Medieval India

Early medieval period Later medieval period

(8th-12th century) (13th-18th century)

Sultanate period Mughal period

1. Mamluk dynasty (1206-1290) 1. Babar (1526-1530)

2. Khilji dynasty (1290-1320) 2. Humayun [1530-39][1555-56]

3. Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414) Shershah Suri

4. Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) Islam shah sur

5. Lodi dynasty (1451-1526) Sikandar Sur

Hemu

3. Akbar (1556-1605)

4. Jahangir (1605-1627)

5. Shahjahan (1627-58)

6. Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

post-mughal period

(1707-1857)

last mughal ruler

Bahadur Shah Zafar

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Effects of Arab invasion on Sindh
1. Increase in trade and commerce
2. Cultural coordination
3. Arabs translated Panchatantra into Arabic with the name ‘Kalila wa
Dimna’.
4. Translated Charaka Samhita into Arabic.
5. Translated Brahmagupta's books into Arabic.
6. Khandankhadya was translated by the name ‘AlArkand’.
7. 'Brahmasphoot Siddhant' was translated under the name 'Al Sindh
Hind'.
8. Arabs learned the 'decimal system' from Indians. It was made famous
in Arab countries by ‘Al-Khwarizmi’.
9. In Arab countries the decimal system is called 'Hindsa'. European
countries learned the decimal system from the Arabs, hence it is called
the Arabic number system there.
10. Caliph honored Indian scholar Manikya.
11. Muhammad-bin Qasim implemented Jizya tax in Sindh.
(Jizya Tax:- It was a political tax which was imposed on non-Muslims.)
12. Muhammad bin Qasim established Maktabs (primary education
centres) in Sindh.
Albiruni:- Came to India during Mahmud Ghaznavi's attack on Kannauj in
2018- 19.
1. Book – ‘Kitab-ul-Hind/Tahqeek-e-Hind’
2. Wrote a book in Arabic language.
3. He was a resident of Khwarizm.
4. He had knowledge of many languages (polyglot). Like Turkish, Arabic,
Persian etc.
5. He had knowledge of many subjects (multidisciplinary). Such as
astronomy, astrology, philosophy.
6. He acquired knowledge of astrology and Sanskrit at Banaras.
7. He translated Patanjali's 'Mahabhashya' into Arabic and he translated
Euclid's Geometry into Sanskrit.
8. He describes the social, political, economic, cultural conditions of India
in his book.
9. He gives information about caste system, Sati practice, food etc.
10. He admires the knowledge of Indians. But he calls them narrow
minded.

Minhaj Us Siraj:-
1. He was a contemporary of Nasiruddin Mahmood.
2. He has dedicated his book ‘Tabaqat-e-Nasiri’ to Nasiruddin.

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 3. He was a Qazi (Jurist) in Delhi.
4. He attributed Razia's failure to the fact that she was a woman.

Ibn Battuta:-
• He was a resident of Morocco (Africa).
• He came to Delhi in 1333 AD.
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq welcomed him.
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq appointed him to the post of Qazi of Delhi.
• Tughlaq had also imprisoned him for a few days.
• Tughlaq made him his ambassador and sent him to China also.
• He describes the political situation of India in his book ‘Rehla’. And
criticizes the policies of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.
• According to him, Muhammad bin Tughlaq hatched a conspiracy and
killed his father Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
• He wrote his book in Arabic language in China.
• He went straight to Morocco from China.
Books of Ziauddin Barani:-
• ‘Tarikh-e-Firozsahi’
It gives information about the market reforms of Alauddin Khilji.
• ‘Fatwa-e-Jahandari’
• It is dedicated to the feudal lords (rich).
Comment on the literature of Firozshah-Tughlaq period-
I. Ziauddin Barani
II. Shams-e-Siraj Afif- In this we get information about corruption during
the reign of Firoz.
III. Information about the canals of Firoz is available from the book ‘Sirat-
e-Firozshahi’ written by an unknown author.
IV. Firoz wrote his autobiography ‘Futuhat-e-Firozshahi’.
V. Firoz got Azizuddin to translate Sanskrit manuscripts into Persian
under the name 'Dalayl-e-Firozshahi'.
Cultural contribution of Amir Khusro:-
i. He was a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya.
ii. He was a contemporary of the seven Sultans.
iii. He is called ‘Tutti-e-Hind’ (Parrot of Hind).
iv. He invented the Sitar (Veena + Tambura)
v. He was called the father of Qawwali and Ghazal singing styles.
vi. He developed the Tarana singing style.
vii. He was the first person who used Hindi proverbs and idioms in his
books.

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Literature:-
1. Nuhan Sipihr:-
• The geographical position of India has been described. Kashmir was
described as heaven on earth.

2. Kiran-us-Saaden
• Dialogue between Bughra Khan and Kaikubad
3. Mifta-ul-Futuh
• History of Jalaluddin Khilji
• First Persian book in which the word 'Jauhar' was mentioned.
4. Khazain-ul-Futuh v Tarikh-e-Alai
• History of Alauddin Khilji
5. Tughlaqnaam-
• Information about Tughlaq rulers
6. Aashika / Aashiki :-
• Story of Deval Rani and Khizr Khan

Tughlaknama:-
• The mixed form of Hindu style and Islamic style is called Indo-Islamic
style.
1. Hindu style characteristics Islamic style characteristics
• Arch - Arch
• Balconies - Minar
• Bracket - Dome
2. Construction Materials - 2. Construction Materials
• Use of big stones Use of small stones lime, mortar, tiles
3. ornamentation 3. ornamentation
Use of Gods, Goddesses, geometric shapes
Yaksha, Yakshini statues of calligraphy
apsaras, bells,
flowers, leaves, vine
Arabesque style :-
• The mixed ornamentation of Hindu style and Islamic style is called
Arabesque style Stem, Leaves, Flowers, Geometrical Figures were
made.
Example- Masjid Al Aqsa, Taj Mahal

