ELECTRONICS

32
 EXP.NO:
SOLDERING SIMPLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND
DATE :
CHECKING CONTINUITY

AIM:

 To assemble and solder the simple electronic circuit on a printed circuit board
and do continuity checking.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Components Quantity

1. Soldering rod, Soldering lead, 1
2. Flux. 1

3. Resistor. As per Requirement

4. Capacitor. As per Requirement

5. Multimeter 1

What Is Soldering?
If you were to take apart any electronic device that contains a circuit board, you’ll see the
components are attached using soldering techniques. Soldering is the process of joining two or
more electronic parts together by melting solder around the connection. Solder is a metal alloy and
when it cools it creates a strong electrical bond between the parts. Even though soldering can
create a permanent connection.

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Soldering Tools
Soldering Iron
A Soldering Iron is a hand tool that plugs into a standard 120v AC outlet and heats up in
order to melt solder around electrical connections. This is one of the most important tools used in
soldering and it can come in a few variations such as pen or gun form. For beginners, it’s
recommended that you use the pen style soldering iron in the 15W to 30W range. Most soldering
irons have interchangeable tips that can be used for different soldering applications. Be very
cautious when using any type of soldering iron because it can heat up to 896′ F which is extremely
hot.

Soldering Station
A Soldering Station is a more advanced version of the basic standalone soldering pen. If
you are going to be doing a lot of soldering, these are great to have as they offer more flexibility
and control. The main benefit of a soldering station is the ability to precisely adjust the temperature
of the soldering iron which is great for a range of projects. These stations can also create a safer
workspace as some include advanced temperature sensors, alert settings and even password
protection for safety.

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Soldering Iron Tips
At the end of most soldering irons is an interchangeable part known as a soldering tip.
There are many variations of this tip and they come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Each tip
is used for a specific purpose and offers a distinct advantage over another. The most common tips
you will use in electronics projects are the Conical Tip and Chisel Tip

Conical Tip – Used in precision electronics soldering because of the fine tip. Because of its
pointed end, it’s able to deliver heat to smaller areas without affecting its surroundings.

Chisel Tip – This tip is well-suited to soldering wires or other larger components because of its
broad flat tip.

Brass or Conventional Sponge

Using a sponge will help to keep the soldering iron tip clean by removing the oxidation that
forms. Tips with oxidation will tend to turn black and not accept solder as it did when it was new.
You could use a conventional wet sponge but this tends to shorten the lifespan of the tip due to
expansion and contraction. Also, a wet sponge will drop the temperature of the tip temporarily
when wiped. A better alternative is to use a as shown on the left.

Soldering Iron Stand

A Soldering Iron Stand is very basic but very useful and handy to have. This stand helps
prevent the hot iron tip from coming in contact with flammable materials or causing accidental
injury to your hand. Most soldering stations come with this built in and also include a sponge or
brass sponge for cleaning the tip.

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Solder
Solder is a metal alloy material that is melted to create a permanent bond between electrical
parts. It comes in both lead and lead-free variations with diameters of .032″ and .062″ being the
most common. Inside the solder core is a material known as flux which helps improve electrical
contact and its mechanical strength.

For electronics soldering, the most commonly used type is Lead free rosin core solder. This type of
solder is usually made up of a Tin/Copper alloy. You can also use leaded 60/40 (60% tin, 40%
lead) rosin core solder but it’s becoming less popular due to health concerns. If you do use lead
solder, make sure you have proper ventilation and that you wash your hands after use.

Soldering Safety
Now that you know what tools and materials are required, it’s time to briefly discuss ways
of staying safe while soldering. Soldering irons can reach temperatures of 800′ F so it’s very
important to know where your iron is at all times. We always recommend you use a soldering iron
stand to help prevent accidental burns or damage.

Tinning the Tip

Before you can start soldering, you need to prep your soldering iron by tinning the tip with
solder. This process will help improve the heat transfer from the iron to the item you’re soldering.
Tinning will also help to protect the tip and reduce wear.

