SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Short-Circuit Fault Level Calculation on 33/11 KV Substation

by Using ETAP Simulator according to the IEC 60909
Standard

Supervisor: Prof. Morris Brenna

Author: Yousif A.Moneim Mohammed

Matricola: 83935

Academic Year 2019 – 2020

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, all praise and thanks are due to Almighty Allah, who enabled me to complete this
thesis. I would not have been able to finish without his blessings.

I am very thankful to Politecnico di Milano, for allowing me this opportunity, and Professor
Morris Brenna whose encouragement, guidance, and support enabled me to develop the thesis
project.

Special thanks to Eng. Salma Ahmed from the Sudanese electricity distribution company for her
guidance and support during the thesis work.

Most importantly, I would like to express my eternal gratitude to my family, and my friends for
their continuous support during this journey, I simply could not wish for better family and friends.

Last but not least, I would like to extend my gratitude to whoever provided me with any kind of
help no matter how big or small.
 Table of Content

Table of content ........................................................................................................1

List of Figures ...........................................................................................................5

List of Tables ............................................................................................................6

Abstract .....................................................................................................................7

Astratto......................................................................................................................8

1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ..................................................................9

1.1 General Concepts ............................................................................................9

1.2 Problem Statement .........................................................................................9

1.3 Objectives.......................................................................................................10

1.4 Methodology ..................................................................................................10

2 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................11

2.1 Nature of faults..............................................................................................11

2.2 Short-Circuit Studies ....................................................................................11

2.3 Types of faults ...............................................................................................11

2.4 Causes of faults..............................................................................................13

2.5 Characteristics of short-circuit ....................................................................13

2.6 Effects of short-circuit ..................................................................................13

2.7 Short-Circuit Phenomenon ..........................................................................14

2.8 Short-Circuit Standards ...............................................................................17

1
2.9 Type of short-circuit .....................................................................................18

2.9.1 Near to generator short-circuit .............................................................18

2.9.2 Far from generator short-circuit...........................................................19

2.10 Short-Circuit Definitions According to IEC 60909 .................................20

2.10.1 Short-circuit ..........................................................................................20

2.10.2 Initial symmetrical short-circuit current 𝑰𝒌′′ ....................................20

2.10.3 Steady-state short-circuit current 𝑰𝒌 ..................................................20

2.10.4 Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current 𝑰𝒃.................................20

2.10.5 Decaying (aperiodic) component 𝒊𝒅𝒄 of short-circuit current .........20

2.10.6 Peak short-circuit current 𝒊𝒑...............................................................21

2.11 Calculation assumptions ............................................................................21

2.12 Analysis technique and voltage source at the short-circuit location......21

2.13 Symmetrical component .............................................................................23

2.14 Maximum short-circuit current ................................................................24

2.15 Minimum short-circuit current .................................................................25

2.16 Impedance correction factors ....................................................................25

2.16.1 Impedance correction factors for network transformers .................25

2.16.2 The synchronous generators correction factor ..................................26

2.16.3 Power station units with an on-load tap-changer correction factor 27

2.16.4 Power station units without on-load tap-changer correction factor28

2.17 Calculation of short-circuit current parameters according to IEC

60909-0 .................................................................................................................29

2
 2.17.1 Initial symmetrical short-circuit current 𝑰𝒌′′ ....................................29

2.17.2 Peak short-circuit current 𝒊𝒑...............................................................31

2.17.3 Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current 𝑰𝒃.................................32

2.17.4 Decaying (aperiodic) component 𝒊𝒅𝒄 of short-circuit current .........34

2.17.5 Steady-state short-circuit current 𝑰𝒌 ..................................................35

3 CHAPTER THREE MODELING AND SIMULATION ...............................36

3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................36

3.2 ETAP program ..............................................................................................36

3.3 Case study overview......................................................................................36

3.4 Network Implementation and Simulation ..................................................37

3.5 ETAP short-circuit analyzer ........................................................................38

3.6 ETAP Parameters Definition .......................................................................39

3.6.1 Rated kV ..................................................................................................39

3.6.2 SC Rating (MVAsc) ................................................................................39

3.6.3 kAsc ..........................................................................................................39

3.6.4 X/R............................................................................................................39

3.6.5 SCImp (100 MVA base) .........................................................................40

3.7 Simulation Scenarios ....................................................................................40

3.7.1 Load flow .................................................................................................40

3.7.2 Three-phase fault short-circuit fault at bus 1 ......................................41

3.7.3 Line to ground short circuit fault at bus 1 ...........................................42

3.7.4 Three-phase short-circuit fault at bus 2 ...............................................43

3
 3.7.5Line to Ground short circuit fault at bus 2 ...........................................44

4 Chapter Four Results and Conclusion ..............................................................45

4.1 Simulation Results ........................................................................................45

4.2 Conclusion .....................................................................................................48

REFFRENCES .......................................................................................................50

APPENDICES ........................................................................................................51

APPENDIX A: Short-Circuit Summary Report ob bus 1 ..............................51

APPENDIX B: Short-Circuit Report on bus 1 ................................................52

APPENDIX C: Sequence impedance Report on bus 1 ....................................53

APPENDIX D: Lumped Load Input Data bus 1 .............................................54