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 SULTANATE PERIOD ARCHITECTURE

Mamluk Dynasty/Slave Dynasty- (1206-1290)

1. Quwwat-ul-Islam:-
• First building of the Sultanate period
• 27 Hindu and Jain temples were demolished for its construction.
• Iron pillar of Gupta ruler Chandragupta-II is situated in its complex.
• Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque is situated in Mehrauli.
2. Qutub Minar-
• This is a five storey building.
• It is dedicated to Sufi saint Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
3. Adhai Din ka Jhopara, Ajmer:-
Iltutmishh-
1. Tomb of Sultan Garhi
• This is the first mausoleum of India.
• Iltutmish is said to be the father of tomb architecture in India.
• It was constructed in the memory of his son Nasiruddin.
2. Atarkeen Ka Darwaza, Nagaur
• It is dedicated to Sufi saint Hamiduddin Nagauri.
3. Buildings of Badaun:-
• Jama Masjid
• Idgah Mosque
4. Gandhak Ki Bawadi (Stepwell):- New Delhi
5. Tomb of Iltutmish
• It is made in squinch style.
Balban :-
1. Lal Mahal
2. Tomb of Balban
The first arch built in pure Islamic style
Khilji dynasty (1290-1320)
• Khilji rulers laid great emphasis on the ornamentation of buildings
which reflects their good economic condition.
Alauddin Khilji:- * Establishment of Seljuk style
1. Navanagar (Naunagar) * Use of red sandstone
2. Siri Fort * Arched Style (Islamic influence)
3. Palace of Thousand pillars (Sitoons)
4. Hauz Khas
5. Alai Minar
6. Alai Darwaza
• The first dome built in pure Islamic style
• Extremely beautiful ornamentation work

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 • It is entrance gate of Qutub complex
7. Jamaat Khana Mosque
• The first building built in pure Islamic style
Mubarak Khilji :-
• Ukha Masjid, Bayana (Usha Mandir)

Tughlaq Dynasty
• More attention was paid to the strength of buildings.
• There is lack of ornamentation.
1. Tughlaqabad Fort
• It is called Chhappankot.
• It has 52 gates.
• It is built in the Salami style, which is influenced by the Roman style.
Salami style:-
• In this, molded/Slanting walls were constructed.
2. Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
• The influence of Hindu style is visible on it.
• It is built in an artificial lake.
• There is a Kalash and Amalak on its dome.
1. Jahanpanah Nagar
2. Adilabad Fort
3. Barakhamba – This is a non-religious building.
4. Satpul
• He founded around 300 cities. Example- Firozshah Kotla (5th Delhi)
• Firozabad
• Firozpur
• Fatehabad
• Jaunpur
• He planted around 1200 gardens.
• Built some mosques – Qila-e-Kuhna Masjid
• Begampuri Mosque
• Khirki Mosque
• Kali mosque
• Kala Masjid
• Firoz got Ashoka's Topra and Meerut Pillars installed in Delhi.
Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Telangani.
• It was built by Juna Shah (son of Telangani).
• The first octagonal tomb of the Sultanate period.

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 1. Tomb of Kabiruddin Auliya – It is called Lal Gumbad.
• The Saiyyid and Lodi periods are jointly called the period of tombs.
• Khizr Khan-
• Khizrabad city was founded.
• Mubarak Shah:-
• Founded the city of Mubarakabad

Sikandar Lodi:-
• Established Agra city.
• Built the tomb of Bahlol Lodi.
• Ibrahim Lodi:-
• He got the tomb of Sikandar Lodi constructed.
• First mausoleum of India which has double dome.
• Other famous tombs of Lodi period:-
• Tomb of Bade Khan
• Tomb of Chhote Khan
• Grandmother's tomb
• Granddaughter's tomb
• Moth Ki Masjid - It was built by Sikandar Lodi's Wazir Miya
Bhuiyan/Bhua.
• Sultanate period literature
1. Hasan Nizami - ‘Taj-ul-Maasir’
2. Abu Bakr Isami - ‘Futuh us salatin’
Sultanate music -
1. Sultan used to organize musical concerts.
2. Sufi saints developed music.
3. Baba Farid is considered as first poet of Punjabi language.
4. Amir Khusro invented the sitar.
5. Khusro developed singing styles like Qawwali, Tarana, Ghazal.
6. Sikandar Lodi got musical texts translated into Persian under the name
‘Lajjat-e-Sikandarshahi’.

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 MUGHAL PERIOD

Babur
Baburnama:- Answer to every question related to Babar -
1. Babar's autobiography is also called 'Tuzuk-e-Babri'
2. Written in Turkish language ‘Chagatai Style’.
3. Payanda Khan and Abdul Rahim Khane Khana translated it into Persian
language.
4. Leiden and Erskine translated it into English language.
5. Pavet De Cartle translated it into French.
6. Babar describes the political, religious, social and economic conditions
of India.
7. Describes the economic prosperity of India.
8. Mentions two Hindu rulers of India-
Krishnadev Rai Most powerful ruler of India.
Rana Sanga-praises his bravery.
9. Babar mentions five Muslim states-
▪ Delhi
▪ Bengal
▪ Malwa
▪ Gujarat
▪ Bahmani
10. Babar describes India as a country of artisans.
11. Refers to river Ganga.
12. Mango is called the king of fruits.
13. Tells three curses of India-
1. Loo 2. Dust Strong 3. Summer
14. Speaks ill of the appearance of Indians.
15. He mentions the famous painter 'Bihzad' of Herat and Persia.
16. According to Babar, Rana Sanga invited him to attack India.
Akbar's religious policy:-
• Akbar adopted the policy of 'Sulh-e-Kul'.
• 1562 AD: Prohibition on conversion of prisoners of war/Ban on slavery
• 1563 AD: Abolished the pilgrimage tax.
• In 1564 AD, Jizya tax was banned.
• 1575 A.D. Establishment of ‘Ibadat Khana’ at Fatehpur Sikri – Muslim
scholars were invited for discussion.
• Establishment of Parliament of Religions in 1578 AD – Scholars of other
religions were invited to Ibadat Khana.
• Hindu (Devi and Purushottam)
• Jain (Harivijay Suri, Jin Chandra Suri)