Step 1: Begin by making sure the tip is attached to the iron and screwed tightly in place.

36
Step 2: Turn on your soldering iron and let it heat up. If you have a soldering station with an
adjustable temp control, set it to 400′ C/ 752′ F.
Step 3: Wipe the tip of the soldering iron on a damp wet sponge to clean it. Wait a few seconds to
let the tip heat up again before proceeding to step 4.
Step 4: Hold the soldering iron in one hand and solder in the other. Touch the solder to the tip of
the iron and make sure the solder flows evenly around the tip.

How to Solder
To better explain how to solder, we’re going to demonstrate it with a real world
application. In this example, we’re going to solder an LED to a circuit board.

Step 1: Mount the Component – Begin by inserting the leads of the LED into the holes of the
circuit board. Flip the board over and bend the leads outward at a 45′ angle. This will help the
component make a better connection with the copper pad and prevent it from falling out while
soldering.

Step 2: Heat the Joint – Turn your soldering iron on and if it has an adjustable heat control, set it
to 400’C. At this point, touch the tip of the iron to the copper pad and the resistor lead at the same
time. You need to hold the soldering iron in place for 3-4 seconds in order to heat the pad and the
lead.

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Step 3: Apply Solder to Joint – Continue holding the soldering iron on the copper pad and the
lead and touch your solder to the joint. IMPORTANT – Don’t touch the solder directly to the tip
of the iron. You want the joint to be hot enough to melt the solder when it’s touched. If the joint is
too cold, it will form a bad connection.

Step 4: Snip the Leads – Remove the soldering iron and let the solder cool down naturally. Don’t
blow on the solder as this will cause a bad joint. Once cool, you can snip the extra wire from leads.
A proper solder joint is smooth, shiny and looks like a volcano or cone shape. You want just
enough solder to cover the entire joint but not too much so it becomes a ball or spills to a nearby
lead or joint.

RESULT:

Thus, the electronic components via resistor and capacitor were joined through soldering
and continuity of a circuit is checked successfully.
38
 EXP.NO:
ASSEMBLING AND TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
DATE :
ON A SMALL PCB

AIM:

 To assemble and test the simple electronic components on a small printed circuit
board and to do checking.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Components Quantity

1. Soldering rod, Soldering lead, 1
2. Flux. 1

3. Resistor. As per Requirement

4. Capacitor. As per Requirement

5. Multimeter 1

THEORY:

Printed circuit board is the base plate over which all components are mounted and
soldered. The interconnection between the components made by in metallic tracks. Etching
process in PCB removes all the excess copper from the base lamination. After this only the
printed pattern is left behind. A solution of 75 degree Celsius heated tap water and ferric
chloride is used to remove the excess copper. The above said solution thoroughly surrounded
and speeded up the process few drops of HCL beadded.

Precaution:

Theterminalofthecomponentsshouldbethoroughlycleanedalsosolderingcare should be
taken while selecting the proper size of soldering HD.

SOLDERING SIMPLE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS:

A printed circuit board (PCB) consists of copper strips and pads bonded to a
plasticboard.Thecopperstripisthenetworkofinterconnectingconductivepath.Leads of components
mounted on the board are inserted through holes on the board and the conductive copper. These
leads are soldered to the copper at the end of the hole.
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 If excessive heat is applied to copper, it may get lifted from the board or the components
on the board get damaged. Soldering pencil gun of about 30 Watts is used to heat the junction.
The surface of copper bonded to the board should be properly prepared and cleaned before
soldering. Flux is applied on circuits and component leads.
Checktheconductivestripsandpadsontheboardbeforesoldering.Avoidexcess solder to
prevent two copper paths from bridging. When solder globules form on the junction area,
remove them by cleaning the soldering tip using a cloth.

