English Tasks
English Tasks
8
1. What is an information system?
An information system is a structured set of interrelated components designed to collect,
store, manage, and disseminate information. It performs tasks that involve the
acquisition, processing, and delivery of data, ultimately transforming raw data into
meaningful and usable information. Information systems support decision-making
processes by ensuring timely communication of information to users. They are crucial
in managing both the technical and human resources within various organizational
contexts.
2. Where are information systems used?
Information systems are utilized across a broad spectrum of environments, including but
not limited to business enterprises, educational institutions, healthcare facilities,
financial organizations, and manufacturing industries. Their primary function in these
contexts is to enhance operational efficiency, support managerial decision-making, and
streamline various organizational processes. They are particularly indispensable in
modern enterprises where strategic use of information plays a critical role in gaining
competitive advantages.
3. Where are multiuser information systems usually found?
Multiuser information systems are typically found in organizational settings such as
corporations, government agencies, educational institutions, and healthcare
organizations. These systems are designed to support concurrent access and interaction
by multiple users, often facilitating collaboration, data sharing, and coordinated
decision-making. They are vital for maintaining seamless operations in complex
environments where large-scale information management is essential.
4. What are personal information systems designed for?
Personal information systems are tailored for individual use, offering tools to manage
specific personal tasks such as financial portfolio management, scheduling, data
organization, and communication. These systems are often implemented on personal
computing devices and serve to enhance personal productivity, information handling,
and decision-making at the individual level, outside the scope of larger organizational
systems.
5. What are the three basic functions of an information system?
An information system performs three core functions (These functions collectively
ensure that data is transformed into actionable knowledge and effectively delivered to
those who require it.
):
Input – The system accepts data from various sources;
Process – The system converts raw data into meaningful information through defined
algorithms, logic, or processing rules;
Output – The system produces and communicates the resulting information in a timely
and relevant manner to support user decisions.
6. In what way can information systems be useful on the factory floor?
On the factory floor, information systems contribute significantly to industrial
efficiency and productivity. They are used to automate production processes, optimize
engineering workflows, and expedite product development. By integrating information
systems into manufacturing operations, companies can reduce operational costs,
minimize production time, and maintain high standards of quality and competitiveness.
These systems support just-in-time manufacturing, real-time monitoring, and intelligent
decision-making in complex industrial settings.
7. Why is it important to possess a basic level of knowledge, understanding and skill
in using computers and information systems?
In the contemporary job market and professional landscape, possessing foundational
knowledge and skills in computers and information systems is essential. This
competence enables individuals to effectively perform tasks, communicate, and solve
problems using digital tools. As technology continues to influence all aspects of work
and life, computer literacy ensures adaptability, enhances productivity, and expands
employment opportunities. Proficiency in using information systems is not limited to
technical roles but is increasingly expected across a wide array of professions.
8. What do you understand by “information and computer literacy”?
Computer literacy refers to the ability to understand and efficiently use computer systems,
including software applications, hardware interfaces, and operating environments. It
encompasses basic operational knowledge as well as the ability to apply digital tools in
various contexts. Information literacy, on the other hand, involves the capacity to evaluate,
interpret, and use information judiciously. It includes the ability to determine the
credibility of sources, extract relevant data, and apply information to solve problems or
make informed decisions. Together, these literacies empower individuals to leverage
technology effectively and responsibly in both academic and professional environments.
Unit 1 Ex. 9
How do computers and information systems affect the creation and management of
information?
In today’s digital age, the role of computers and information systems in the creation and
management of information is both transformative and indispensable. As a student of a
technical university, I have witnessed firsthand how technology shapes the way we handle
data and make decisions across various fields of study and industry. The influence of these
tools extends beyond mere automation—they redefine how we think, work, and innovate.
First and foremost, computers have revolutionized the creation of information. In the
past, data collection and processing were often manual, time-consuming, and prone to
error. Today, with advanced computing power, we can collect, analyze, and visualize vast
amounts of data in real time. For example, in fields like medicine, weather forecasting, and
finance, computers enable researchers to model complex phenomena, run simulations, and
generate insights that were previously impossible or extremely limited. Tools like
spreadsheets, databases, and specialized software applications allow even non-
programmers to create structured and meaningful content efficiently.
Information systems, on the other hand, serve as the framework for managing
information throughout its entire life cycle. An information system integrates hardware,
software, data, processes, and people to collect, store, process, and distribute information
effectively. This systematized approach ensures that information is not only available
when needed but also accurate, consistent, and secure. For example, in a hospital setting,
an information system allows doctors and nurses to access patient records instantly, track
medical histories, and make informed decisions. Without such systems, managing critical
information would be chaotic and inefficient.
Another vital contribution of information systems is facilitating communication and
collaboration. Through networks, cloud platforms, and enterprise systems, people can
share information across departments, organizations, and even continents. This has led to
more coordinated efforts, especially in global research, supply chain management, and
international business. Furthermore, real-time data sharing helps stakeholders respond
quickly to changes, risks, and opportunities.
