UNIT-I AAR 308 - HOUSING

SEM-VI

HOUSE
HOUSEHOLD
HOUSING

Dr. Dibya Jivan Pati

Associate Professor
School of Architecture
GITAM Deemed to be University
Visakhapatnam
 HOUSE

A house is a building that functions as a home, ranging from

simple dwellings such as rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes and the
improvised shacks in shanty towns to complex, fixed structures of wood,
brick, concrete or other materials containing plumbing, ventilation and
electrical systems.

A house is a composite and complex good that fulfills many important

individual and social needs. As shelter it fulfills a basic need and it also
provides social security, an aspects of people’s sense of identity and self-
esteem. Along with this provision of proper infrastructure facilities like
drinking water supply, sewerage & sanitation system, roads is also very
important.
A house is defined by the National Building Organisation as a pucca or
semi-pucca unit of dwelling that can accommodate an average household.

The house is the first unit of society, and it is the primary unit of human
habitation.
 HOUSE TYPES

Pucca House: A pucca house is one, which has walls and roof made of the following material. Wall
material: Burnt bricks, stones (packed with lime or cement), cement concrete, timber, ekra etc

Kutcha House: The walls and/or roof of which are made of material other than those mentioned
above, such as unburnt bricks, bamboos, mud, grass, reeds, thatch, loosely packed stones, etc. are
treated as kutcha house.

Semi -Pucca house: A house that has fixed walls made up of pucca material, but roof is made up
of the material other than those used for pucca house.

*Roof Material: Tiles, GCI (Galvanized Corrugated Iron) sheets, asbestos cement sheet, RBC
(Reinforced Brick Concrete), RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) and timber etc.
https://theperfectslum.blogspot.com/2014/02/kacca-pucca-and-vernacular-architecture.html
https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/HOUSING-WRITEUP_0.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329171019_Autonomous_Building_Process_in_Post-disaster_Housing_Reconstruction_Towards_Comprehensive_Policy_Guidelines/figures?lo=1
 HABITABLE ROOM

A room occupied or designed for occupancy

by one or more persons for study, living,
sleeping, eating, kitchen if it is used as a
living room, but not including bathrooms,
water-closet compartments, laundries,
serving and store pantries, corridors,
cellars, attics, and spaces that are not used
frequently or during extended periods.
 HOUSEHOLD
A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and
also share meals or living accommodation and may consist of a single family or
some other grouping of people.

All persons living under one roof or occupying a

separate housing unit, having either direct access
to the outside (or to a public area) or a separate
cooking facility.

Where the members of a household are related by

blood or law, they constitute a family.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_household_size
Household size refers to the average number of people
living in a housing unit. It is calculated by dividing the HOUSEHOLD SIZE
total number of people in a household by the number of
occupied households.
https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/macroeconomic/average-household-size-in-india-2096125/

•India had an average household size of 4.44 people in 2021

•Average household size in India decreased by 0.9% on a year-on-year basis in 2021
•Between 2010-2021, the average household size in India decreased by 8.6%

Average household size in India:

4.4 people per household
 HOUSING
Housing refers to houses or buildings collectively; accommodation of people;
planning or provision of accommodation by an authority; and related meanings.

It is not enough to provide structurally stable structures as houses. But they

must be so located and designed that they afford convenience, amenity,
health and social life to the community.

Economic importance of Housing – it

contributes to national income, national
wealth and national employment. It also
serves as a good source of revenue for
Central, State and Local governments.

Group Housing — Housing for more than

one dwelling unit, where land is owned
jointly (as in the case of co-operative
societies or the public agencies, such as
local authorities or housing boards, etc) and
the construction is undertaken by one
Agency.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF HOUSING
 BUNGALOWS
• Bungalows are one-story house or cottage that are usually small in terms of square feet,
one can easily find large bungalows prevailing these days.

• Large homes used as a solitary family unit.

• These type of houses are family owned and can be widely found in non-urban areas of
India.