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 • Parsi (Dastur Meherji Rana)
• Christian (Aquaviva, Montserrat)
• 1579 ‘Declaration of Mahjar’ – The draft of Mahjar was prepared by
‘Sheikh Mubarak’. If there is disagreement among the scholars then
Akbar's opinion will be considered the final opinion.
• 1582 AD. Establishment of ‘Din-e-Ilahi’ – Akbar was its head.
o ‘Abul Fazal’ was made the chief priest.
o 'Sunday' was a holy day.
• ‘Light’ was the most sacred element.
• Only 18 people adopted it.(‘Birbal’ was the only Hindu).
• According to some scholars This was just a code of conduct. There was
a lack of ideology Prophet, the Holy Book, the Holy Place.
• Historian Smith has called it 'a symbol of Akbar's Folly'.
• Akbar's social reforms:-
• Akbar banned the practice of Sati.
• Presented 500 bighas of land to Guru Ramdas ji.
• Akbar granted the jagir of Gokul and Jaitpura to Vitthal Nath.
• The age of marriage was fixed at 14 and 16 years for girls and boys
respectively.
Religious policy of Shahjahan:-
• Shahjahan established the Conversion Department.
• Shahjahan again started Hijri Samvat in place of Ilahi Samvat.
• He ended the ban on cow slaughter.
• He banned the practice of 'Sijda' and 'Paibos'.
• A Hindu could not keep any Muslim as a slave.
• Hindus could not marry Muslim girls.
• Later in his life, Shahjahan adopted liberal religious policy. Because he
was influenced by Darashikoh and Jahanara.
Religious policy of Aurangzeb:-
• Aurangzeb is called 'Shahi Darvesh' and 'Zinda Pir'.
• First, he re-introduced 'Jizya tax'. (in 1679)
• He banned Tuladan, Jharokha Darshan, Tilak tradition, Tazia, Naoroj
etc. Persian Customs
• He banned the practice of Sati.
• He stopped getting 'Kalma' engraved on coins.
• He imposed tax on pilgrimage.
• He appointed an officer named 'Muhtasib' who looked after the
religious and moral conduct of the Muslims.
Mughal period architecture
Babar:-
• Brick Mosque, Panipat

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 • Arambag, Agra
• Mosques in Sambhal and Agra
Humayun:-
• Deenpanah Nagar, Delhi
• Shermandal Library
Akbar:-
1. Humayun's Tomb
• It was built by Haji Begum.
• Its architect- Mirakh Mirza Ghayasbeg (Persian architect)
Features :-
• Char Bagh style
• Walled courtyard and entrance gate
• Use of symmetry
• Double dome
• use of red sandstone
• Our Iranian influence
2. Fatehpur Sikri:-
• Architect – Bahauddin
• After the victory of Gujarat, Sikri was named as Fatehpur Sikri.
• Major buildings of Fatehpur Sikri
Deewan-e-Aam
Deewan-e-Khas: There is a pillar in it, which is called the World Tree.
• Khas Mahal- Akbar used it for Jharokha darshan.
• Astrologer’s seat
• Turkish Sultana's palace - very beautiful decoration work has been
done.
• Khwabgah (Akbar's bedroom)
• The most ordinary building of Sikri
• Anup Pond
• Panch Mahal
• This is a five storey building.
• This is a pyramid shaped building.
• It rests on pillars. (wallless)
• It is called Hawa Mahal of Sikri.
• It has the influence of Buddhist architecture.
Palace of Mariam Uzzamani:-
• Paintings have been done on its walls.
Birbal's palace:-
• Hindu influence is visible on this.
• Jodhabai's palace:-
• Largest building of Sikri

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 • All the buildings mentioned above are in one complex. Red sandstone
has been used here.
JAMA Masjid -
• Its gate is Buland Darwaza.
• The Dargah of Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chishti is situated here.
• The tomb of Islam Shah is situated here.
• Hiran minar
• This is an elephant’s monument.
3. Agra Fort
• Architect- Qasim Khan
• It was built on the ruins of Badalgarh.
4. Allahabad Fort
5. Lahore Fort
6. Ajmer Fort (Magazine Fort)
Jahangir:-
1. Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra (Agra)
• five storey building
• Domeless building
• Independent towers(Minar’s) were constructed.
2. Tomb of Maryam Uzzamani, Sikandra (Agra)
3. Tomb of Abdul Rahim Khankhana, Delhi
4. Tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula, Agra
• Asmat Begum was also buried here.
• Pietradura work has been done here for the first time.
• It is called 'Baby Taj'or ‘jewel Box’.
• It is situated on the banks of Yamuna river.
Shahjahan:-
• Golden age of architecture
• During this time the construction of foliated arch and decorated arch
(Tabidh) had started.
• Excessive use of marble
Taj Mahal:-
• It was built in the memory of Begum Mumtaz Mahal.
Architect :- Ustad Ahmed Lahauri, Isha Khan(Supervisor)
Features:-
• Char Bagh style
• Walled courtyard with entrance gate
• use of symmetry
• bulbous double dome(Onion shaped)
• Construction of wells in the foundation
• Use of Pietra Dura work