APPENDIX E: Power Grid Input Data bus 1 ..................................................55

APPENDIX F: Short-Circuit Summary Report on bus 2 ..............................56

APPENDIX G: Short-Circuit Report on bus 2 ................................................57

APPENDIX H: Sequence impedance Report on bus 2 ...................................58

APPENDIX I: Lumped Load Input Data on bus 2 .........................................59

APPENDIX C: Power Grid Input Data bus 2 .................................................60

4
 List of Figures

Figure 1: Different types of short-circuits and short-circuit currents. (a) Three-phase short-circuit,
(b) Double-phase short-circuit without earth/ground connection (c) Double-phase short-circuit
with earth/ground connection and (d) line-to-earth (line-to-ground) short-circuit ....................... 12
Figure 2: One-line diagram of a power station ............................................................................. 14
Figure 3: Equivalent impedance diagram ..................................................................................... 14
Figure 4: Thevenin Equivalent...................................................................................................... 15
Figure 5: Symmetrical short circuit current .................................................................................. 16
Figure 6: Asymmetrical short circuit current ................................................................................ 17
Figure 7: Near-to-generator short circuits current ........................................................................ 18
Figure 8: Far-from-generator short circuits .................................................................................. 19
Figure 9: (a) Three-phase a.c. system with three-phase short-circuit, (b) Equivalent circuit diagram
in positive sequence system, (c) equivalent circuit diagram in positive sequence with an equivalent
voltage source ............................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 10: The values of 𝐾 as a function of the 𝑋𝑅 ratio ............................................................. 31
Figure 11: The factor 𝜇 for calculation of short-circuit breaking current .................................... 33
Figure 12: The factor 𝑞 for calculation of short-circuit breaking of asynchronous machines. ..... 34
Figure 13: Single line diagram of Alomara substation drawn by using ETAP simulator ............ 37
Figure 14: load flow analysis under normal operating condition ................................................. 40
Figure 15: Three-phase fault at bus 1 ........................................................................................... 41
Figure 16: Line to Ground short circuit fault at bus 1 .................................................................. 42
Figure 17: Three phase short-circuit fault at bus 2 ....................................................................... 43
Figure 18: Line to Ground short circuit fault at bus 2 .................................................................. 44
Figure 19: Transient short-circuit current for a fault at bus 1 ....................................................... 47
Figure 20: transient short-circuit fault current for a fult at bus 1.................................................. 48

5
 List of Tables

Table 1:Voltage factor 𝑐 ............................................................................................................... 23

Table 2: Zero-sequence characteristic of the various elements in an electrical network.............. 24
Table 3: Equations for the calculation of initial symmetrical short-circuit currents ................... 30
Table 4: Fault current when short circuit fault occurs at bus ........................................................ 45
Table 5: fault current when short circuit fault occurs at bus......................................................... 46

6
 Abstract

Two substantial issues can happen in a power system: open circuits fault and short circuits fault.
The most dangerous one is the short circuit fault due to the high fault currents it can cause, those
currents can have huge effects on the power system such as thermal heating and electromechanical
forces on its elements that might have to be replaced and sometimes might cause fires and other
similar effects in the power system.

This is where protection systems come in place, it is important to design electrical protection
systems that can detect unusual fault currents, and take action to de-energize the faulted part of the
system in the shortest possible time considering the fault current magnitude. In order to do this,
the fault current must be predicted for a specific part of the power system.

This study represents the analysis of the short circuit of 33/11 kV Alomara substation for different
types of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults at different locations, the analysis is done by using
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) and has been performed according to the
International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60909, IEC 61363-1 standards. All the data is
collected from the 33/11 KV substation and the electrical distribution and transmission companies.

7
 Astratto

Ci sono due problemi sostanziali che possono verificarsi in un sistema di alimentazione: guasto dei circuiti
aperti e guasto dei cortocircuiti. Il più pericoloso è il guasto di cortocircuito dovuto alle alte correnti di
guasto che può causare, quelle correnti possono avere effetti enormi sul sistema di alimentazione come il
riscaldamento termico e le forze elettromeccaniche sui suoi elementi che potrebbero dover essere sostituiti
e talvolta potrebbero causare incendi e altri effetti simili nel sistema di alimentazione.

È qui che entrano in vigore i sistemi di protezione, è importante progettare sistemi di protezione elettrica in
grado di rilevare correnti di guasto insolite e intervenire per diseccitare la parte guasta del sistema nel più
breve tempo possibile considerando l'ampiezza della corrente di guasto. A tal fine, è necessario prevedere
la corrente di guasto per una parte specifica del sistema di alimentazione.

Questo studio rappresenta l'analisi del cortocircuito della sottostazione Alomara 33/11 kV per diversi tipi
di guasti simmetrici e asimmetrici in luoghi diversi, l'analisi viene eseguita utilizzando il programma ETAP
(Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) ed è stata eseguita secondo l'International Electrotechnical
Commissione IEC 60909, IEC 61363-1 standard. Tutti i dati vengono raccolti dalla sottostazione 33/11 KV
e dalle società di distribuzione e trasmissione elettrica.

