HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

Flow Through pipes

• Hydraulic Gradient line & Total Energy line ( H.G.L) & ( T.E.L ):

Hydraulic Gradient line ( H.G.L) It’s defined as the line which gives the
sum of pressure head ( P/w ) and datum head ( z ) of a flowing fluid in a
pipe with respect to some reference line.
Total Energy line ( T.E.L) or ( E.G.L ) :
It’s defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head ( P/w ) and
datum head ( z ) and kinetic head ( v2/2g ) of a flowing fluid in a pipe
with respect to some reference line.
v2/2g
P/w + v2/2g

P/w
 Flow Through pipes
• Hydraulic Gradient line & Total Energy line ( H.G.L) & ( T.E.L ):

Considerations as follows :
1. T.E.L. is drop at the flow direction due to loss of energy.
2. H.G.L. may be up or drop down depends upon the varietys of
pressure.
3. H.G.L. is always be under the T.E.L. and the vertical space between
them is the kinetic energy (v2/2g ) .

v2/2g
P/w + v2/2g

P/w
 Flow Through pipes
• Hydraulic Gradient line & Total Energy line ( H.G.L) & ( T.E.L ):
Example :
A horizontal pipe line, it’s length 40 m connected by a reservoir from one
end and free discharge in the atmosphere from the other end. Pipe diameter is
150 mm from the reservoir end at 25 m, and is increase suddenly to 300 mm.
height of water level in the reservoir is 8 m above the center line of pipe.
Assume ( f ) = 0.01 at all sections. Determine ;
1. Rate of discharge
2. Draw the H.G.L. & T.E.L.
Out of pipe

F.W.S
D2=0.3m
H=8m
D1=0.15m
V1 V2

(1)
(2)

L1 = 25m L1 = 15m

L1 = 40m
 Flow Through pipes
• Hydraulic Gradient line & Total Energy line ( H.G.L) & ( T.E.L ):
Solution : Outlet of
pipe
Length of total pipes (L) = 40 m ,Length of F.W.S
first pipe (L1) = 25 m D2=0.3m
H=8
Diameter of first pipe (D1) = 0.15 m ,Length of m
D1=0.15m
V1 V2
second pipe (L2) = 15 m Diameter of second pipe (D2) (1)
(2)
= 0.30 m ,Height of water level (H) = 8.0 m L1 = L2 =
Coefficient of friction ( f ) = 0.01 25m 15m
L = 40m

1) Rate of discharge ( Q )
Apply Bernoulli’s Equation on free water surface (
F.W.S ) in reservoir and outlet of pipe, we get the V2 = velocity of water at outlet of pipe
following ; hi = loss of head at inlet of pipe = 0.5 v12
P /w + V 2/2g +Z = P /w + V 2/2g +Z + all losses /2g
1 1 1 2 2 2
hf1 = loss of head by friction at pipe(1) =
0 + 0 +8.0 = 0 + V2 2/2g +0 + hi + hf1 + he + hf2 4fL1V12/2gD1
8.0 = V22/2g + hi + hf1 + he + hf2 ……………. (1) he = loss of head due to suddenly increase at
cross-section = (V1 – V2)2 /2g
hf2 = loss of head by friction at pipe(2) =
That means : 4fL2V22/2gD2
 Flow Through pipes
• Hydraulic Gradient line & Total Energy line ( H.G.L) & ( T.E.L ):
Solution : Outlet of
From Continuity Equations : F.W.S
pipe

A1V1 = A2V2
Then ; V1 = A2V2 / A1 = ( π/4 * D22 * V2 ) / ( π/4 *
D2=0.3m
H=8m
D1=0.15m

D12 ) V1
(1)
V2

V1 = (D2 / D1) 2 * V2 = ( 0.3 / 0.15 ) 2 * V2 = 4 V2 (2)

L1 = L2 =
∴ V1 = 4 V2 25m
L = 40m
15m

By substituting the value of ( V1 ) in the head losses :

