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Cne Transformer

The document discusses various aspects of single-phase transformers, including characteristics of shell and core types, definitions of transformation and turns ratios, reasons for transformer ratings in KVA, and conditions for successful parallel operation. It also covers calculations related to no-load current, efficiency, losses, and methods for minimizing these losses. Additionally, it includes practical applications such as tests, load sharing, and the advantages of parallel operation.

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Alvin Shaikh
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31 views3 pages

Cne Transformer

The document discusses various aspects of single-phase transformers, including characteristics of shell and core types, definitions of transformation and turns ratios, reasons for transformer ratings in KVA, and conditions for successful parallel operation. It also covers calculations related to no-load current, efficiency, losses, and methods for minimizing these losses. Additionally, it includes practical applications such as tests, load sharing, and the advantages of parallel operation.

Uploaded by

Alvin Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. State any two characteristics of a shell type transformer.

Two characteristics of a shell type


transformer1. The core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings. 2. Natural cooling is
poor since the windings are placed on the central limb only. 3. More economical for low voltage
transformer. 4. It provides a double magnetic circuit. 5. When the coils are to be withdrawn for
repairs, a large number of laminations are to be dismantled. 6. As the windings are placed on
the central limb, it provides better mechanical protection to the windings.
2. Define the following related to single phase transformer: i) Transformation ratio ii) Turns ratio.
i) Transformation ratio: (It is defined as the ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage. i.e
V2 / V1 and it is denoted by ‘k’ ii) Turns ratio: It is defined as the ratio of secondary no. of turns
to primary no. of turns. i.e N2 / N1 and it is denoted by ‘k’.
3. State reason why the rating of the transformer is in KVA and not in KW. Output power of
transformer is given by P= VICosØ, for different types of load i.e (resistive, capacitive, inductive)
cosØ changes so, for same voltage and current output power will different, so transformer is
designed to operate at particular voltage and current levels and it not designed to deliver
particular output power that is why rating of transformer is in KVA. OR As copper loss of a
transformer depends on current and iron loss on voltage, Hence total transformer loss depends
on volt-ampere and not on phase angle between voltage and current ie. It is independent of
load power factor. That is why rating of transformer is in KVA.
4. State any two necessary conditions required to be satisfied in order to ensure successful
parallel operation of single phase transformers. 1) Voltage ratings of both the transformers
must be identical. 2) Percentage / p.u. impedance should be equal in magnitude. 3) X / R ratio of
the transformer winding should be equal. 4) Transformer polarity must be same. 5) Phase
displacement between primary & secondary voltages must be same. 6) Phase sequence of both
must be same.
5. Draw diagram of a core type single phase transformer showing its constructional details. Also
state any two characteristics of this transformer. Diagram of a core type single phase
transformer: (2 Mark) OR Characteristics of Core type transformer: (Any Two point expected:
1 Mark each)
1. In this type of transformer the core has only one window. 2. Winding enclose the core. 3.
The transformer is easy for repair. 4. Better cooling. 5. Less mechanical protection
6. The no load current of a transformer is 15 Amp at 0.2 pf. When connected to a 460V, 50Hz
supply. If the primary winding has 550 turns, Calculate: i) Magnetizing component ii) Core loss
component of no load current iii) Maximum flux s14.
7. Derive the emf equation of a transformer.
Emf equation of transformer: N1 = No. of turns on primary winding N2 = No. of turns on
secondary winding Φm = maximum value of flux linking both the winding in Wb f = Frequency of
supply in Hz First method:
Maximum value of flux is reached in time t = 1/ 4f
Avg. rate of change of flux = Φm/t = Φm/(1/ 4f) = 4Φmf Wb/sec
From faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
Avg. emf induced in each turn = Avg. rate of change of flux = 4Φmf
Form factor = ( RMS value)/( Avg. value) = 1.11
R.M.S. emf induced in each turn = 1.11 x Avg. value = 1.11 x 4Φmf
= 4.44 Φmf volts
R.M.S. emf induced in primary winding = ( RMS emf / turn) x N1
E1 = 4.44 Φmf N1 volts
Similarly, E2 = 4.44 Φmf N2 volts
OR
Second method:
Φ = Φm sin ωt
According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
Instantaneous value of emf/ turn = - dΦ/dt = -d /dt (Φm sin ωt)
= -ωΦmcos ωt
= ωΦmsin ( ωt – π/2) volts
Maximum value of emf/turn= ωΦm But ω = 2πf
Max. value of emf /turn = 2πf Φm
RMS value of emf /turn = 0.707 x 2πf Φm
= 4.44Φmf volts
RMS value of emf in primary winding:
E1 = 4.44Φm f x N1 volts and
E2= 4.44 Φmf N2 volts
8. A single phase 100 KVA, 3.3 KV/230V, 50Hz transformer has 89.5 % efficiency at 0.85 lagging
P.f both at full load and also at half load. Calculate the iron loss and full load copper loss. S14
9. )A 20 KVA, 100/250V, 50Hz,1-phase transformer gave the following test results. OC Test (with
LV open) : 1000V, 2A, 250W, SC Test (with HV shorted) : 5V, 50A, 200W, Calculate the
efficiency of this transformer at half full load 0.8 p.f. lagging.S14
10. State the different types of losses occurring in a single phase transformer and suggest
remedies to minimize these losses.

