University of Cape Town

Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

MAM2010F Advanced Calculus (2AC)
Class Test 2 24 April 2024

Time: 1.5 hrs Marks available: 36; Full Mark: 34

Solutions:

Section A: Full Marks: 28

In this section full answers are expected. Marks will be deducted for incomplete solutions.

1. Consider the function f : R2 → R defined by

  1 
p

|x|3 + |y|3 cos 2 if (x, y) 6= (0, 0),


x + y2

f (x, y) :=


0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

(a) Find (if they exist), fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0).

We want to find whether the limits
f (x, 0) − f (0, 0) f (0, y) − f (0, 0)
lim and lim exist .
x→0 x y→0 y

f (x, 0) − f (0, 0) |x|3/2 1

x
=
x
cos 2
x
X1/2 .
Hence,

f (x, 0) − f (0, 0) |x|3/2 1

x
=
|x|
cos 2 ≤ |x|1/2
x
X1/2 → 0 as x → 0 ⇒ fx (0, 0) = 0 X1/2 .

Similarly, we find by symmetry that also fy (0, 0) = 0 X1/2.

[2]
(b) Show that the function f is differentiable at the point (0, 0).
(Hint: polar coordinates)
We want to show that
f (x, y) − f (0, 0) − fx (0, 0)(x − 0) − fy (0, 0)(y − 0)
lim p = 0. X1/2
(x,y)→(0,0) (x − 0)2 + (y − 0)2

We find that
p
f (x, y) − f (0, 0) − fx (0, 0)(x − 0) − fy (0, 0)(y − 0) |x|3 + |y|3  1 
p = p cos 2
x + y2
. X1/2.
(x − 0)2 + (y − 0)2 x2 + y 2

1
 Using polar coordinates, we get
p p
|x|3 + |y|3  1  r3 (| cos θ|3 + | sin θ|3 ) 1
p cos 2
x + y2
=
r
cos 2
r
X1/2.
x2 + y 2
√
≤ 2r X −→ 0 uniformly in θ X1/2.
Thus, the function f is differentiable of the point (0, 0).
Alternative solution: We want to show that
f (x, y) − f (0, 0) − fx (0, 0)(x − 0) − fy (0, 0)(y − 0)
lim p = 0. X1/2
(x,y)→(0,0) (x − 0)2 + (y − 0)2
We find that
p
f (x, y) − f (0, 0) − fx (0, 0)(x − 0) − fy (0, 0)(y − 0) |x|3 + |y|3  1 
p = p cos 2
x + y2
. X1/2.
(x − 0)2 + (y − 0)2 x2 + y 2
Now
p s s
|x|3
+ |y|3 |x|3
+ |y|3
|x|3 |y|3
p =
x2 + y 2
= +
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
X1/2
x + y2
2
v
x2 y2
u   
p
= u 2 |x| + 2 |y| ≤, |x| + |y| .
u
t x +y 2 x +y 2
| {z } | {z }
≤1 ≤1

Thus,

f (x, y) − f (0, 0) − fx (0, 0)(x − 0) − fy (0, 0)(y − 0)

p
(x − 0)2 + (y − 0)2
≤
p
|x| + |y| X
→ 0 as (x, y) → (0, 0) . X1/2
Thus, the function f is differentiable of the point (0, 0).
[3]

x + y − 2
2. Find the direction of maximum decrease of the function f (x, y) = arctan at the point
x2 + y 2
(1, 1).
∇(1, 1)
The direction of maxmum decrease is given by −∇f (1, 1) or −
k∇f (1, 1)k
X1/2.
Now,
 
fx (x, y) =
1
 x + y − 2 2 2
1
−
2x
x + y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2
(x + y − 2) X
1+
x2 + y 2
 
1 1 2y
fy (x, y) =  x + y − 2 2 2 −
x + y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2
(x + y − 2) X1/2
1+
x2 + y 2

2
 1 1
So, ∇f (1, 1) = ,
2 2
X1/2 and hence, the direction of maximum decrease of the function at
the point (1, 1) is
1 1  1 1 
− , ) or
2 2
− √ , √ . X1/2
2 2

[3]