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2. Shahjahanabad Nagar (Old Delhi)
• Red Fort, Delhi
• Architect-Ahmed-Hamid
• Jama Masjid, Delhi
• Moti Masjid, Agra
• This was the personal mosque of Shahjahan.
• Shah Jahan's daughter Jahanara prepared the draft of Chandni Chowk.
• Jahanara built Jama Masjid, Agra.
• Takht – e - Taus (Peacock Throne)
• Architect- Bebadal Khan
Aurangzeb -
• Bibi Ka Maqbara, Aurangabad
• This is the tomb of Rabia-ud-Durrani.
• It is called Taj Mahal of South India.
• It is also called a crude imitation of Taj Mahal.
• Badshahi Mosque, Lahore
• Moti Masjid, Delhi
• Safdarjang Tomb – Built by Ahmed Shah in 1754.
• It has a triple dome. (Jahangir’s tomb – Shahdara, Lahore)
• Mughal period music:-
• According to Abul Fazal, there were 36 musicians in Akbar's court.
• During this time ‘Dhrupada singing’ developed.
• The most prominent musician was Tansen.
• Tansen composed new ragas and raginis.
• Like - Mian's Malhar
• Mian's Toddy
• Mian's sarang
• Darbari Kanhra
• Akbar had given Tansen the title of 'Kanthabharan Vani Vilas'.
• Among other famous musicians, Bajbahadur, Gopal, Baijubawara etc.
are prominent.
• Haridas ji, Tulsidas ji, Sudas ji were contemporaries of Akbar
Jahangir -
• ‘Hamjaan and Maktu’ were famous musicians in the court of Emperor
Jahangir.
• ‘Shauki’ was a ghazal singer.
• Jahangir gave Shauki the title of 'Anand Khan'.
• Lal Khan Kalavant (Title - Gunasamudra) and Khushal Khan were
famous musicians of the court of Shahjahan.
• Later, Aurangzeb expelled the musicians from the court.

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 • Most of the books on music were written during the time of Aurangzeb.
• Aurangzeb used to play veena and Akbar used to play drums.
Mughal period painting:-
1. Babar:-
• Babar mentions the Persian painter 'Bihzad' in his autobiography.
(Famous painter of Herat) which shows his interest in painting.
• Humayun patronized two Persian painters.
• Mir Syed Ali Tabriji (titled ‘Nadir ul Astra’).
• Abdu Sammad – Title ‘Sheeri Kalam’
• At this time, Hamzanam was illustrated.
• The real development of painting took place during the time of Akbar.
• According to Abul Fazal, there were 17 painters in Akbar's court.
• Famous painters-
Dasvant- He was Kahar (caste). Later he was mentally broken. His pictures
are found in ‘Rajmnama’.
Basavan- Picture of horse with Majnu (Sattire).
Mishkin- European influence is visible on his paintings.
2. Jahangir:-
• Jahangir himself was a good painter. (According to 'Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri')
• Under the leadership of ‘Aga Riza Khan’, the Chitrashala (Picture
Gallery)was constructed at Agra.
Major painters:-
Ustad Mansoor:- He was expert in depicting nature.
• Famous pictures:-
• Siberian stork
• Unique flower of Bengal
Abul Hasan:- He painted the main page of 'Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri'.
• The picture of 'Innumerable Squirrels' is kept in the London Museum.
whose painters were - Ustad Mansoor And Abul Hasan.
Bisandas:-
• Made a portrait of the Shah of Persia.
• Daulath
• Skilled in portrait painting.
Farooq Beg:-
• Made a portrait of the ruler of Bijapur.
• Basavan's son Manohar was also in Jahangir's court. He is not
mentioned in Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri
Features:-
• Gave more emphasis on nature depiction and war scenes.
• A large number of portraites were made.

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 • Persian influence on painting ended and Indian and European influence
increased.
• Started leaving 'Boundaries'.
• 'Morocco' painting started (Album making) .
• This is called the ‘golden period of Mughal painting’.

Shahjahan:-
• During this time the use of bright colors had started.
• Fakirullah and Hasim Khan were prominent painters.

Mughal period education and literature

1. Babar:-
• Babar established a department called 'Shuhrat-e-Aam' which
constructed centers of education.
2. Humayun:-
• Humayun built a library named 'Shermandal'.
• Humayun built ‘Madrasa-e-Begum’ with the help of Mahamanga.
• Centers of primary education were called Maktab and centers of higher
education were called Madrasa.
Akbar:-
1. Akbar established the 'Translation Department'.
2. Faizi, with the help of Naqib Khan and Abdul Qadir Badayuni, translated
Mahabharata (Razmnama) and Ramayana into Persian language.
3. Abul Fazal translated Panchatantra and Kaliya Daman into Persian
language.
4. Raja Todar Mal translated Bhagwat Purana into Persian.
• Akbar made Persian the official language.
• Mother tongue of Mughals- Turkish
• Religious language of Mughals- Arabic
• Official language of Mughals- Persian
5. Akbar provided state patronage to many scholars.
6. Shahjahan's son Dara shikoh was a learned man.
• Dara shikoh translated Bhagavad Gita and Yoga Vashishtha into
Persian.
• Dara translated 52 Upanishads into Persian under the name ‘Sirr-e-
Akbar’ (The Great Mystery).
• Dara composed ‘Majm-ul-Bahrain (Bahrain)’ (Meeting of the Two
Oceans) on Hindu-Muslim cultures (coordination of Hindu-Muslim
culture).
• Dara shikoh was a tolerant person.