CHECKING CONTINUITY:

The continuity of a wire conductor without a break has practically zero ohms of
resistance. Therefore, an ohmmeter may be used to test continuity. To test continuity, select the
lowest ohm range.
A wire may have an internal break, which is not visible due to insulation, or the wire
may have a bad connection at the terminals. Checking for zero ohms between any two points
tests the continuity. A break in the conducting path is evident from the reading of infinite
resistance. In a cable of wires, individual wires are identified with colors. Consider the figure,
where the individual wires are not seen, but you wish to find the wire that connects to terminal
A. This is done by, checking continuity of each wire to terminal A. The wire that has zero ohms
is the one connected tothisterminal.Continuityofalongcablemaybetestedbytemporarilyshort-
circuiting the other ends of the wires. The continuity of both wires maybe checked for zero
ohms. In a digital multimeter, a beep mode is available to check continuity. The connectivity
between the terminals is identified by the beep sound.

COMPONENT PLACEMENT:

1. The placement of components affects circuit operation manufacturing case and the
probability of design errors. Improper layout can be grade operation or even prevent a
circuit from working. Future more, poor layout can make manufacture of the circuit
boards costly and difficult. Thoughtless placement of components and complicates the
design of the PCB and will increase the chance of wrong connections.
2. You should group circuits according to their characteristics to maintain the correct
operation of each circuit. In general follow these rules.
3. Group high- current circuits near the connector to isolate stray currents and near the edge
of the PCB to remove heat.
4. Group low power and low frequency circuits away from high current and high frequency
circuits.
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 5. Group of high frequency circuits near the connector to reduce path length cross talk and
noise.
6. Group analog circuit separately from digital logic.
7. Groupingcomponents&circuitsappropriatelywillreducecrosstalkefficiently.
8. Careful placement of the board will make production of circuit easier and less
errorprone.Determinethelocationanddirectionofthecomponentssothatapick
&placemachinecaneasilyassembleacircuitboardwithoutmanualintervention.
9. Allow plenty of clearance around mechanical supports. It is embarrassing and costly to
find a trace shorted to an enclose post or a component jammed against the card cage. If
possible leave room around large and complex components for sockets on the
prototype boards to speed testing and development.

PROCEDURE:

(i) For assembling electronic components in PCB board

1. Study the given electronic circuit.
2. ThemasterpatternofPCBismadeonathicksheetwithareversecarbonplaced under to take the
mirror image on reverse side of the sheet.
3. Clean the copper side of the PCB with alcoholic spirit or petrol in order to make it free
from dust and contaminations.
4. Themirrorsimageofpatterniscopiedtothebaselaminateontheboardwiththe help of ball point
pen. Holes position should be marked carefully.
5. The copied track is marked with the help of enamel point or use silver pen.
6. The board is dipped in a solution of FeCl3 for some time to remove the excess copper
then it should be cleaned under running water and it should bed ried.
7. The marker ink/Point is removed with the help of alcohol or petrol.
8. Using a driller, holes of suitable diameter are drilled on the board and then clean the
hole.
9. Varnish coating is given on the PCB in order to prevent the oxidation.
10. Using Continuity tester, the board is tested for continuity.
ii) For soldering a low pass filter circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor and
checking the continuity.
 The terminal of the resistor and capacitor are thoroughly cleaned
 The joint to be made is tinned says the joint.
 A soldering gun is heated using powder supply till it attains the required temperature.
 Using the heated soldering gun, the tinned joint is soldered.
 A small AC signal nearby or equal to 5V is applied between the terminals B & C.
 Using the multimeter the continuity of the circuit is checking.

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 Note:

If the circuit is continuous while checking beep sound will come when the
multimeterisputinbeepnode.Ifthecircuitisnotcontinuousnobeepsoundwillcome.

RESULT:

Thus, the electronic components are assembled on a small printed circuit board and
continuity of a circuit has been checked successfully.
42
 EXP.NO:
STUDY AN ELEMENTS OF SMART PHONE
DATE :

AIM:
To Study of emergency lamp wiring

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. TOOLS QUANTITY (No.)