 π π   3π 
3. Let S be the surface described by the vector function ~r : D = − , × 0, → R3 defined
4 4 2
by
~r(s, t) := (−3 + sin(s), 1 + cos(t), 2 sin2 (s) − 2t) for every (s, t) ∈ D .
(a) Show that
~rs (s, t) × ~rt (s, t) = (4 sin(t) cos(s) sin(s), 2 cos(s), − sin(t) cos(s)) for every (s, t) ∈ D .
We find that (
~rs (s, t) = (cos(s), 0, 4 sin(s) cos(s)), X1/2
~rt (s, t) = (0, − sin(t), −2) . X1/2
we find that
~i ~j ~k
~rs (s, t) × ~rt (s, t) = cos(s) 0 4 sin(s) cos(s)
0 − sin(t) −2
= (4 sin(t) cos(s) sin(s), 2 cos(s), − sin(t) cos(s)) . X
[2]
(b) Show that the surface S is regular or smooth.
We find that ~rs and ~rt are continuous and
~rs (s, t) × ~rt (s, t) = (0, 0, 0) ⇒ 2 cos(s) = 0 impossible since s ∈ [−π/4, π/4]
Hence, ~rs (s, t) × ~rt (s, t) 6= (0, 0, 0) for every (s, t) ∈ D. Therefore, the surface S is regular.
[2]
(c) Write down the cartesian equation of the tangent plane to the surface S at the point
(−3, 1, −π).
We first seet s, t such that
 
 −3 + sin(s) = −3,  sin(s) = 0,
~r(s, t) = (−3, 1, π) ⇔ 1 + cos(t) = 1, ⇔ cos(t) = 0,
2 sin2 (s) − 2t = −π 2 sin2 (s) − 2t = −π .
 

Thus, s = 0 X1/2 and t = π/2 X1/2. Hence, the normal vector of the tangent plane to
the surface at the point (−3, 1, −π) is given by
~rs (0, π/2) × ~rt (0, π/2) = (0, 2, −1) . X1/2
So, the tangent plane has cartesian equation
0 × (x + 3) + 2(y − 1) − (z + π) = 0 ⇔ 2y − z = 2 + π . X1/2
[2]
3
4. Consider the function f : R2 → R defined by

f (x, y) := sin(x + y) − cos(2y) ∀(x, y) ∈ R2 .

(a) Find all the critical points of the function f .

We seek (x, y) such that
(
cos(x + y) = 0, X1/2
 
fx (x, y) = 0, cos(x + y) = 0,
⇔ ⇔ X1/2
cos(x + y) + 2 sin(2y) = 0 X1/2
fy (x, y) = 0 sin(2y) = 0
 x = π + kπ − nπ , k ∈ Z, X1/2

( π
x + y = + kπ, k ∈ Z, 2 2
⇔ 2 ⇔ nπ
2y = nπ, n ∈ Z  y= , n ∈ Z X1/2
2
Hence, we obtain the points
π nπ nπ 
2
+ kπ −
2
,
2
k, n ∈ Z X1/2

[3]
(b) Determine the nature (i.e., point of local maximum/minimum, saddle point) of the critical
3π
π

points , 0 and 0, .
2 2
We need the second order partial derivatives

fxx (x, y) = − sin(x+y), fxy (x, y) = − sin(x+y), fyy (x, y) = − sin(x+y)+4 cos(2y) . X
We find
D(3π/2, 0) =
fxx (3π/2, 0) fxy (3π/2, 0)
fxy (3π/2, 0) fyy (3π/2, 0)
=
1 1
1 5
=4>0 X
and fxx (3π/2, 0) = 1 > 0 and (3π/2, 0) is a point of local minimum. X1/2 We also find

D(0, π/2) =
fxx (0, π/2) fxy (0, π/2)
fxy (0, π/2) fyy (0, π/2)
=
−1 −1
−1 −5
=4>0 X
and fxx (3π/2, 0) = −1 < 0 and (0, π/2) is a point of local maximum. X1/2

[4]