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 • Heconsidered Hinduism and Islam as different paths to attain the same
God.
• He was a follower of the Qadiri order of Sufism.
Books related to Sufism of Dara Shikoh:-
(1) Safinat ul Auliya.
(2) Sakinat Ul Auliya
(3) Risala e Hakanuma
(4) Tariqat ul Haqiqat
(5) Hasnat Ul Arifeen
Aurangzeb:-
• Aurangzeb tried to get Hindu educational institutions closed with the
help of Madrassas.
• Aurangzeb's daughter Zebunnisa built a school and library named 'Bet-
ul-Uloom'.
Scholarly women of the Mughal period:-
1. Gulbadan Begum
2. Mahamananga
3. Noorjahan
4. Anjumand Bano Begum (Mumtaz)
5. Jahanara
6. Jebunnisa

Mughal period literature:-

Babar:-
• Baburnama- Tuzk-e-Babri
• Diwan written in Turkish language
• Khat-e-Babri
Humayun:-
(1) Gulbadan Begum - Humayunnama – (Information about Political,
economic, social of Babar and Humayun).
• Description of religious position.
• Written at the behest of Akbar.
• Its final manuscript is preserved in the London Museum.
(2) Mirza Haider Dogalat- Tarikh-e-Rashidi
(3) Khond Mir-Kanoon-e-Humauni
(4) Jauhar Aftabchi- Tajkirat ul Vakayat
• Humayun's servant.
• Written at the behest of Akbar.
Akbar:-
1. Abul Fazal- Akbarnama
• Akbarnama written in three versions

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 • Third Part-Aine-e-Akbari
• The biography of Abul Fazal is found in its third part.
• Abul Fazal - Insha (collection of letters)
2. Faizi Sirhindi- ‘Akbarnama’
3. Abdul Qadir Badayuni – Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh
• Badayuni criticizes Akbar's religious policy and also describes the battle
of Haldighati. (This book is called General History of India)
4. Abbas Khan Sarwani – ‘Tarikh-e-Shershahi or Tauhafa-e-Abkarshahi’
5. Nizamuddin Ahmed- ‘Tabakat-e-Akbari’
6. Rij kullah Mustaqi – ‘Waqyat-e-Mustaqi’
7. Ahmed Yadgaar – ‘Tarikh-e-Shahi’
8. Bayazid Bayad- Tajkira-e-Akbar,
▪ Tajkira-e-Humayun
▪ Mullah Daud – Tarikh-e-Alfi
9. Arif Kandhari- Tarikh-e-Akbari
Jahangir:-
1. Autobiography- ‘Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri’ (Motamid Khan and Mohd.
Halfdi completed it).
2. Motamid Khan- Iqbalnama-e-Jahangiri
Shahjahan -
1. Muhammad Amin Kazvini - Padshahnama
2. Abdul Hameed Lahori - Padshahnama
3. Muhammad Waris - Padshahnama
4. Inayat Khan- Shahjahanama
5. Chandrabhan-Chahar Chaman
Aurangzeb
1. Kazim Siraji- ‘Alamgirnama’
2. Akil Khan – ‘Waqyat-e-Alamgiri’
3. Surjanrai Bhadanari – ‘Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh’
4. Bhimsen Saxena- ‘Nuskha-e-Dilkusha’
5. Ishvardas Nagar – ‘Futuhat-e-Alamgiri’
Contribution of Shershah Suri
Architecture:-
1. Founded cities of Patna and sherpur.
2. Reconstruction of the fort of Rohtasgarh in Bihar.
• Built Rohtasgarh Fort on the North-West Frontier Province.
3. Built purana Qila, Qila-e-Kuhana mosque and lal darwaja (Khooni
Darwaza) a delhi.
4. Built his own tomb in Sasaram (Bihar).
5. Reconstruction of Uttarapatha built during the Maurya period
He got many roads constructed.

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 6. He got 1700 carvan serais constructed.
7. Trees were planted on the roadside and wells should be dug.
8. Reformed the postal system.
9. Historian Kanungo calls these serais the 'arteries of the Sur empire'.
10. He issues silver rupee and copper dam.
• Introduction of regular currency system in India.
11. Abbas Khan Sarwani- was his contemporary.
• Book ‘Tarikh-e-Shershahi’ or ‘Taufa-e-Akbarshahi’
12. Malik Mohammad Jayasi, the author of Padmavat, was his
contemporary.
Vijayanagara Empire:- Founded Harihar and Bukka
Krishnadevaraya's contribution in education and literature:-
1. During the time of Krishnadevaraya, literature in Telugu, Kannada and
Sanskrit languages was composed.
2. Its period is called the ‘classical era’ of ‘Telugu language’.
3. Krishnadevaraya himself was a learned ruler.
• Titles- Abhinav Bhoj
• Andhra feast.
4. Books-
1. Amukt Malyad (Telugu language)
• One of the five epics of Telugu language, it contains information about
Vaishnava religion.
2. Ushaparinay
3. Jambavati Kalyanam
3. There were eight scholars of Telugu language (Ashtadiggaj) in his court.

Eight Giants-
1. Allasani Pedanna:-
• He is called the father of Telugu poetry. (Andhra kavi pitamah)
• Book- ‘Harikatha Saar’
• ‘manufactured’
2. Tenali Ramakrishna:-
• His book- ‘Panduranga Mahatmaya’
• He is one of the five epics of Telugu language.
3. Dhurjati:-
• Book- ‘Kalhasti Mahatmaya’
4. Nandi Timman:-
• Book- ‘Parijaat Haran’
5. Bhattamurthy:-
• Book- ‘Naras bhupaliyam’
6. Ayyalraju Ramachandra:-