• Bungalows have slowly started taking over the urban areas and people have started
blending the architecture with modern amenities that meet the urban lifestyle.

Bungalows are also considered as Single-

family house or Single-Detached house
DETACHED HOUSING
 SEMI-DETACHED HOUSING

• They consist of pairs of houses, built side by

side as units.

• They share a party wall.

• Usually, each house’s layouts is a mirror

image of its twin.

• This type of housing is a half-way state

between terraced and detached houses.
 TERRACED HOUSING / ROW HOUSING

• A row of identical or mirror-image houses.

• They share side-walls.

• The first and last of these houses is called an end

terrace.
 INCREMENTAL HOUSING

Also known as Site-and-services, it is

a step-by-step urban development
process for building housing
communities. Its fundamental
approach is that owners control the
expansion of their housing based on
their needs and resources.

It is an affordable way to resettle

households with minimum housing
Self-study (Assignment)
and services and provides flexibility
in housing decisions.
BELAPUR HOUSING – Charles Correa
Housing by the self-help incremental
ARANYA HOUSING – B.V. Doshi
method is an important component in
covering low-income households.

https://bredenoordhousingresearch.com/incremental-housing/
 INFILL HOUSING
In urban planning, infill, or in-fill, is
the rededication of land in an urban
environment, usually open-space, to
new construction. Infill also applies,
within an urban polity, to construction
on any undeveloped land that is not
on the urban margin.

It describes buildings that are

constructed on vacant or underused
property or between existing
buildings.

In simple words, Self-study (Assignment)

Infill development describes any
development on unused or blighted Advantage and disadvantages of Infill
land. When successful, infill housing
development creates stable, mixed
income communities
HOUSING IN
TERMS OF
DESIGN
HOUSING IN TERMS OF BLOCKS
HOUSING IN TERMS OF CITY BLOCKS
HOUSING IN TERMS OF GROUPINGS
 APARTMENT/MULTI-UNIT DWELLING
There are three key elements to any apartment building:

• The overall form of the building

• The type of access
• The types of units

A multi-unit dwelling
made up of several
apartments/flats/condos
within a building.
 APARTMENT
There are three key elements to any apartment building:

• The overall form of the building

• The type of access
• The types of units
 APARTMENT
There are three key elements to any apartment building:

• The overall form of the building

• The type of access
• The types of units
TYPES OF APARTMENT
TYPES OF APARTMENT
TYPES OF APARTMENT
TYPES OF APARTMENT
TYPES OF APARTMENT
DIFFERENCE OF LOW-RISE AND HIGH-RISE APARTMENT

SELF-STUDY

https://housing.com/news/high-rise-vs-low-rise-apartments/
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF
HOUSING
 FORMAL HOUSING

• Private developers housing

• Public developers housing
• Joint ventures housing
• Cooperative housing
• Employees/Institutional Housing
• Rental Housing (private/public)
PRIVATE DEVELOPERS
HOUSING
PUBLIC DEVELOPERS
HOUSING
JOINT VENTURES COOPERATIVE
HOUSING HOUSING
EMPLOYER’S HOUSING
 INFORMAL HOUSING

• Slums (Bastee, Juggi-jhopri, chawls)

• Squatters
• Other illegal houses
• Pavement dwellers
SLUMS SQUATTERS

UNAUTHORIZED DWELLERS PAVEMENT DWELLERS

Need and Demand
for
HOUSING
Although there is no set definition of ‘housing need and demand’ they
can broadly be described as follows:

Housing demand is a market driven concept and relates to the type and
number of houses that households will choose to occupy based on
preference and ability to pay.

Housing need is an indicator of existing deficit: the number of

households that do not have access to accommodation that meets
certain normative standards.

This measure mainly refers to the level of need for more or improved
social housing.

The term ‘housing requirement’ is sometimes used to combine these two

measures to generate an overall picture of the housing market.
 HOUSING SHORTAGE
At the beginning of the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-17), the housing shortage was estimated to be
https://www.nhb.org.in/Urban_Housing/HousingPolicy2007.pdf

18.78 million units. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India#Future )

The current shortage of housing in urban areas is estimated to be ~10 million units. An additional 25
million units of affordable housing are required by 2030 to meet the growth in the country’s urban
population.