5. Find all the points on the surface S := {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 2x2 + y 2 − z 2 + 4x − y + z = 0} at which

the tangent plane is parallel to the xz-plane.
The surface S is the 0 level of the function f (x, y, z) = 2x2 + y 2 − z 2 + 4x − y + z and hence the
normal vector to the tangent plane at the point (x, y, z) is ∇f (x, y, z). Thus we seek (x, y, z) such
that 
f (x, y, z) = 0,
∇f (x, y, z)//~j X1/2
Now,
∇f (x, y, z) = (4x + 4, 2y − 1, −2z + 1) . X1/2

4
 So,  
4x + 4 = 0, x = −1,
∇f (x, y, z)//~j ⇔
−2z + 1 = 0
⇔
z = 1/2 .
X1/2
Now, we substitute x and z into the equation f (x, y, z) = 0 and get
1 1 1 √
2 + y2 −
4
−4−y+ =0
2
⇔ y=
2
± 2. X1/2
thus, we get the points
 1 1 √   1 1 √ 
− 1, , − 2
2 2
X1/2 and − 1, , + 2
2 2
X1/2

[3]

6. Find the points of maximum and minimum of the function f (x, y, z) = z over the region
R := {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2(y + z) + x ≤ 0}.

We recall the procedure of finding the points of maximum and minimum of a differentiable function
over a domain with non-empty interiors consists of:
(i) finding the critical points of the function lying in the interior of the domain;
(ii) finding the points of maximum and minimum on the boundary
(iii) and compare the values of the function at the points found (i) and (ii) , in the sense that the
points with largest value are the points of maximum of the function over the bounded domain
while the points with the smallest value are the points of minimum.

Notice that fz (x, y, z) = 1 6= 0, therefore f has no crtical points. X1/2

So, we seek (x, y, z) and λ such that

0 = 2λx + λ, λ 6= 0 (from 3rd equation)


 
0 = 2λy − 2λ,
X 1
 
⇒ x = − , X1/2 (from 1st equation)
 1 = 2λz − 2λ,  2
y = 1, X1/2 (from 2nd equation)

 2 
x + y 2 + z 2 − 2(y + z) + x = 0 ,

We substitute the values of x and y into the fourth equation and obtain
1 1 3
4
+ 1 + z 2 − 2 − 2z − = 0
2
⇔ z =1±
2
. X1/2
Thus, we get
 1 1  1 5
− , 1, −
2 2
(point of minimum) X1/2 and − , 1,
2 2
(point of maximum) X1/2

[4]

5
 Section B Full Marks: 8
In this section, indicate only the correct answer by filling in a, b, c, d, or e in the relevant box
provided on the attached sheet. Working will not be marked.

1. Consider the point E = (2, π/6, π/4) in speriical coordinates. Convert the point A in cylindrical
coordinates.
√ √ √ √
(a) ( 2, π/4, 2); (b) ( 2, π/6, − 2); (c) ( 2/2, π/4, 2);
√ √ √
(d) ( 2, π/6, 2); (e) (2, π/6, 2).
Solution: (d)
[2]
2. The tangent plane to the surface x3 +2y 2 +z 2 = −5 at the point (−2, −1, 1) is parallel to the plane
1 1 2 1
(a) −2x + y − z = 12; (b) −2x + y − z = π; (c) 12x − 4y − z = 3;
3 3 3 3
1 1 2 1
(d) x + y − z = 2; (e) −x − y + z = 1.
3 6 3 3
Solution: (b)
[2]
3. All the numbers s and t such that the function f (x, y) := 2s2 x − t2 y − arctan(2x − ty) has a
critical point at (1, 0) are:

1
 1 
1
 s = ±√ ,
 
 s = ± √ , 
 s=± ,

 5

 5 
 5
(a) (b) (c)
 1  1  1
 t = ± √ , 0;
  

 t = 0, ;
  t = 0, ;

5 5 5

1
 1
 s = ±√ ,  s = ± √5 ,

 

 5 
(d) (e)
1  t = 0, √1 ;

 

t = 0, − ;

 
5 5
Solution: (a)
[2]
4. The function f (x, y) = sin(y) − cos(xy)
√ √has the directional derivative at the point (1, π/2) in the
direction of the vector ~u = (−1/ 2, 1/ 2) equal to:

√ π+2 π π−2 2−π

(a) π 2; (b) √ ; (c) √ ; (d) √ ; (e) √ ;
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Solution: (e)
[2]