for decision-making.

Example

int ledPin = 13;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

3
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);

if (sensorValue > 512) {


digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turns on LED if sensorValue > 512
} else {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turns off LED otherwise
}
}

for loop
Repeats code a specific number of times.

Example

int ledPin = 13;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { // Blinks LED 5 times
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(500);
}
}

while loop
Repeats code while a condition is true.

Example

int ledPin = 13;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
while (true) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turns on LED forever

4
}
}

7 Serial Communication
• Serial.begin(baud rate): Starts serial communication.
• Serial.print() and Serial.println(): Prints data to the Serial Mon-
itor.

Example

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts serial communication at 9600 baud
}

void loop() {
Serial.println("Hello,␣World!"); // Prints message to Serial Monitor
delay(1000); // Waits 1 second
}

8 Functions
Functions are blocks of code that perform a specific task and can be reused.

Example

void blinkLed(int pin, int delayTime) {


digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);
delay(delayTime);
digitalWrite(pin, LOW);
delay(delayTime);
}

int ledPin = 13;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
blinkLed(ledPin, 500); // Calls blinkLed function with a 500 ms delay
}

5
9 Libraries
Libraries extend the functionality of Arduino, allowing you to control devices
like servos, sensors, etc.

Example

#include <Servo.h> // Includes the Servo library

Servo myServo; // Creates a Servo object

void setup() {
myServo.attach(9); // Attaches servo to pin 9
}

void loop() {
myServo.write(90); // Moves servo to 90 degrees
delay(1000);
myServo.write(0); // Moves servo to 0 degrees
delay(1000);
}

10 Delays and Timing


Using delay()
Pauses the program for a specified time in milliseconds.

Example

int ledPin = 13;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turns on LED
delay(1000); // Waits for 1 second
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turns off LED
delay(1000); // Waits for 1 second
}

6
Using millis()
Returns the time in milliseconds since the program started. Useful for non-
blocking delays.

Example

unsigned long previousMillis = 0;


const long interval = 1000;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
unsigned long currentMillis = millis();

if (currentMillis - previousMillis >= interval) {


Serial.println("1␣second␣passed");
previousMillis = currentMillis;
}
}

11 Arrays
Arrays store multiple values under a single variable name.

Example

int ledPins[] = {2, 3, 4, 5}; // Array of LED pins

void setup() {
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
pinMode(ledPins[i], OUTPUT); // Sets each LED pin as output
}
}

void loop() {
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
digitalWrite(ledPins[i], HIGH); // Turns on each LED in sequence
delay(200);
digitalWrite(ledPins[i], LOW); // Turns off each LED
delay(200);
}
}

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