The new government in 2014,

announced the dissolution of the
Planning Commission, and its
replacement by a think tank
called the NITI Aayog (an
acronym for National Institution
for Transforming India).
Source: NBO & NUHHP
 HOUSING SHORTAGE

By 2012, housing deficit in India was reported to be 18.78 million with 11 million vacant
units (GoI, 2011) making housing inequalities related to housing condition and property
wealth one of the most significant challenges faced by the country.

In terms of Income groups

 HOUSING SHORTAGE

CURRENT SCENARIO in terms of Households

 HOUSING SHORTAGE

SUPPLY AND SHORTAGE

 HOUSING SHORTAGE
Components of Housing Shortage

Households residing in unacceptable conditions

Obsolescence Factor
• Non-Serviceable Katcha (temporary) Houses
• All bad houses excluding those less than 40 years old
• 80 years old houses(Old structurally weak)
Congestion Factor (Unacceptable as per social norms)
• Households with one or more married couples sharing room with a person
aged 12 years or more
Houselessness
• Households living without any house (open, pavements)

https://censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/Housing-Shortage.pdf
 HOUSING SHORTAGE

In terms of Housing conditions

HOUSING SCENARIO BASED ON
HOUSING DENSITY
 HOUSING DENSITY

HOUSING DENSITY OR RESIDENTIAL DENSITY IS NORMALLY EXPRESSED IN TERMS

OF:

• Houses per unit land (dwelling units/hectare),

• Habitable rooms per unit land (rooms/hectare) (Accommodation density)

and

• Persons per unit land (persons/hectare) (Population Density).

 HOUSING DENSITY
Dwellings per ha/acre –

the numbers of houses or flats per unit area. Early definitions of density
used this measure, and it is still in use to denote basic standards.

However, it can be a misleading measure due to the considerable

variation in the sizes of dwellings.
 HOUSING DENSITY
Persons per ha/acre - the number of people per unit area (hectare
or Acre). This has been generally used to define density standards
for planning purposes.
 HOUSING DENSITY

Net residential density measures the area of a

housing site up to the surrounding roads include
facilities for the immediate benefit of the housing,
such as small areas of open space, community
centers, a few shops and so on.

Gross residential density measures a residential

area and includes - in addition to housing - parks,
schools, the road and transport network and other
mixed uses. It does not normally include large
commercial or industrial areas
 HOUSING DENSITY
TYPICAL DENSITY INDEX

Zoning Category Density

(persons/acre)
Residential - single 5-35
Residential - 30-100
multiple
Apartments 100-1000
Commercial 15-30
Industrial 5-15
Open 0
HOUSING DENSITY
 HOUSING DENSITY

✔ Low Density - Low Rise

DENSITY - RISE MATRIX ✔ Low Density - Medium Rise
✔ Low Density - High Rise

DENSITY RISE
✔ Medium Density - Low Rise
LOW LOW ✔ Medium Density - Medium Rise
MEDIUM Vs MEDIUM ✔ Medium Density - High Rise
HIGH HIGH

✔ High Density - Low Rise

✔ High Density - Medium Rise
✔ High Density - High Rise
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY
HOUSING DENSITY
 HOUSING DENSITY

Badly designed high-density housing

can make a development feel –

• Cramped,
• Oppressive
• Overcrowded
 HOUSING DENSITY
Too low density can lead to –
• Sprawl
• Feeling of isolation
• unviable public transport system
• Dependency on private transport system
Make Room! Make Room! is a 1966 science fiction novel written
by Harry Harrison exploring the consequences of both
unchecked population growth on society and the hoarding of
resources by a wealthy minority.

The author claims the idea came from an Indian whom he met
after the war, in 1946, who told him ‘Overpopulation is the big
problem coming up in the world’. India today is a perfect
embodiment of the writer’s imagination.