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 • Book- 'Ramabhyudyam'
7. Piganli Suran:- Raghava Pandaviyam
8. Madaygiri Mallan - Rajasekhar Charitra
• Krishnadevaraya donated land to Brahmins and temples.
• These (temples) developed as centers of education.
• The land donated is called 'Devdeya or Brahmadeya'.
• Krishnadevaraya established the city of 'Nagalpur'.
• Architecture of Vijayanagara:-
Pallava-
• Beginning of Dravidian architecture
Chola:-
• Higher Vimana – It is pyramidal in shape.
Pandya:-
• Gopuram – Grand entrance
• Vijayanagara Empire:- (Architectural style- Provid style)
1. Decorated pillar
2. Kalyan Mandap
3. Amman Temple
4. High and grand Gopuram (Raya Gopuram)
• This was the zenith period of Dravidian temple architecture.
• 'Devaraya'-II got 'Hajara Swami' temple constructed and a mosque
constructed.
• Krishnadevaraya got the ‘Vitthal Temple’ constructed.
• Achyuta Devaraya built ‘Achyuta Devaraya Temple’.
• Reconstruction of 'Virupaksha Temple', the main attraction of Hampi,
also took place during this period.
• Lotus Palace- is a major building of Hampi.
Major foreign travelers:-
• The famous Italian traveller, Niccolo Conti, visited Vijayanagara during
the reign of Devaraya-I.
• According to Niccolo Conti, Devaraya-I constructed a dam on
Tungabhadra river and built canals.
• During the reign of Devaraya-II, Persian traveler 'Abdul Razzaq'
traveled to Vijayanagara. He describes the beauty of Vijayanagara.
• During the time of Krishnadevaraya, Barbosa, Domingo paes and Father
Louis (Portuguese traveller) traveled to Vijayanagara. He praises
Krishnadevaraya and Vijayanagara.
• During the time of Achyuta Devaraya, Nunez (Portuguese) traveled to
Vijayanagara.
Cultural contribution of Bahmani Empire:-
1. Firoz established the city of Firozabad on the banks of Bhima river.

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 2. Mahmood Gawan built a university in Bidar.
Bijapur:-
1. Ibrahim Adil Shah constructed some buildings which are called ‘Ibrahim
ka Roza’ at Bijapur.
2. Ibrahim established a city named ‘Nauraspur’ and composed ‘Kitab-e-
Nauras’.
3. He patronized ‘Firishta’, the author of ‘Tarikh-e-Firishta’.
4. Muhammad Adil Shah- built his own mausoleum in Bijapur which is
called 'Golgumbaz'. - This is the largest dome of medieval India.
Golconda:-
• Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah- established the city of Golconda and built
'Char Minar' there.
• He is called the ‘father of Deccani Urdu’.
Sufi Movement -
• Beginning- From Iran (8th century)
• It was a reformist movement in Islam.
• In this, emphasis was laid on ‘monotheism and social equality’.
• Safa/‘Suf’ literally means purity/woollen thread.
• Sufism is also called ‘Tasawwuf’.
• 'Rabiya', the first female Sufi saint.
• ‘Mansoor Al Hallal’ He declared himself ‘An Al Haq’. Analhak - 'I am
God / I am the ultimate truth
• ‘Sama’ (music) has special importance in Sufism.
• ‘Pir Muridi’ tradition has special importance in Sufism.
• Khanqah- the place of residence of Sufi saints.
• Khanqah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti is in Ajmer.
• Malfujaat- Compilation of teachings and life events of Sufi saints.
• Maktubat- Compilation of letters of Sufi saints
• Silsila- Its literal meaning is 'chain'.
• In Sufism the sect is called Silsila.
• oyh- The successor of a Sufi saint is called Bali.
Al-Hujwiri:-
• The first Sufi saint to come to India.
• Made Multan his centre.
• He is famous by the name ‘Data Ganj Baksh’.
• His book- ‘Kashf ul Mahjoob’
• It is called the Bible of Sufism.

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 Sufism
• Two philosophies in Sufism

Ibn ul Arabi thinker Alauddin Simnani

‘Wahdat ul Wujud’- thinking

‘Wahdat ul Shuhud’
There is no difference (unity of existence)
between God and the world. (existence is different)

Chishti Sect
Suhrawardy Sect There is a difference
Qadiri Sect between God and the
Shataari Silsila world
Firdausi Sect

Naqshbandi Sect

Chishti Sect:-
1. Founder:- ‘Abu Abdal Chishti’
2. Sufi Saint-Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti
• He came to India with Gauri.
• He made Ajmer his centre.
• He was famous by the name of ‘Khwaja Saheb’ or ‘Garib Nawaz’.
• Akbar had offered 'Deg' (big pots) here.
3. Hamiduddin Nagauri:-
• Disciple of Khwaja Saheb
• Khanqah-Nagaur
• Iltutmish got 'Atarkin Ka Darwaza' (Nagaur) built in his honour.
• Iltutmish gave him the title of 'Sheikh ul Islam'. But he rejected.
• He used to do agricultural work.
4. Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki:-
• Khanqah- Delhi
• Disciple of Khwaja Saheb
• Qutubuddin Aibak built Qutub Minar in his honour.

5. Baba Farid:-
• Title – ‘Ganj-e-Shakkar’

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 • He was the first poet of Punjabi language.
• He was the son-in-law of Balban.
• Khanqah- ‘Ajodhan’ Punjab, Pakistan
• Mazar - Pakpatan- Punjab, Pakistan
6. Nizamuddin Auliya:-
• Khanqah- Delhi
• He was a contemporary of seven Sultans. But never went to anyone's
court.
• he was unmarried.
• Holy titles, ‘Mahboob-e-Ilahi’, ‘Sultan-ul-Auliya’ and Mashekh
• He had adopted 'Yoga' and hence became famous as 'Siddhayogi'.
• Amir Hasan Sijji- wrote Malfujaat on the compilation of his teachings
and life events.
• Name- ‘Fawaid ul Fawad’.
• ‘Amir Khusro’ – favourite disciple.
• His grandson Mohammad bin Tughlaq got his tomb built.
7. Burhanuddin Garib-
• He spread Sufism in South India.
8. Nasiruddin Dehalvi-
• Title – ‘Chirag-e-Dehlavi’ and ‘Chirag-e-Dilli’
9. Gesu e daraj- Bandha Nawaj
• At the time of Taimur's invasion, he went to South India and made
'Gulbarga' his centre.
• Book ‘Mirat-ul-Asreen’ (in Urdu language)
• The initial form of Urdu was called Rekhta or Hindavi.
10. ‘Sheikh Salim Chishti’
• Khanqah- Fatehpur Sikri
• Follower - Akbar
Features of Chishti Sect:-
1. It lays great emphasis on ‘Samaa’ (music).
2. They believe in living a normal life.
3. They did not accept royal patronage from the rulers.
Suhrawardi Sect
• Founder – ‘Shihabuddin Suhrawardi’
1. Bahauddin Zakaria:-
• Center Multan
• Used to take part in politics.
• Supported Iltutmish in the Iltutmish-Kubacha dispute.
• He lived with great pomp and show.
• The entry of 'fakirs' into his Khanqah was prohibited.