8
 1 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Concepts

Short circuit analysis is performed in electrical power systems, industrial and commercial power
systems, power stations, and many other applications related to the power system.
Short-circuit fault study is applied to ensure operators and public safety and to determine the
ratings of the protective devices as well as other power system equipment such as the transformers
by considering the fault's thermal and the mechanical effect.

Moreover, short-circuit current calculations are performed for the design, operation, and protection
of the Power system and also for the design of the power system equipment.[3]

The maximum short-circuit current, used to determine the making and breaking capacity of the
circuit breakers and the electrodynamic withstand capacity of the wiring system and switchgear.
It must be calculated accurately and used with a safety margin.[1]

The minimum short-circuits current, essential when selecting the time-current curve for circuit
breakers and fuses.[1]

1.2 Problem Statement

The electrical power system is expanding in size and complexity in all sectors such as generation,
transmission, distribution, and load. This Expansion causes Changes in the levels of the network.
Different types of faults in the power system such as short-circuit conditions lead to severe
economic losses and a reduction in the reliability of the electrical system.

9
1.3 Objectives

The main purpose of this research is to provide a detailed description of the calculation of the
different type of short-circuit on different locations according to the international standard IEC
60909 by using the ETAP simulation program.

1.4 Methodology

The power system analysis program ETAP is used to determine the fault levels in the Alomara
33/11 kV network using parameters provided by Sudanese Distribution and Transmission
Companies. Short-circuit studies on 33 kV and 11 kV bus bars were then conducted according to
IEC 60909 standards.

10
 2 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Nature of faults

The fault is an abnormal condition that includes the failure of a device operating on the primary
voltage in the power system. Two types of failure can happen in power systems, the first type
occurs as a result of the loss of insulation, which occurs as a result of high mechanical stress or
deterioration of the conductor condition over time, or as a result of a surprising overvoltage. The
second failure is that results in stopping the flow of the current or an open-circuit fault.[3]

2.2 Short-Circuit Studies

Short circuits can be studied from the following angles:

1. Calculation of short-circuit currents.

2. Determination of the ratings of switching devices.
3. Effects of short-circuit currents.
4. Limitation of short-circuit currents.
5. Transient stability of interconnected systems after isolation of the faulty section of the
network. [1]

2.3 Types of faults

The short circuit can take place between phases or between phases and earth or both. The below
figure shows the different types of short-circuits and short-circuits currents.

11
 FIGURE 1: DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHORT-CIRCUITS AND SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS.
(A) THREE-PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT, (B) DOUBLE-PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT WITHOUT EARTH/GROUND CONNECTION
(C) DOUBLE-PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT WITH EARTH/GROUND CONNECTION AND (D) LINE-TO-EARTH (LINE-TO-
GROUND) SHORT-CIRCUIT

Fault statistics concerning the type of fault:

 Phase-to-earth (80% of faults)

 Phase-to-phase (15% of faults).
 Three-phase (only 5% of initial faults). [1]

The three-phase fault that symmetrically affects the three phases of a three-phase circuit is the only
balanced fault whereas all the other faults are unbalanced.

12
2.4 Causes of faults

Most of the short circuit faults are due to weather factors and then lead to equipment failure.
Weather factors that cause short-circuit faults are lightning strikes, rain, snow, strong winds, fires,
floods, and trees.

The lightning strike produces a current up to 200 KA for a very short time. if the strike hits the
overhead line or the earth conductor there will be a sudden overvoltage over the insulator leads to
insulation failure and the short-circuit fault.

Faults can also happen due to equipment failure (transformers, machines, capacitors, …) due to
the loss of insulation such as insulator breakdown due to switching overvoltage. Faults can also
occur as a result of connection errors. In the overhead transmission system, most of the short circuit
faults happen on the overhead lines (80-90%) and the rest on substations and busbars. [8]

2.5 Characteristics of short-circuit

The short-circuit can be characterized by:

 The duration (self-extinguishing, transient, and steady-state).

 The origin (mechanical, loss of insulation, internal).
 The location (inside or outside the machine).

2.6 Effects of short-circuit

The effects of the short-circuit faults vary according to the type, duration, and place of the short-
circuit.
At the fault location, the short circuit may lead to loss of insulation, welding of conductor, fire,
and danger to life.

On the faulty circuit, the electrodynamic forces resulting in damage to busbars, cable insulation,
and temperature increment which may lead to insulation failure.

13
On the network, the network may experience an under Voltage over the fault clearing time.
Moreover, some parts of the network may be isolated by the protective devices depending on the
protection system and the discrimination

2.7 Short-Circuit Phenomenon

Figure 2 shows a simplified electrical network consists of a generator, connected transformer, and
Load.

FIGURE 2: ONE-LINE DIAGRAM OF A POWER STATION

The transient analysis of the passive circuit gives an initial insight into the nature of the short
circuit currents. Figure 3 shows the equivalent impedance diagram

FIGURE 3: EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM

14
Thevenin impedance, the short-circuit current is limited only by Z, and its steady-state value is
vectorially given by Em=Z. The short circuit current during the transient depends on the value of
the resistance R and the reactance X.