One aspect that I find particularly interesting is the role of artificial intelligence (AI)
and machine learning (ML) in information systems. These technologies enhance our
ability to extract patterns, predict trends, and make data-driven decisions. For example, in
my own academic projects, we explore how neural networks can forecast patient outcomes
in diabetes treatment. This is not just an academic exercise—it is a real demonstration of
how computers and information systems can positively impact human lives.
Despite all the advantages, we must also consider challenges. The security and privacy
of information are major concerns, especially with the increase in cyber threats. Moreover,
managing the quality of data is crucial—poor-quality data can lead to poor decisions. That
is why students like me must learn not only how to use these systems but also how to
evaluate, verify, and safeguard information responsibly.
In conclusion, computers and information systems are powerful tools that affect every
aspect of how we create and manage information. They enhance accuracy, improve
efficiency, and support intelligent decision-making. I believe that mastering these tools
and understanding their implications is essential not only for my future career but also for
contributing meaningfully to society. The future belongs to those who can harness
information wisely—and I am excited to be part of that future.
Unit 1 Ex. 10
1. “Data” and “Information” (“Дані” та “інформація”)
Unit 2 Ex. 9
1. Types of Information Systems
(Tипи інформаційних систем )
There are several types of information systems designed to meet the diverse
informational needs of individuals within an organization. Operational
information systems, also referred to as transaction processing systems, record
and manage commercial transactions in order to provide data to managers who
carry out the organization’s routine functions. The management information
system provides managers with information to assist in problem-solving, control,
and decision-making in well-structured and formalized situations.A decision
support system is an interactive information system built upon a set of interrelated
data. It assists the user in solving problems by facilitating the analysis and
evaluation of different alternatives.
The sales and purchasing system records information about daily sales
transactions, such as the buyer’s name, product codes, order quantities, billing
address, and delivery location. This data is captured using a transaction
processing system.Because it must handle large volumes of information
efficiently, the sales and purchasing system is ideally suited for computerization.
When a new computer comes off the assembly line, it cannot perform any
tasks on its own. To function, the hardware requires software. Are we referring
here to application software, such as word processors or spreadsheet programs?
Partly, yes. However, application software does not interact directly with the
hardware.Between the application software and the computer hardware, there is
an essential software interface — the operating system.The operating system is
a collection of programs that acts as an intermediary between application software
and computer hardware. It serves as the foundation that enables all other
programs to function effectively.
Unit 3 Ex. 3
Unit 3 Ex. 8
1. What is an expert system?
Unit 3 Ex.9
1. Експертна система (Expert System)
Data mining is the process of filtering through large volumes of raw data
to extract useful information that can provide organizations with a competitive
advantage. This information consists of distinct patterns and trends that are
already present in the data but had previously gone unnoticed.
One of the most widely used tools in the process of data mining is artificial
intelligence (AI). AI technologies attempt to emulate the functioning of the
human brain by making informed assumptions, learning from examples, and
applying deductive reasoning. Some of the most popular AI-based methods
applied in data mining include neural networks, clustering, and decision trees.
Unit 4 Ex. 3
Електронна комерція (E-commerce)
Unit 5 Ex. 1
Unit 5 Ex. 3
Маркетинг у Всесвітній мережі (Marketing on the World Wide Web)
Unit 5 Ex. 4
Give a short outline of the WWW appearance.
The World Wide Web (WWW) was conceived in 1989 by Tim Berners-
Lee at CERN in Switzerland to facilitate data sharing and communication among
scientists. Initially used for academic collaboration, the Web became public in
1991, with the first website going live. It integrates multimedia elements like text,
images, sound, and video, and websites became the main structure, linked through
hyperlinks that allowed users to navigate between pages. Web browsers,
developed to display these pages, enabled users to access and interact with
content easily. The introduction of search engines, HTML, and URLs helped
manage the vast amount of information, making the Web more navigable and
accessible.
Unit 5 Ex. 5
Give definitions of the following:
- the Internet - a global network of interconnected computers that enables data exchange
and communication between users worldwide.;
- the World Wide Web - a multimedia subset of the Internet that allows users to access,
view, and share text, images, sound, and video through interconnected Web pages.;
- a Web site - a collection of multimedia documents (Web pages) located at a specific
address on the World Wide Web, accessible via a browser;
- a Web page - a single document or screen within a Web site that may contain text,
images, and links to other pages.;
- a link - a highlighted piece of text or image on a Web page that, when clicked, redirects
the user to another page or resource as a navigator between different pages;
- a browser - a software program that enables users to access, display, and navigate Web
sites and Web pages on the World Wide Web.;
- a search engine - a program or Web-based service that searches for and indexes
information on the Web, helping users locate content by entering keywords or phrases..
Unit 5 Ex. 6
Speak of the advantages and disadvantages of marketing on the Internet
2. It is useful to consider data as raw facts that are processed into a final informational
product. Data typically comes in various forms, including digital, textual, voice
formats, and image-based data.