2 he = (V1 – V2)2 /2g = (4V2 – V2)2 /2g
hi =0.5 V1 /2g = 0.5 (4 V2 )2 / 2g = 9 V2 2 / 2g
= 8 V2 2 / 2g
hf2 =4fL2V22/2gD2
hf1 =4fL1V12/2gD1 = [4*0.01*15* V22 ] / 0.30*2g
= [4*0.01*25* (4 V2 )2 ] / 0.15*2g = 2 V2 2 / 2g
= 106.6 V2 2 / 2g
 Flow Through pipes
• Hydraulic Gradient line & Total Energy line ( H.G.L) & ( T.E.L ):
Solution :
By substituting these values in equation ( I ) : From that, the rate of discharge ;
8.0 = V22/2g + hi + hf1 + he + hf2 hi = 8 V2 2 / 2g = 8*(1.11)2 / 2*9.81
8.0 = V2 2 / 2g + 8 V2 2 / 2g + 106.6 V2 2 / 2g + 9 V2 2 / = 0.5 m
2g + 2 V2 2 / 2g hf1 = 106.6 V2 2 / 2g = 106.6 *(1.11)2 /
= V2 2 / 2g ( 1 + 8 + 106.6 + 9 + 2 ) 2*9.81 = 6.7 m
= 126.6 V2 2 / 2g he = 9 V2 2 / 2g = 9 *(1.11)2 / 2*9.81
V2 = √[(8*2g)/126.6] = √[(8*2*9.81)/126.6 = 0.56 m
= 1.11 m/s hf = 2 V2 2 / 2g = 2 *(1.11)2 / 2*9.81 =
2
0.126 m
From that, the rate of discharge ;
Q = A2V2 = π/4 * D22 * V2 = π/4 * 0.32 * 1.11
= 0.078 m3/s
 Flow Through pipes
• Hydraulic Gradient line & Total Energy line ( H.G.L) & ( T.E.L ):`
hi = 0.5 m hf1 = 6.7 m
Solution : F.W.S L
A
M
he = 0.56 m
(ii) (E.G.L) & (H.G.L) : H=8m
N
B

To draw (E.G.L) & (H.G.L) we can follow

S
hf2 = 0.126 m
these steps : V1 V2
T

U
Energy Gradient Line (E.G.L) : D =0.15m 1
D2=0.3m

The point ( L ) placed at free water surface ( F.W.S ): L = 25m 1 L2 =

15m
❖ Take ( LM) = ( hi ) = 0.5 m L = 40m

❖ From point (M) draw horizontal line. And take (MA) equal to the
pipe length ( L1 ).
❖ Draw vertical line downward from point (A) cut (AN) = (hf1) = 6.7
m.
❖ Connect point (M) by point (N).
❖ From point (N), draw line (NS) vertical downward equal to (he) =
0.56 m.
❖ From point (S), draw line (SB) horizontally and from point (U) (that
be on the center of pipe), draw vertical line upward to point (B).
And from point (B) take (BT) = (hf2) = 0.126 m.
❖ The line ( LMNST ) is the Energy Gradient Line (E.G.L) or ( T.E.G.)
 Flow Through pipes
• Hydraulic Gradient line & Total Energy line ( H.G.L) & ( T.E.L ):

Solution : hi = 0.5 m hf1 = 6.7 m

F.W.S L
M
A

(ii) (E.G.L) & P N

he = 0.56 m
S B
(H.G.L) : H=8m Q
hf2 = 0.126 m
V

Hydraulic Gradient Line (H.G.L) : D1=0.15m

V
1
V
2
U

❖ From point (M) take : L1 = 25m

D2=0.3m

L2 =
MP = V1 2 / 2g = (4*1.11)2/ 2*9.81 L=
15m

= 1.0 m 40m

From that ; ( V1 = 4*V2 )

❖ Draw line ( PQ ) parallel to line (MN)
❖ From point (U) draw line (UV) parallel
to line (TS).
❖ Connect between the points (Q) and
(V).
❖ The line ( PQVU ) is the Hydraulic
Gradient Line (H.G.L).
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