1. Tester 1

2. Electrician Knife 1

3. Wire Cutter 1

4. Screw Driver 1

5. Combination Plier 1

WHAT’S A SMARTPHONE?
In the past, mobile phones were mostly about making phone calls. They had a number pad,
a digital phone book and a pick-up/hang-up button and not much more. Now smart phones offer so
much more – they’re really fully-fledged computers that you can fit in your pocket. They can run
programs and games; access the internet, send email and much more. Nearly all smart phones now
use touch screen controls. Instead of having hardware buttons like before, one side of the phone is
taken up mostly by a touch screen that you control using taps and gestures. There aren’t even any
number buttons; when you want to make a call, a number pad will pop up on the touch screen.
Becoming familiar with a Smartphone can take a little bit of practice. But when you do become
familiar with it, you’ll find that a Smartphone can do more than you ever thought possible on a
mobile phone.
A Smartphone can:
Make voice calls (of course!)
Make video calls
Access the internet and browse the web
Take photos, and upload them to the web
Navigate with GPS if the phone has GPS built-in
Play back music and video stored on the phone (and connect to a PC to copy media to it)
Manage your contacts and appointments
Send emails
Play in-built games Run new applications and games downloaded for the internet.

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Major Parts of Smart Phone:
Display:
A Smartphone will not be complete without the display. There are different types
out there like LCD, LED, OLED, and AMOLED.

Battery:
This is self-explanatory as no device will be able to work without a source of
power. Batteries of phones typically use lithium-ion technology that is either removable or
non-removable in mobile devices. With these batteries, which are an essential component of a
Smartphone, you will not have to worry about ‘calibration’ or ‘testing’ issues that were
plagued with nickel-based cells. Still, this does not mean that current-generation batteries are
not filled with their issues, and users have to be very careful when handling and using volatile
components like these

System-on-a-chip:
This is one of the most important parts of a Smartphone because it is here where you will
find the device’s CPU, LTE modem, GPU, video and display processors, and other essential
bits.The SoC is perhaps the most essential component present in a Smartphone, and some
users might confuse it as the device’s processor. However, it is far more than that; the SoC not
only comprises the Smartphone’s CPU, but GPU, LTE modem, display processor, video
processor, and other bits of silicon that turn it into a functional ‘system’ in a phone.

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Storage and memory:
You will also need to have both the memory or RAM and storage too. No
Smartphone can function without RAM and memory (system storage). First, let’s talk about
RAM. Most mobile devices of today ship with LPDDR4X RAM, while some high-end smart
phones ship with LPDDR5 RAM. ‘LP’ stands for ‘Low-Power,’ reducing the total voltage of
these chips, making them highly efficient and giving mobile phones extended battery life.
LPDDR4X is more efficient and powerful than LPDDR4, while LPDDR5 is the holy grail of
RAM, resulting in unprecedented speeds and efficiency. LPDDR5 is more expensive to produce,
though, which is why you only see them in flagship smart phones. When newer generations of
RAM such as LPDDR6 are introduced, you will see the flourishing of LPDDR5 memory in mid-
ranged devices.

Camera:
The camera component should be included in your list of parts when building a
Smartphone. There should be a front-facing camera and one rear-facing camera.

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Modems:
The modem is necessary to receive and send calls and messages with the Smartphone
which means that you need to have one as well if you are going to build your own device.