FIGURE 4: THEVENIN EQUIVALENT

The applied voltage is:

𝑑𝑖
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑚 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑑𝑡

The current is:

𝑉𝑚 𝑉
𝑖(𝑡) = × 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃 − ∅) + × sin (𝜃 − ∅) × 𝑒
|𝑍| |𝑍|

where:

| |
× 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃 − ∅) = The steady-state (Ac)

| |
× 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 − ∅) × 𝑒 = The Transient (DC)

Where:

15
Z ≡ Complex impedance,
R ≡ Resistance
L ≡ Inductance
Em ≡ peak source voltage
𝜃 ≡ is the difference angle between the initiation of the fault and the zero voltage [5]

Therefore, the current i consist of two components, one is an alternating component shifted by ∅
with reference to the voltage and the other component is periodic and decaying to zero as t tends
to infinity. So, we have two main cases: [1]

 Symmetrical (balance) where 𝜃 = ∅ = 𝜋 2

FIGURE 5: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

16
  Asymmetrical (unbalanced) where 𝜃 = zero

FIGURE 6: ASYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

2.8 Short-Circuit Standards

Different guidelines and standards have been developed for short-circuit calculations, the purpose
of these standards is to provide an international co-operation for all aspects concerning the short-
circuit analysis and calculations.

There are Three popular standards for short-circuit calculations:

 International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) 60909

 American Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) C37.010
 UK Engineering Recommendation ER G7/4

In this thesis, the first method IEC 609090 was applied.

This Standard is valid for low and high voltage systems, not more than 550 KV and nominal
frequencies 50 or 60 HZ. The standard also focuses on the way of calculation of the maximum and
minimum short circuit [3]

17
2.9 Type of short-circuit

2.9.1 Near to generator short-circuit

This type of short-circuit occurred when the contribution to the short-circuit current of one
synchronous generator is larger than double its rated current, or if the involvement to the short-
circuit current of synchronous or asynchronous motors is larger than 5 % of the short-circuit
current without motors. [9]

In this situation, there are three components, subtransient, and transient decaying ac component
and the decaying dc component. The subtransient component is also called the subtransient
reactance 𝑋 , it's determined by the impedance between the damping winding and the stator and
it decays with the subtransient time constant 𝑇 which is normally has a value of some period of
the system frequency, i.e. 𝑇 is less than 70 ms. The transient component or transient reactance
𝑋 is given by the reactance between the exciter winding and the stator and it decays by a transient
time constant 𝑇 the duration of which is up to 2.2 s. Then, the shortcircuit current which is given
by the steady-state or saturated synchronous reactance 𝑋 [9]

FIGURE 7: NEAR-TO-GENERATOR SHORT CIRCUITS CURRENT

18
𝐼 = Initial symmetrical short-circuit current

𝑖 = Peak short-circuit current

𝐼 = Steady-state short-circuit current

𝑖 = D.c. component of short-circuit current

𝐴 = Initial value of the d.c component 𝑖

2.9.2 Far from generator short-circuit

This is the case during which the short circuit the ac component remains constant.

FIGURE 8: FAR-FROM-GENERATOR SHORT CIRCUITS

𝐼 = Initial symmetrical short-circuit current

𝑖 = Peak short-circuit current

19
𝐼 = Steady-state short-circuit current

𝑖 = D.c. component of short-circuit current

𝐴 = Initial value of the d.c component 𝑖

2.10 Short-Circuit Definitions According to IEC 60909

2.10.1 Short-circuit

Accidental or intentional conduction between two or more conductive parts forcing the electric
potential differences between these conductive parts to be equal or close to zero IEC 60909 [4]

2.10.2 Initial symmetrical short-circuit current 𝒌

R.M.S value of the A.C symmetrical component of a prospective (available) short-circuits

current, applicable at the instant of short circuit if the impedance remains at zero-time value.

2.10.3 Steady-state short-circuit current 𝒌

R.M.S value of the short-circuit current which remains after the decay of the transient phenomena.

2.10.4 Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current 𝒃

R.M.S value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical a.c. component of the prospective short-
circuits current at the instant of contact separation of the first pole to open of a switching device.

2.10.5 Decaying (aperiodic) component 𝒅𝒄 of short-circuit

current

Mean value between the top and bottom envelope of a short circuit current

decaying from an initial value to zero.

20
2.10.6 Peak short-circuit current 𝒑

The maximum possible instantaneous value of the prospective (available) short-circuit current

Note: The magnitude of the peak short-circuits current varies under the moment at which the short
circuit occurs. [4]

2.11 Calculation assumptions

To simplify the short circuit calculations the following g assumptions are applied.

1. The type of short-circuit does not change during the short-circuit, i.e line to ground short
circuit remains the same during the short-circuit period.
2. The network involved in the short-circuit remains the same.
3. The transformer impedance referred to the tap-changer in the main position.
4. Arc resistance is neglected.
5. All line capacitance, shunt admittance, and non-rotation loads are not taken into account,
except for the zero-sequence system.[4]

2.12 Analysis technique and voltage source at the short-

circuit location

The basis of the IEC 60909 is to estimate the initial symmetrical short-circuit current 𝐼 for any
type of fault by introducing an equivalent voltage source at the fault location and short-circuiting
all the internal voltage of feeders, generators, and motors. The value of the voltage source is equal
to Where 𝑈 is the nominal phase to phase voltage of the system and 𝑐 is the voltage factor
√

which is considering the variation in load flow and the voltage level between different locations
and the operation of the transformer tap-changer.[3]

Figure 9 shows an example for short circuit current calculation with an equivalent voltage source
at short circuit location.

