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Methods of effective use of solar power system

Conference Paper · January 2016

DOI: 10.1109/ICIEAM.2016.7911015

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 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)

Methods of Effective Use of Solar Power System

Obukhov S.G., Plotnikov I.A. Sheryazov S.K.
Department of Industrial Electric Power Supply Department of the power supply of agriculture
Tomsk Polytechnic University South Ural State Agrarian University
Tomsk, Russia Chelyabinsk, Russia
[email protected], [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—The paper presents the results of simulation and aimed at simulation, study and comparative analysis of the
study of operating modes of a photovoltaic power plant with the operating modes of the PV power plant with different types of
maximum power point tracking controller. A number of search MMPT controllers.
methods are considered: constant voltage method, open voltage
method, short circuit method, method of observing perturbations II. METHODS OF MPP SEARCHING FOR SOLAR BATTERIES
and incremental conductance method. A complex model of the
photovoltaic power plant with the controller has been developed. The know methods of searching the MPP for solar
The simulation results are presented. The model validity was batteries fall into two groups: indirect and search.
evaluated by the known technical characteristics of the Solarex The most widely used indirect MPPT methods are the
MSX 60 module. The calculation results proved that the obtained constant voltage method [5, 6], open voltage method [7, 8],
volt-ampere and volt-watt characteristics of the model are
short current method [5, 7], temperature method [9, 10],
compatible with those of the manufacturer. The review of various
methods of searching the maximum power point for the solar
method of maximum power calculation [11, 12]. In indirect
battery and analysis of their performance under different methods, the SB output power is not directly measured, and,
climatic conditions can be of interest for a broad range of experts therefore, MPP can only be determined with some
in the field of photovoltaics. approximation. However, indirect methods are reliable, simple
to implement, and provide a high performance [13, 14].
Keywords—solar battery; solar panel; photovoltaic power plant; The search algorithms include the classical perturb and
maximum power point tracking controller; MATLAB observe method [15, 16] and its numerous modifications [10,
17], incremental conductance method [18, 19], artificial
I. INTRODUCTION intelligence methods based on fuzzy logic [20, 21] and neural
Solar energy offers huge potential, environmental networks [21, 22], and others [23, 24]. Search methods allow
compatibility and availability and, therefore, ensures a rapid more accurate search of the MPP, but their practical
development of the photovoltaic technology of energy implementation is more complicated. Furthermore, the search
conversion for practical application in various fields of human methods may cause errors in the MPP search direction under
activity [1, 2]. rapidly changing irradiance and determination of the global
maximum power in partial shading of the SB modules. Some
The main technical problem in the practical use of cases require the combined methods using both the indirect
photovoltaic (PV) systems is a significant dependence of the and search algorithms. [13, 14, 25]. The operating principles
energy characteristics of solar batteries (SB) on the ambient of the most popular MPPT algorithms are described in [3, 5,
conditions. Due to the nonlinear volt-ampere characteristics of 8], the results of comparison of their characteristics are
solar batteries, there is a unique maximum power point (MPP) presented in [4, 10, 13, 14, 24]. Consider the most popular
for each of the possible combinations of temperature and MPPT algorithms used in industrial controllers.
irradiance conditions, when all the components of the plant
operate with maximum efficiency. A special maximum power The constant voltage (CV) algorithm is the simplest MPPT
point tracking (MPPT) controller used in most modern PV method. To control the converter, the method employs the
systems provides the solar battery performance at the MPP to error signal between the current value of SB voltage VPV and
ensure the increase in the PV system power production by up constant reference voltage VREF, which value is assumed to be
to 20–30%. equal to the MPP voltage VMPP of the used PV modules (from
technical specifications) or specified in accordance with the
By now, a variety of MPPT methods have been developed; expected environmental conditions: the level of insolation and
some of them are practically implemented and available to the temperature. The method assumes that insulation and
consumer in the commercially manufactured controllers. temperature variations of the solar battery are insignificant
However, the MPP search methods and, therefore, the during the operation and the constant reference voltage
controllers differ in the number of transducers, complexity of provides an adequate approximation to the real MPP voltage.
the hardware implementation, convergence rate, efficient Thus, the operating point on the SB characteristic curve
operation ranges, cost, etc. [3, 4]. A variety of technical and almost never coincides with the real MPP, and energy losses
economic characteristics of the known MPPT controllers are unavoidable. The flowchart of the algorithm is shown in
cause the problem of their rational choice for the ultimate Fig. 1.
users of PV systems, which is one of the factors limiting the
introduction of clean PV technologies. The present research is

