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14 views35 pages

1 - Ch01 Introduction - 2025

Uploaded by

207002 Võ Thúy An
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1
Outline

o Data communications
o Networks
o Network Types
o Protocol Layering
o TCP/IP Protocol suite

1.2
1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:


Components
Data Representation (texts, numbers, images, audio and vidéo)
Data Flow

1.3
Components

Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

1.4
Data Representation
Text
In data communications, text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or
1s), Unicode, which uses 32 bits to represent a symbol or
character used in any language in the world. The American Standard Code for
Information
Interchange (ASCII),
Numbers
Numbers are also represented by bit patterns.
Images
Images are also represented by bit patterns. In its simplest form, an image is composed
of a matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small dot. The size of the
pixel depends on the resolution.
Audio
Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music. Audio is by nature
different from text, numbers, or images.
Video
Video refers to the recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie.

1.5
Data Flow

1.6
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
Data Flow

Simplex
In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a
one-way street. Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit;
the other can only receive.

Half-Duplex
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive,
but not at the same time.

Full-Duplex
In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously.

1.7
2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.

Topics discussed in this section:

Network Criteria
Physical Structures

1.8
Network Criteria

Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time


and response time. Transit time is the amount of time required for a
message to travel from one device to another. Response time is the
elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.
Reliability network reliability is measured by the frequency of
failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure.
Security Network security issues include protecting data from
unauthorized access, protecting data from damage and development,
and implementing policies and procedures for recovery
from breaches and data losses.

1.9
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between


two devices.
A multipoint connection is one in which more than two devices
1.10 share a single link
Physical Topology
Mesh Topology: every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to
every other device.
Star Topology: each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only
to a central controller.
Bus Topology: One long cable acts as a backbone to link all
the devices in a network
Ring Topology: each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection with only the two devices on either side of it.

1.11
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.12
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.13
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.14
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.15
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.16
3. NETWORK TYPES

Local Area Network: usually privately owned


and connects some hosts in a single office,
building, or campus
Wide Area Network (WAN): WAN has a
wider geographical span, spanning a town, a state,
a country, or even the world.

1.17
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.18
WAN

Point-to-Point WAN
A point-to-point WAN is a network that connects two
communicating devices through a transmission medium
(cable or air)
Switched WAN
A switched WAN is a network with more than two ends.
It is used in the backbone of a global communications
network today.
Internetwork Today, it is very rare to see a LAN or a
WAN in isolation; they are connected to one another.
When two or more networks are connected, they make an
internetwork, or internet.
1.19
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.20
Metropolitan Area Networks

◼ MAN
◼ Middle ground between LAN and WAN
◼ Private or public network
◼ High speed
◼ Large area
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

1.22
The Internet

o The Internet is composed of thousands of


interconnected networks.
o Internet as several backbones, provider networks, and
customer networks.
o The backbones are large networks owned by some
o communication companies
o Backbones and provider networks are also called
Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
o The backbones are often referred to as international
ISPs; the provider networks are often referred to as
national or regional ISPs.
o The customer networks are networks at the edge of the
Internet that actually usethe services provided by the
1.23
The Internet today

1.24
4 PROTOCOLS LAYERING

o A protocol defines the rules that both the sender and


receiver and all intermediate devices need to follow
to be able to communicate effectively.
o When communication is simple, we may need only
one simple protocol;
o when the communication is complex, we may need
to divide the task between different layers, in which
case we need a protocol at each layer, or protocol
layering.

1.25
Scenarios

◼ First Scenario: Communication between Maria


and Ann takes place in one layer, face to face, in
the same language

1.26
Scenarios

◼ First Scenario: Communication between Maria


and Ann takes place in one layer, face to face, in
the same language

1.27
Scenarios

◼ Second Scenario: Ann needs to move to another


branch located

1.28
Logical Connections

◼ We have layer-to-layer communication

1.29
5 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)


is a protocol suite (a set of protocols organized
in different layers) used in the Internet today. TCP/IP
protocol suite is defined as five layers.

1.30
Communication through an Internet

1.31
Logical connections between layers

1.32
Identical objects in the TCP/IP protocol suite

1.33
Description of Each Layer

◼ Physical Layer. Physical layer is responsible for


carrying individual bits in a frame across the
link.
◼ Data-Link Layer. The data-link layer is
responsible for taking the datagram and moving
it across the link.
◼ Network Layer The network layer is responsible
for creating a connection between the source
computer and the destination computer. The
communication at the network layer is host-to-
host..
1.34
Description of Each Layer

◼ Transport Layer. The logical connection at the


transport layer is also end-to-end. The transport
layer at the source host gets the message from
the application layer; encapsulates it in a
transport-layer packet; and sends it, through the
logical (imaginary) connection, to the transport
layer at the destination host
◼ Application Layer. The two application layers
exchange messages between each other.

1.35

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