21
FIGURE 9: (A) THREE-PHASE A.C. SYSTEM WITH THREE-PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT, (B) EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM IN
POSITIVE SEQUENCE SYSTEM, (C) EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM IN POSITIVE SEQUENCE WITH AN EQUIVALENT
VOLTAGE SOURCE

22
According to the IEC 60909 standard, the voltage factor is chosen according to table 1

TABLE 1:VOLTAGE FACTOR 𝒄

Nominal system voltage Voltage factor 𝒄 for calculation of

𝑼𝒏 Maximal s.c. current 𝒄𝒎𝒂𝒙 Minimal s.c. current 𝒄𝒎𝒊𝒏
L.V (100 V up to 1000 V)
1.05
Voltrage tolerance +6% 0.95
Voltrage tolerance +10% 1.10
MV >1 KV up to 35 KV 1.10 1.00
HV >35 KV 1.10 1.00

2.13 Symmetrical component

This method is used to simplify the calculations of the current values that occur due to the balanced
and unbalanced short circuits in three-phase a.c. system

This method indicates, the currents in each line are given by the summation of the currents of three
balanced component systems:

 Positive-sequence 𝐼( )

 Negative-sequence 𝐼( )

 Zero-sequence 𝐼( )

Considering the line conductor L1as reference, the currents 𝐼 ,𝐼 , and 𝐼 are given by

𝐼 = 𝐼( ) + 𝐼( ) + 𝐼( )

𝐼 = 𝑎 𝐼( ) + 𝑎 𝐼( ) + 𝐼( )

𝐼 = 𝑎 𝐼( ) + 𝑎 𝐼( ) + 𝐼( )

√
𝑎=− +j between 𝐼 ,𝐼 , and 𝐼 [4]

23
These balanced current components are associated with the balanced voltage components by the
( ) ( ) ( )
corresponding impedances: 𝑍( )= , 𝑍( ) = , 𝑍( ) =
( ) ( ) ( )

The value of these impedances can be provided by the manufacturer for different electrical network
elements, from these characteristics we can see that the value of 𝑍( ) is approximately equal to
𝑍( ) except for rotating machine, but the value of 𝑍( ) differs depending on the element [1]

TABLE 2: ZERO-SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS IN AN ELECTRICAL NETWORK

2.14 Maximum short-circuit current

The following conditions must be considered when calculating the maximum short circuit current:

 The correct voltage factor according to table 1 must be applied.

 The system configuration and the maximum power grid contribution must be selected in
order to have the maximum value of short-circuit at the fault location.
 The equivalent impedance which represents the external network 𝑍 must be minimum in
order to have maximum short-circuit contribution from the network feeders.
 The contribution of the motors must be considered.

24
  The line resistance must be calculated at a temperature of 20 ℃

2.15 Minimum short-circuit current

The following conditions must be considered when calculating the minimum short circuit current:

 The correct voltage factor according to table 1 must be applied.

 The system configuration and the minimum power grid contribution must be selected in
order to have a minimum value of short-circuit at the fault location
 The contribution of the motors is neglected.
 The line resistance must be calculated at the maximum acceptable temperature.

𝑅 = [1 + (𝜃 − 20 ℃)] × 𝑅

𝑅 = Resistance at 20 ℃.

𝜃 = Acceptable temperature ℃ for the conductor at the end of the short circuit

.
= Is a factor applicable for aluminum, aluminum alloys, and copper. [4]
℃

2.16 Impedance correction factors

2.16.1 Impedance correction factors for network

transformers

The impedance correction factor 𝐾 is presented to the rated impedance value of two winding or
three winding transformers, with or without an on-load tap changer.

The correction factor is given by

𝐾 = 𝑜. 95 ×
.

25
and the corrected impedance is given by

𝑍 = 𝐾 𝑍 = 𝐾 (𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 ) Ω

Where 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 which is the rated transformer impedance before correction and 𝑥𝑇 is the
rated transformer reactance in pu.

𝑐 should be selected according to table 1 and it's associated with the nominal voltage at the
low voltage side of the transformer.

In the case of three-winding transformers, the correction factor is applied for all reactance between
winding, e.g. if the three winging are represented by A, B, and C and the pu reactance between B
and C with C open, the correction factor is calculated by

𝐾 ( ) = 𝑜. 95 × ( )
.

And the same is valid for the other winding.

For the generator step-up transformers and the star winding neutral earthing impedance, the
correction factor is not applied. [3]

2.16.2 The synchronous generators correction factor

Factors 𝐾 𝐾 and 𝐾 used to estimate the short-circuit impedance of the generators

The positive sequence subtransient generator impedance is given by

𝑍 = 𝐾 × 𝑍 = 𝐾 (𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 )

Where 𝑅 is the stator resistance of the synchronous machine, 𝑍 is the uncorrected generator
subtransient impedance and 𝑋 is the subtransient reactance of the generator in pu.