978-1-5090-1322-7/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
dissipation in the solar battery. Moreover, the value K depends
on irradiance and temperature of the battery, causing the
additional errors in the MPP determination.
The algorithm of the perturb and observe (P&O) method is
to search MPP through the discrete change of the PV panel
operating voltage (provided by the controllable voltage
converter). The input signals of the controller are the current
values of voltage V(k) and current I(k) of the solar panel; the
resultant change of power ∆Р per one operating cycle of the
converter is used as a perturbing signal. The flowchart of the
algorithm is shown in Fig. 2. This algorithm is the most
common MPPT method due to its implementation simplicity.
The drawback of the method is constant oscillations of the
operating point around the MPP. Furthermore, this method can
Fig.1. Flowchart of the CV algorithm. lead to erroneous results in determining the MPP under rapidly
Analysis of the PV module volt-ampere characteristic changing irradiance and partial shading of the solar panel.
shows that the effect of irradiance level on the value of VMPP is
insignificant, while changes in temperature lead to
considerable change of VMPP, causing low efficiency of the
method under significantly changing temperature conditions.
At the same time, the method is often used in conjunction with
the search methods due to its efficiency under low irradiance
conditions (on the flat characteristics).
The open voltage (OV) method is based on the linear
relationship between VMPP and the open-circuit voltage VOC of
the solar battery K ≅ VMPP / VOC . The numerical value of the
proportionality factor K depends on the type of PV module
used in the SB ( K = 0.73 ÷ 0.8 ) and can be determined from the
module technical specifications or calculated for the expected
operating conditions (in many controllers the value of
proportionality factor is assumed to be constant and equal to
K=0.76). The practical implementation of the method is quite
simple and can be performed using analog elements. Fig. 2. Flowchart of the P&O algorithm.
The algorithm of the controller performance is as follows:
the SB is periodically disconnected from the load to measure The algorithm of the incremental conductance (IC) method
the open-circuit voltage; the reference output voltage of the is based on the equality of the instantaneous conductance of
SB VREF, which corresponds to the voltage at the maximum the solar panel and the derivative conductance at the
power point VMPP for the current values of irradiance and maximum power point. Mathematical relations, illustrating the
temperature, is then calculated. After that, the controllable algorithm of incremental conductance, can easily be obtained
converter is used to provide the solar battery load sufficient by differentiating power P of the solar battery with respect to
for its output voltage to be equal to the reference voltage, and voltage V, considering that the derivative at the maximum
the PV system performs in this operating mode until the next power point goes to zero
measurement. The interval between measurements is from
tens of seconds to a few minutes (it is possible to control the dP / dV = d (V ⋅ I ) / dV = I + V (dI / dV ) = 0 . (1)
interval in some controllers). The drawbacks of the method are
the dependence of K on the radiation intensity and temperature Equation (1) takes the form
of the solar battery, energy losses in the voltage measurement,
and insensitivity to degradation and contamination of the solar dI / dV = − I / V . (2)
panels.
Equation (2) implies two relations that allow determination
The short current (SC) method is similar to the OV
method, but it employs the relationship between the short of the position of battery operating point on its volt-watt
characteristic relative to the point of maximum power
circuit current ISC and the MPP current IMPP: K ≅ I MPP / I SC .
The proportionality factor K depends on the solar panel type dI I  dP  
>−  > 0  − operating point to the left of the MPP; 
and usually ranges from 0.86 to 0.98 (in some controllers it is dV V  dV  
assumed to be K=0.9). The additional switch in the SB output  (3)
dI I  dP  
circuit to periodically short-circuit the battery is essential to <−  > 0  − operating point to the right of the MPP.
implement the method. This results in the additional energy dV V  dV  
 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
Due to relations (3), the IC algorithm can be represented as The idealized model is composed of a current source to
a flowchart shown in Fig. 3. generate photocurrent IPH, and an ideal diode, which current
value ID is determined by the Shockley equation and depends
This method ensures stable performance at the MPP and on the absolute temperature T and voltage V at the solar cell
allows accurate determination of the maximum power point output (q=1.602·10-19 C is electron charge; k=1.38·10-23 J/ºK is
under rapidly changing ambient conditions, however, the Boltzmann's constant; I0 is reverse saturation current of the
complexity of calculations increases. diode).

Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of the solar cell.

Considering the generally accepted assumptions,

photocurrent and reverse current of the diode can be
determined from the following equations [28, 29]

I PH =  I SC _ STC + kI ⋅ ( T − TSTC )  ⋅ λ , (4)

where ISC_STC is short circuit current of the photoelectric

converter under normal conditions; k I is temperature
coefficient of the short circuit current; TSTC is cell temperature
under normal conditions; λ is insolation value, kW/m2.
Fig. 3. Flowchart of the IC algorithm.
 
III. MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF THE SYSTEM   3

I0 = 
I SC _ STC  ⋅  T  ⋅ exp  q ⋅ EG  1 − 1 
COMPONENTS       , (5)
 q ⋅ VOC _ STC    TSTC   k ⋅ A  TSTC T 
 exp   − 1
The analyzed PV system diagram is presented in Fig. 4.   A ⋅ k ⋅ TSTC  
The solar battery is connected to electrical load through a
DC/DC converter. The converter operates under the control of where EG is forbidden energy band of the semiconductor
MPPT controller, which input signals are current IPV and (determined by the type of a given solar cell).
voltage VPV of the solar battery measured by the current sensor
(CS) and voltage sensor (VS). The controller output signal is a For the PV module, which is composed of NS serial and NP
pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal to control power parallel connected solar cells, the volt-ampere characteristic
switches of the converter. equation has the form

  q(V + I ⋅ RS )   V + I ⋅ RS
I = NP ⋅ I PH − NP ⋅ I0 ⋅ exp  −1 − , (6)
  NS ⋅ A ⋅ k ⋅ T   RSH

where I, V are terminal current and voltage of the PV

module; RS and RSH are equivalent series and shunt resistance
of the module, respectively.
The numerical values of series RS and shunt RSH resistance
were determined by iterative calculation on the basis of the
equality of the PV module peak power obtained by
Fig. 4. Block diagram of the PV system with MPPT controller.
experiments PMPP_exp and calculations PMPP_calc [30].
The current values of insulation (λ), operating temperature
The software package MatLab/Simulink was used to (T), and the parameters of PV module defined in its technical
develop the mathematical models of all the major system specifications are used as the initial data for solar battery. This
components. research focuses on the solar battery consisting of two series
The equivalent circuit of the solar cell with one diode (Fig. connected PV modules Solarex MSX60 [31].
5), which physical processes are described by the known Various types of power converters can be used to match
equations [26, 27], was used to develop a mathematical model the voltage levels at the SB output to the load in PV system
of the solar battery. circuits. The present research considers the PV installation
 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
with a direct step-down DC/DC converter. In the considered medium to high (from 300 to 1000 W/m2), as provided in the
PV system, the converter is designed to charge a 12V battery. European standard EN50530.
Determine the value of the converter output voltage to The temperature test is used to evaluate the static
effectively use the energy generated by the solar battery with efficiency of MPPT controllers operating in a wide range of
the radiation changes ranged from 200 to 1000 W/m2 and temperature change. To reduce the calculation time, the
temperature changes from 0 to 75 ᵒC. In this case, the MPPT gradient of temperature change is assumed to be high (up to
controller operating range for the considered PV system 120 °C/s), but it is impossible under real operating conditions;
appears as a shaded figure presented in Fig. 6. This makes it is however, this assumption is acceptable in terms of quality
possible to determine the boundary conditions of the converter evaluation of the results.
operation and choose the parameters of its elements using the
condition of the inductor current continuity.