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2. Jalaluddin Tabriji:-
• Sufism was propagated in Bengal.
Kadiri Sect
• Founder – Abdul Qadir Jilani
1. Disciple- Mian Mohammad Mian Mir
• He laid the foundation of Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara (Golden
Temple).
• Contemporary of Guru Ramdas (4th GURU) and Guru Arjun Dev Ji (5th
GURU).
2. Mulla Badakhshi
• He was the teacher of Dara Shikoh.
• Naqshbandi Silsila- Adopted Wahdat ul Shuhud ideology.
• Founder- Bahauddin Naqshbandi
• He used to make mysterious maps.
1. Khwaja Baqi Billah:-
• The real founder, made this sect famous in India.
2. Ahmed Sirhindi:-
• He declared himself ‘Mujaddid-e-Alifsani’ (reformer).
• He was a critic of Akbar's religious policy.
• Jahangir put him in jail.
• Babar and Aurangzeb were followers of this Silsila.
Mahdavi movement:-
• Founder – Syed Mohd. Mahdavi
• Center – Jaunpur
• Sheikh Mubarak Faizi and Abul Fazal were followers of this movement.

Rishi Movement:-
• It was run by 'Sheikh Nuruddin' in Kashmir.
• It was a social reform movement.
Bhakti Movement -
• It started during the 'Pallava dynasty' in South India.
• It was started by ‘Alvar and Nayanar’ saints.
Alvar saints:-
• They were follower of Lord Vishnu.
• Their number was 12.
Andal:-
• She was woman Alwar saint.
• She is called 'Meerabai of South India'.

Kulshekhar:-
• He was the king of Kerala (Alvar saint)

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 • Major text – Nalayira Divya Prabandham
Nayanar Saints:-
• Followers of Lord Shiva
• Their number was 63.
Famous saints:-
1. ManikVacchakar
2. Sundar Murti
3. Tirugyan
• Karaikal Amaiyyar – woman Alvar saint
• Tevaram - Compilation of hymns of Nayanar saints
Various acharyas wrote commentaries on Badarayana's Brahmasutra.

Shankaracharya Ramanujacharya Madhvacharya Nimbakacharya Vallabhacharya

Non-dualism Qualified Non- Dualsim Dualsim Non- Pure Non-

(Advaitvada) Dualism (Dvaitvada) dualism dualism
(vishisthadvaditva (Dvaitvada)
Sect – Smriti
Sect – Brahma Sect –
Sect – Shri Sect – Pushtimargi
samkadik/Hans And Rudra

Shankaracharya:-
• Birth - Kerala (Kaladridhkaladi)
• Philosophy – Non-Dualism
• Sect- Smriti
• Shankar established four Peethas in different corners of India-

Jyotish Peeth
Badrinath

Shardapeet Goverdhan
h Dwarika Peeth
Puri

Shringeri Peeth
Mysore

• Later, Kamakoti Peeth was established at Kanchi.

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Ramanujacharya:-
• Birth- Sri Perambadur (Tamil Nadu)
• Philosophy- Qualified Non-Dualism
• Shri Sampradaya
• Headquarters – Sri Rangam
• The Chola ruler Kulotunga-II threw the idol of Vishnu (the idol of
Govindaraja) into the sea.
• Ramanujacharya got this idol reinstalled at a place called Tirupati.
• Peeth in Rajasthan- Galtaji (Jaipur)
Madhvacharya-
• Philosophy-Dualism
• Sect- Brahma
Nimbakacharya:-
• Philosophy – Dualism Non-Dualism
• Sect - Samkadik/Hans
Vallabhacharya
• Philosophy – Pure Non-Dualism
• Sect- Rudra
• These are also called ‘Pushtimarg sect’.
• His son Vitthalnath founded 'Ashtachhap' Mandali (Group of 8 poets).
• They worship Lord Krishna in the form of Shri Nath ji (child form).
• Main Peeth Nathdwara (Rajsammad) in Rajasthan
Ramanand:-
• Brought Bhakti movement to North India.
• First saint who gave sermons in Hindi language.
• He had 12 prominent disciples, who led social and religious movements
in North India.
• Like -Sena barber, Dhanna Jat, Pipa Rajput, Kabir weaver, Raidas
cobbler etc.
Kabir:-
• He was a weaver from Banaras.
• Famous as a fearless saint.
• He opposed religious ostentation, superstitions, rituals, idol worship,
incarnationism, caste system, and social inequality.
• He emphasized on social equality.
• Brahma was described as nirguna, immiscible, formless and
indescribable.
• Books- ‘Bijak’
• 'Sakhi'
• Sikandar Lodi got him killed at Maghar (UP).