26
The correction factor 𝐾 is given by

𝑈 𝐶
𝐾 = ×
𝑈 1 + 𝑋 sin 𝜑

Where 𝑈 is the rated phase to phase generator voltage, 𝜑 is the phase angle between and
√

the rated current 𝐼 .

For the Peak short circuit current calculations the following values of fictitious resistance 𝑅 can
be used for more accuracy

[8]

2.16.3 Power station units with an on-load tap-changer

correction factor

The power station unit is known as a generator connected to a step-up transformer it’s corrected
impedance on the high voltage side is given by

𝑈
𝑍 = 𝐾 ×𝑍 + 𝑍 𝛺
𝑈

The correction factor 𝐾 is given by

𝑈 𝑈 𝑐
𝐾 = × ×
𝑈 𝑈 1 + |𝑥 −| sin 𝜑

27
Where 𝑍 is the uncorrected transformer impedance at the high voltage side, 𝑈 is the
nominal system voltage at the power station unit connection point, 𝑥 are the transformer

reactance in pu at nominal tap position and 𝑡 = is the rated transformer ratio.

or partial short circuit current estimation, if the fault happens between the transformer and the
generator, the generator and transformer impedance correction factors are given by, respectively.

𝑐
𝐾 , =
1 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑

𝑐
𝐾 , =
1 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑

2.16.4 Power station units without on-load tap-changer

correction factor

The power station unit corrected impedance on high voltage side is given by

𝑍 = 𝐾 (𝑡 𝑍 +𝑍 )𝛺

and the correction factor 𝐾 is given by

𝑈 𝑈 𝑐
𝐾 = × × (1 ± 𝑃 ) ×
𝑈 (1 + 𝑃 ) 𝑈 1 + 𝑥′′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑

1 ± 𝑃 is used if the transformer has off-load taps and one tap position is always used, If not, 𝑃
equal to zero.1 − 𝑃 is used when calculating the maximum current.

28
For partial short circuit current estimation, if the fault happens between the transformer and the
generator, the generator and transformer impedance correction factors are given by, respectively
[3]

1 𝑐
𝐾 , = ×
(1 + 𝑃 ) 1 + 𝑥′′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑

1 𝑐
𝐾 , = ×
(1 + 𝑃 ) 1 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑

2.17 Calculation of short-circuit current parameters

according to IEC 60909-0

2.17.1 Initial symmetrical short-circuit current 𝒌

The initial symmetrical short-circuit current can be founded based on the equivalent voltage source
and the equivalent impedance at the fault location.

Table 3 shows the calculation formulas for a different type of short-circuit

29
TABLE 3: EQUATIONS FOR THE CALCULATION OF INITIAL SYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS

30
2.17.2 Peak short-circuit current 𝒑

The Peak short-circuit current 𝑖 in no meshed system is given by the following equation

𝑖 = √2𝐾𝐼′′
Where

𝐾 = 1.02 + 0.89 𝑒

The value of 𝐾depends on the 𝑋⁄𝑅 the ratio at the fault location, The below figure shows the
values of 𝐾 against the 𝑋⁄𝑅 ratio

FIGURE 10: THE VALUES OF 𝐾 AS A FUNCTION OF THE 𝑋 ⁄𝑅 RATIO

In the meshed system the same equations are used but the value of 𝑅 ⁄𝑋 is calculated according to
one of the below three methods.

 Method A - Uniform 𝑅 ⁄𝑋 ratio. The value of 𝐾 is estimated by considering the minimum

𝑅 ⁄𝑋 ratio of all branched on the grid. Only branches with 80% of the current at the rated
voltage corresponding to the short-circuit point are considered.

31
  Method B - 𝑅 ⁄𝑋 ratio at the short-circuit location. The value of 𝐾 factor is calculated by
multiplying the 𝐾 factor by 1.15 which is a safety factor due to errors caused after getting
the 𝑅 ⁄𝑋 ratio from the complex impedance of the grid.
 Method C – Equivalent frequency. The 𝑅 ⁄𝑋 ratio is estimated at al lower frequency and
then multiplied by a frequency-dependent factor.

2.17.3 Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current 𝒃

In the case of Far from generator short-circuit, the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current 𝐼 is
the same as the initial symmetrical short-circuit current 𝐼

𝐼 =𝐼

When the short-circuit fault is far from the generator, the symmetrical short-circuit breaking
current𝑰𝒃 is calculated by taking into account the contribution of every single machine. 𝑰𝒃 for a
different type of machine is given by

𝐼 = 𝜇𝐼 for synchronous machined

𝐼 = 𝜇𝑞𝐼 for asynchronous machined

Facors 𝜇 and 𝑞 are factors responsible for ac decay, factor 𝜇 is a factor related to the minimum
delay time 𝑡 and the ratio 𝐼′′ ⁄𝐼 , where 𝐼 is the generator rated current. Figure 11 shows the
factor 𝜇 for calculation of short-circuit breaking current.

32
 FIGURE 11: THE FACTOR 𝝁 FOR CALCULATION OF SHORT-CIRCUIT BREAKING CURRENT

Factor 𝑞 depends on the minimum delay time 𝑡 and the real power per pair of poles. Figure 12
shows the factor 𝑞 for calculation of short-circuit breaking of asynchronous machines. [7]

33
 FIGURE 12: THE FACTOR 𝒒 FOR CALCULATION OF SHORT-CIRCUIT BREAKING OF ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES.