Types of losses occurring in a single phase transformer: 1) Core or Iron losses: i) These losses are called
as constant losses. ii) These losses take place in transformer core: a) Hysteresis loss: Takes place due to
rapid reversal of magnetization by alternating flux b) Eddy current loss: Caused due to flow of eddy
current in the core.

2) Copper losses: i) These losses are called as variable losses. ii) These losses takes place in the winding
of transformer iii) These losses take place due to resistance of primary and secondary winding. Total
copper losses =I12R1+I2 2R2

Remedies to minimize these losses: 1. The hysteresis losses can be minimized by selecting proper
material for core which is having low hysteresis losses e.g. Silicon steel 2. The eddy current can be
minimized by making the core of laminated nature. 3. The copper losses can be minimized by selecting
high quality super insulated copper wire for making primary & secondary windings.
11. A single phase transformer with a ratio of 500/200V takes a no load current of 3 Amp at 0.4
p.f. lag. If the secondary supplies a current of 50 Amp at a pf of 0.85 lag, estimate the current
taken by the primary.S-14
12. Draw the experimental set up to perform OC & SC Test on a 1KVA, 1-ph, 50Hz, 230/115V
transformer. Select the range of instruments S-14
13. With necessary diagrams, show the derivation for division of load between two transformer
with equal voltage ratios connected in parallel.S-14
14. The no load ratio of a 50Hz; single phase transformer is 6000/250 V. Find the number of turns
in each winding if the maximum flux is 0.06 wb in core.W-15
15. Two transformers P and Q of 150 KVA and 100 KVA capacities respectively, are connected in
parallel. %ZP = 1.2 (%ZQ); what maximum load can be transformed without over loading
either of the transformers?W-15
16. Draw the equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary. State the meaning of each
term related to equivalent circuit-15
17. A single phase transformer of 100 KVA; 11000/2200 V 50Hz gave the following results :- (i)
O.C. test (Input to LV side) :- 2200 V; 1.59A; 980 watt. (ii) S.C. test (with LV shorted) :- 580V;
9.1; 1100 watt. Calculate the efficiency and regulation of transformer at full load 0.8 P.F.
lagging-15
18. A 500 KVA transformer has 2500 watt iron loss and 7500 watts copper loss at full load.
Calculate its efficiency at full load at unity p.f. and 0.8 p.f. lagging.W-15
19. Draw the complete phasor diagram of transformer for lagging p.f. load condition and leading
p.f. load condition W-15
20. State advantages of parallel operation of transformer.W-15
21. Two transformers A of 40 KVA with % ZA = (3 + j4) and B of 25 KVA; share equally a load of 50
KVA; while working in parallel. Find how they will share a load of 40 KVA. Comment on your
answer. W-15
22. Derive the condition for maximum efficiency of transformer.W-15
23. List the advantages of O.C. and S.C.
i) Efficiency can be found for any desired load without ii) Power consuption is less as
compared to direct loading iii) Losses can be found at any load condition iv) Using these
tests efficiency and voltage regulation at any load condition and power factor will be
calculated
24. Summer 15 ka parallel ka numerical
25. Advantages of parallel operation of transformers: i) Reliability of the supply system enhances.
ii) Highly varying load demands can be fulfilled. iii) loading only the relevant capacity
transformer to operate at high efficiency. 4) Overloading of transformers is avoided and hence
of life of transformer increases.
26.

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