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Raidas:-
• Real name – Ravidas
• Sect - Raidasi
• Supporter of Nirguna Bhakti
• Mirabai's teacher
• Beloved disciple of Ramananda
Tulsidas:-
• Supporter of Sagun Bhakti
• Book-‘Ramcharitmanas’
o kavitavali
o Dohawali
o Geetawali
o Vinay Patrika
Surdas:-
• Books- ‘Sahitya Lahari’
o ‘Sur Sagar’
o ‘Bhramargeet’
• He was a supporter of Sagun Bhakti
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu:-
• Birth- Nadia (Bengal)
• Real name – Vishwambhar
• He was also called ‘Nimai’.
• Darshan- Achintyabhedabheda
• Sect- Gaudiya
• He made the practice of 'Sankirtan' famous.
• He was a contemporary of Krishnadevaraya.
Shankardev:-
• He was from Assam.
• Started 'Eksharan sect'.
• He started 'Sharan Samvat'.
• Devoted to Krishna in a nirgun form.
• His place of worship is called Satra Namghar.
Maharashtra Religion:-
• Started from Pandharpur.
• They worship Vithoba (Vitthal- Vishnu).
• It was started by Gyaneshwar.
• He Wrote a commentary on Bhagavad Gita in Marathi language under
the name ‘Gyaneshwari’.

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 Maharashtra religion

Varkari dharkari

Followers of Lord Krishna Followers of Lord Rama

Gyaneshwar Samarth Guru Ramdas

Eknath Shivaji's Spiritual teacher
Namdev
Tukaram Book- Das Bodh

• Tukaram- He was a contemporary of Shivaji.

• Shivaji wanted to give protection but he refused.
Sikhism
• Guru Nanak Dev
• Birth place- Talwandi
• Present name- Nankana Sahib, Punjab (Pakistan)
• Birth – 1469 BC
• He opposed religious ostentation, rituals, superstition, idol worship,
incarnationism,, caste system and social inequality.
• Brahma was described as Nirguna, formless, without any special
feature.
• He supported social equality and humanity.
• He gave sermons in Punjabi, Sanskrit, Persian languages.
• He travelled to Baghdad, Mecca, Medina and gave sermons there.
• He preached in temples and mosques and taught people to become true
Hindus and true Muslims (To be faithful to their respective religions)
Guru Angad Dev Ji:-
• Discovered Gurmukhi script. Guru Granth Sahib was composed in this
script.
• Regularized the langar system.
Guru Amardas Ji:-
• Established 22 Gaddis (Ashrams).
Guru Arjundev Ji:-
• Got the Guru Granth Sahib compiled.
• Built Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara (Golden temple).
• Started collecting regular taxes from Sikhs. Jahangir executed him.
Guru Hargobind:-
• He is called a military saint.

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 • Gave military training to Sikhs.
• Gave permission to Sikhs to eat meat.
• He started 'Miri Piri tradition'.
Guru Har Rai:-
• Guru Teg Bahadur was given the title of 'Bakal De Baba' by him.
Guru Harkishan
Guru Teg Bahadur:-
• 9th Guru
• Aurangzeb executed.
• It is said about him - 'Gave his head but not his faith.'
• His followers got Shishganj Sahib Gurudwara built at this site.
Guru Gobind Singh:-
• Birth- Patna
• Anandpur Sahib was made the centre.
• 1699 AD- Establishment of Khalsa Panth. (on the day of Baisakhi)
• Started Pahul method.
• Started using the word ‘Singh’ in the name.
• Gave the theory of Panch kankar
• Book - Book of the Tenth King
• Zafarnama (Persian language) – This was a complaint letter to
Aurangzeb.
• Death in Nanded (Maharashtra).
Contribution of Bhakti movement:-
1. The saints gave a liberal and simple explanation of religion.
2. The saints opposed religious ostentation, rituals, superstitions and
social inequality.
3. Many saints opposed idol worship and incarnationism and emphasized
on monotheism and Nirguna devotion. Raidas (Raidasi sect)
4. Saints emphasized on social equality and humanity.
5. He emphasized on Hindu Muslim unity and tolerance.
6. Saints gave their sermons in local languages which led to the
development of regional languages.
Languages like Punjabi, Hindi, Gujarati, Oriya, Bengali, etc. developed
in the medieval period.
Literature was composed in local languages which are important
sources of information.
7. The saints laid emphasis on Guru-disciple tradition and music. Due to
which many styles of music developed (Bhajan, Kirtan, Sankirtan,
Jagran etc.)
8. Many saints described God as Nirguna, formless, impersonal.

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 9. Many saints spread their ideas all over India. Due to which the political
unity of India
Got strengthened.
Contribution and importance of Sufism:-
Emphasized Hindu-Muslim unity.
1. Sufi saints gave a simple and liberal interpretation of Islam.
2. Sufi saints laid special emphasis on the soul of Islam, monotheism and
social equality.
3. Sufi saints opposed the religious rituals, superstition and social
inequality prevalent in Islam.
4. Sufi saints propagated Islam liberally.
5. Sufi saints gave sermons in the local language which led to the
development of local languages and creation of literature.
6. Sufi saints emphasized on ‘Pir Muridi’ (teacher-disciple tradition) and
Sama (music). Due to which Sufi music developed.
7. Amir Khusro invented the sitar (tambura + veena) and is called the father
of qawwali and tarana.
8. Baba Farid was the first poet of Punjabi language.
9. Contribution to literature-
Gesu Daraj- Book (Mirat-ul-Asreen)
Malik Mohammad Jayasi- Padmavat
Qutuban- Mrigavati
Mulla Dawood-Chandayan
10. The policies/ideologies of Sufi saints also influenced the Muslim rulers
due to which the rulers adopted liberal policies.
Stages of Bhakti movement and Sufism:-
• First phase:- Both gave a simple and liberal explanation of religion.
• Second phase:- Both emphasized on social equality.
• Third phase:- Both emphasized on Hindu-Muslim unity and
emphasized on humanity.

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