2.17.4 Decaying (aperiodic) component 𝒅𝒄 of short-circuit

current

The dc component of the short-circuit current is calculated according to the vale of the initial
symmetrical short-circuit current and the 𝑋⁄𝑅 ratio by using the following formula

2𝜋𝑓𝑡
𝐼 = 𝐼′′ √2 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
𝑋⁄𝑅

Where 𝑡 is the minimum delay time for protective devices.

34
2.17.5 Steady-state short-circuit current 𝒌

The value of the Steady-state short-circuit current 𝑰𝒌 is related to the excitation voltage of the
generator.

𝐼 = 𝜆 𝐼

𝐼 = 𝜆 𝐼

The maximum Steady-state short-circuit current 𝐼 is calculated when the synchronous

generator is at maximum excitation voltage.

The minimum Steady-state short-circuit current 𝐼 is calculated when the synchronous

generator is at minimum excitation voltage.

Where 𝜆 is a function of saturated synchronous reactance and 𝐼 is the rated current of the
generator. [7]

35
 3 CHAPTER THREE
MODELING AND SIMULATION

3.1 Introduction

In this research, The Electrical Transient Analyzer (ETAP) Program is used to determine the fault
levels in Alomara 33/11 KV distribution system by considering different types of short-circuit
faults in different locations. This study has been done based on the international standard IEC
609090 and IEC 61363

3.2 ETAP program

ETAP is Electromagnetic Transient Analysis Program, It is electrical engineering software,

founded in 1986 and headquartered in Irvine, California. It is used for a power systems analysis
that includes analytical software modules.

ETAP offers a suite of fully integrated Electrical Engineering software solutions including arc
flash, load flow, short circuit, transient stability, relay coordination, cable size, optimal power
flow, and more.[7]

ETAP is the most comprehensive enterprise solution for design, simulation, operation, control,
optimization, and automation of generation, transmission, distribution, and industrial power
systems. [7]

3.3 Case study overview

Alomara 33/11 KV distribution is a single busbar type with bus sectionalized, its supplied by four
incoming lines from U1, U2, U3, and U4 and there are eight outgoing feeders. two main
transformers are linking the 33 and 11 busbars with a rated power of 20 MVA. Figure 13 shows
the single line diagram of Alomara substation drawn by using ETAP simulator [10]

36
 FIGURE 13: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF ALOMARA SUBSTATION DRAWN BY USING ETAP SIMULATOR

3.4 Network Implementation and Simulation

The following steps were taken to simulate and study the short-circuit faults on the study system:

 Data collection

All information was taken from the electricity company, the manufacturers of electrical
equipment, and filed visits.

 Single-line diagram preparation

The ETAP Single-Line Diagram was created that includes all the components of the
substation. The same Single-Line Diagram will be used to simulate different short-circuit
scenarios.

 ETAP software analysis

37
 All the system data were inserted by using the computer software and the short-circuit currents
in different busses were calculated.

 Tabulate results

All the results were put into tables for comparison.

Required Data for Protection Device Coordination

 Single line diagram

 Power grid setting
 Line and cable data
 Transformers data
 Load data
 Bus data

3.5 ETAP short-circuit analyzer

ETAP offers two short-circuit methods according to ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards. This part will
give the procedure of calculation according to the IEC standard.

The IEC standard is suitable for short-circuit calculation balanced Three-phase and unbalanced
faults on three-phase a.c. system operating with a nominal voltage at 50, 60 HZ. The standard
classifies the short-circuit currents based on their magnitudes as maximum and minimum. The
short circuit current is calculated as the sum of ac component and dc periodic decaying component.

The maximum and minimum short-circuit currents are calculated according to the c factor which
is used to adjust the value of equivalent voltage source, the value of c factor is considered according
to the table 1

 Max: If this option is selected, the maximum values given in the Cmax column are used
 User-Defined c Factors: If the User-Defined c Factor option is selected, the user-specified
c factor values will be used. The user-defined values must be in the range between the
values given in the Cmax and Cmin columns. ETAP allows the c Factors to be higher or
lower than Cmax and Cmin to help comply with some regional standard adaptations of IEC
60909 which may require higher or lower values of the c Factors.

38
  Min: If the Min option is selected, the minimum values given in the Cmin column will be
used in the calculation.[7]

3.6 ETAP Parameters Definition

3.6.1 Rated kV

When entering the rated voltage of the power grid in kilovolts (kV). This entry is used by ETAP
to convert the utility short-circuit MVA to a percent short-circuit. This value is also used as the
power grid base kV. Base voltages are calculated by ETAP starting with the swing systems (swing
power grids and/or swing generators) and continuing for the rest of the system, using the rated kV
of the transformer windings.

3.6.2 SC Rating (MVAsc)

Specify the short-circuit MVA for three-phase and single-phase (line-to-ground) faults. As we
enter or modify MVAsc or X/R, ETAP recalculates the corresponding short-circuit impedance
values.

3.6.3 kAsc

When enter the short-circuit contribution from the power grid. This value is updated if the MVAsc
and X/R are specified.