Fig. 8. Test signals of changes in irradiance and temperature of the solar

battery: а – irradiance change; b – temperature change

The control parameters of MPPT controllers are optimized

in accordance with the recommendations given in [32]; the
load resistance remained constant and equal to RL= 5Ω in all
the experiments.
Fig. 6. MPPT controller operating range.
In calculation experiments, the following parameters of the
PV system operating mode were recorded: duty factor of the
converter D; output voltage of the solar battery VPV (V); output
current of the solar battery IPV (А); power of the solar battery
PPV and load power PL, respectively (W); load voltage VL (V).
The calculation results to evaluate the MPPT controllers
efficiency under the constant temperature conditions (T=25
ᵒC) and in the changing irradiance test signal (Fig. 8, a)
showed that all types of the controllers considered in the
present research ensure stable operation under changing
irradiance conditions, but the MPP is tracked differently
Fig. 7. The model of MPPT controller implementing the P&O algorithm in depending on the algorithm used.
MATLAB/Simulink.
In the controller, which uses the CV algorithm, the
All the models of MPPT controllers considered in the constant voltage equal to the predetermined reference voltage
present study were implemented on the basis of standard (for the given solar battery the value of reference voltage is
Simulink elements and designed as separate subsystems to assumed to be equal to VREF=30 V) is maintained at the SB
simplify their replacement. As an example, Fig. 7 illustrates output regardless of the irradiance level, and the MPP is
the model of MPPT controller developed on the basis of the determined with some approximation. The analysis of the SB
P&O algorithm. The model consists of a logic block to volt-watt characteristics shows that irradiance changing
implement the MPPT algorithm (Fig. 2), elements of the within a broad range of values causes insignificant change of
system dynamics correction (PID control) and PDM block. VMPP, and the accuracy of MPP determination is sufficiently
high. Thus, in the conducted experiment, the error in
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
determination of the maximum output power of the solar
The test dependencies of changes in irradiance and battery was less than 7% if compared to the search algorithms.
temperature of the solar battery shown in Fig. 8 were used to
analyze the PV system operating modes. The generated test In the controller, which uses the OV algorithm, the value
signal of the SB irradiance allowed evaluation of the dynamic of the reference voltage is periodically corrected in accordance
with the results of measuring the SB open circuit voltage (for a
efficiency of MPPT controllers in the changing irradiance
given solar battery the factor of proportionality between VMPP
levels from low to medium (from 100 to 500 W/m2), and from
and VОС is assumed to be K=0.76). This allows a more
 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
accurate determination of the MPP. In the current experiment errors in the MPP determination under low irradiance
the error in determination of the SB maximum output power conditions. The results of the conducted experiments made it
was less than 2%. However, periodic no-load operation of the possible to determine the rational deadband for the considered
solar battery results in energy losses, and for the controllers operating conditions z=0.02 to provided a stable operation at
using the OV algorithm it is important to correctly determine the MPP, but the error in the MPP determination for λ=200
the period of measuring VОС, which is determined on the basis W/m2 was approximately 3%.
of a compromise between unavoidable energy losses in the
modes of measuring VОС and possible energy losses in the
operating modes of the converter with uncorrected values of
VMPP.

Fig. 10. Parameters of the PV system operating mode under changing

temperature conditions (CV method).

The calculation results to evaluate the MPPT controllers

efficiency under constant irradiance conditions (λ=800 W/m2)
and in the changing temperature test signal (Fig. 8, b) showed
Fig.9. Parameters of the PV system operating mode under changing irradiance
conditions (P&O method) that the controllers using search algorithms, as well as the OV
method, ensure adequate MPP tracking in a wide range of
Search algorithms make it possible to accurately track the temperature changes (error is less than 2%). The greatest error
MPP, but they also have a number of drawbacks. Fig. 9 shows in MPP tracking is observed in the CV method. This is due to
the parameters of the PV system operating mode under the fact that the MPP voltage significantly decreases with
changing irradiance conditions, which operates under the increase in the SB temperature, and according to the
control of the MPPT controller using the P&O algorithm. The algorithm, the control system of the controller attempts to
SB output voltage fluctuations are clearly observed on the maintain the output voltage of the solar battery equal to the
calculated oscillograms, especially under low irradiance specified reference voltage. This leads to the duty factor
conditions (λ=200 W/m2). This is due to the fact that the SB decrease at high temperatures of the modules, although its
volt-watt characteristics become flat under low irradiance value should increase. The results of the performed
conditions, and insignificant correction of the SB output calculations (Fig. 10) showed that the maximum error in MPP
power causes significant voltage changes. tracking corresponds to the module temperature equal to 80 °C
for the given simulation parameters, and the SB output power
In controllers, which use the IC algorithm, the deadband of value is less than the maximum possible power by 32%.
the relation of the current to the SB voltage and their
derivatives is used for stable operation at the MPP. The V. CONCLUSION
excessive decrease of this area results in the operating mode A certain MPPT controller with the required characteristics
fluctuations, and the increase of the area leads to possible is essential to develop the efficient photovoltaic systems
 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
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