3.6.4 X/R

When entering the following X/R ratios for the positive and zero sequence impedances

• 3-Phase X/R = X/R ratio for positive sequence impedance of the power grid.

• 1-Phase X/R = X/R ratio for the zero-sequence impedance of the power grid.

39
3.6.5 SCImp (100 MVA base)

Specify short-circuit impedance (resistance and reactance) in percent on a 100 MVA base. Short-
circuit impedance values include positive, negative, and zero sequences. As you enter or modify
short-circuit impedance values, ETAP recalculates the corresponding MVAsc and X/R for three-
phase and single-phase faults.[7]

3.7 Simulation Scenarios

3.7.1 Load flow

Figure 14 shows a load flow analysis by using the Newton Raphson method under normal
operation condition, the figure shows the total buses and branch current.

FIGURE 14: LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITION

40
3.7.2 Three-phase fault short-circuit fault at bus 1

FIGURE 15: THREE-PHASE FAULT AT BUS 1

41
3.7.3 Line to ground short circuit fault at bus 1

FIGURE 16: LINE TO GROUND SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT AT BUS 1

42
3.7.4 Three-phase short-circuit fault at bus 2

FIGURE 17: THREE PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT AT BUS 2

43
3.7.5Line to Ground short circuit fault at bus 2

FIGURE 18: LINE TO GROUND SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT AT BUS 2

44
 4 Chapter Four
Results and Conclusion

4.1 Simulation Results

Figure xxxxx shows three-phase short-circuit fault and line to ground short circuit fault at bus1
respectively. The short circuit calculations have been done by using the ETAP simulator according
to the IEC 60909 Standard. The Initial Symmetrical Current, Peak Current, Breaking Current, and
Steady-State Current are found and reported on the following tables

TABLE 4: FAULT CURRENT WHEN SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT OCCURS AT BUS

Fault Current 3-Phase L-G L-L L-L-G

Initial Symmetrical Current (kA,

40.824 40.545 35.355 41.003
rms)

Peak Current (kA), Method C 102.905 102.203 89.118 103.356

Breaking Current (kA, rms, symm) 40.545 35.355 41.003

Steady State Current (kA, rms) 40 40.545 35.355 41.003

45
 TABLE 5: FAULT CURRENT WHEN SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT OCCURS AT BUS

Fault Current 3-Phase L-G L-L L-L-G

Initial Symmetrical Current (kA,

18.58252 0.5808 16.09294 16.23789
rms)

Peak Current (kA), Method C 48.18077 1.505899 41.72577 42.1016

Breaking Current (kA, rms, symm) 0.5808 16.09294 16.23789

Steady State Current (kA, rms) 15.7234 0.5808 16.09294 16.23789

46
The figure shows the transient short-circuit fault current for a fault at bus 1 according to the IEC
61363. The standard shows the fault current waveforms as a function of time including the dc
component and ac component, the top envelope.

FIGURE 19: TRANSIENT SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT FOR A FAULT AT BUS 1

47
 FIGURE 20: TRANSIENT SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT CURRENT FOR A FULT AT BUS 1

4.2 Conclusion

A power system – in addition to covering current load demand- must have the capability to cover
future demands, it is planned to provide electricity in a sufficient quantity, to satisfy the current
and future demands of the customers, and to transmit electricity to an area and then distribute it
within the area with continuity, To make sure the maximum benefit on the great investment in

48
the equipment that constitutes the power system and keep the customers satisfied and keep the
system reliable, and the continuity of the power supply must be ensured. Therefore, short circuit
studies are essential for planning new projects and future expansion of power systems as well as
for deciding the optimum operation of protection systems.

In this thesis, short circuit analysis of 33/11 KV substation using ETAP software based on IEC
60909 is carried out with an approach to calculate short circuit current for various types of
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults at different locations. In addition, this thesis described
the current envelope of the transient fault current when the fault is occurred at grid bus is
obtained using IEC 61363-1 standard. This short circuit analysis results can be provided to
determine the optimum size of protective equipment to keep the users satisfied with reliable
service.

49
REFFRENCES

1. Cahier Technique Schneider Electric n°158 / p.2

2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336057205
3. Power Systems Modelling and Fault analysis, Theory and Practice - Nasser D. Tleis
4. IEC 60909 Short-circuit Currents in three phase ac systems
5. Power system stability and control – Kundur
6. Applying IEC 60909, Fault Current Calculations-David Sweeting,Senior Member, IEEE
7. www.etap.com
8. NETWORK PROTECTION & AUTOMATION GUIDE
9. SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS- J. Schlabbach

50
APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Short-Circuit Summary Report ob bus 1

51
APPENDIX B: Short-Circuit Report on bus 1

52
APPENDIX C: Sequence Impedance Report on Bus 1

53
APPENDIX D: Lumped Load Input Data bus 1

54
APPENDIX E: Power Grid Input Data bus 1

55
APPENDIX F: Short-Circuit Summary Report on bus 2

56
APPENDIX G: Short-Circuit Report on bus 2

57
APPENDIX H: Sequence impedance Report on bus 2

58
APPENDIX I: Lumped Load Input Data on bus 2

59
APPENDIX C: Power Grid Input Data bus 2

60