Sensors:
Smart phones have different sensors in them to make them work. Among these are
gyroscope, proximity sensor, digital compass, accelerometer, and ambient light sensor. These
sensors tell your device which way is up, whether it is day or night, and so on.
There are five primary sensors in a Smartphone that allow it to give you the functionality of a
‘touch-enabled smart device.’ The names of all these sensors and their importance have been
detailed below:

1. Accelerometer: Used by apps to detect the orientation of the device and its movements, as
well as allow features like shaking the phone to change music.
2. Gyroscope: Works with the Accelerometer to detect the rotation of your phone, for
features like tilting phone to play racing games or to watch a movie.
3. Digital Compass: Helps the phone to find the North direction, for map/navigation
purposes.
4. Ambient Light Sensor: This sensor is automatically able to set the screen brightness based
on the surrounding light, and helps conserve battery life. This would also explain why your
Smartphone’s brightness is reduced in low-light environments, so it helps to reduce the strain
on your eyes.
5. Proximity Sensor: During a call, if the device is brought near your ears, it automatically
locks the screen to prevent unwanted touch commands.

Speakers:
These parts help with producing sounds and voices. You need quality speakers for
better audio quality.
Operating System:
Depending on the type of Smartphone that you are going to make, you will need an
operating system to make the phone work. This is needed for the various functions that a
Smartphone requires. Android OS is easier to come by rather than iPhone as Apple is quite
strict with their iOS.
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Result:
Thus a study on elements of Smart Phone was performed.

47
 EXP.NO:
ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF LED TV
DATE :

AIM:
To assemble and dismantle of LED TV

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. TOOLS QUANTITY (No.)

1. LED TV 1
2. Oscilloscope 1
3. Measuring Meter (Multimeter) 1
4. Tool Box 1

Theory:

LED TV is basically an extension of LCD TV. Therefore it is worth to investigate the

technology behind the LCDTV before hand.
Commercially called LED (Light Emitting Diode)TVs are basically LCD(Liquid Crystal
Display) TVs that use a LED backlight system to illuminate the LCD screen. Technically, they're
LED-backlit LCD TVs. Instead of fluorescent tubes, LEDs shine light from behind the screen,
illuminating the pixels to create an image. Due to the small size and low power consumption of
LEDs, LED-backlit TVs are far thinner than regular LCD sets and are also more energy efficient.
They can also provide a wider color gamut, producing more vivid pictures. In this experiment
LED-backlit TV technology, the pros and cons of this technology and comparisons with other high
definition technologies are briefly discussed.

48
Precautions:

1) Be careful of handling small equipment/instruments inside the apparatus.

2) Be careful if power is supplied to the apparatus when the casing is kept open.
Experimental (Demonstration) Procedure:
1) Follow the rules and regulation for opening an electronic device.
2) Choose proper tools from the tool box to open the casing of the device.
3) FollowthewaytheCourseTeacherortheLabInstructordemonstratesthecathoderaytubeappli
ance.

Component Location:
1

2
3

6 5
4
7
No. Component
1 LED Panel
2 System Main Board
3 Power cord
4 Left and Right Speakers
5 Panel T- Con Board
6 Keypad Board
7 IR LED Board

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Block Diagram:

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Disassembly Procedures:
1. Remove the screws securing the back cover
2. Detach the back cover from left to right and remove it from the unit.
3. Remove all tapes on the cables
4. Disconnect the cables and remove them from the unit
5. Remove the screws securing the main board
6. Delete the speaker stents and press keypad remote control board screw
7. Disconnect your screen line and conductive cloth
8. Remove the screw and conductive cloth
9. Remove the panel from the front bezel

Assembly Procedures:
1. Fix the panel to the front bezel
2. Fix the screw and conductive cloth
3. Connect screen line and conductive cloth
4. Install speaker stents and press keypad remote control board screw
5. Fix the main board and screw
6. Connect the cable to the unit
7. Tape all the cables
8. Attach the back cover from right to left and fix the unit
9. Fix the screw securing the back cover

Result:
Thus the assembling and dismantling of LED TV was performed.

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 EXP.NO:
ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF COMPUTER/LAPTOP
DATE :

AIM:
To assemble and dismantle of COMPUTER/LAPTOP and to familiarize a computer system
layout and mark the positions of SMPS, Motherboard, FDD, HDD, CD/DVD drive and add on
cards.

TOOLS REQUIRED:
S.No. TOOLS QUANTITY (No.)
Screwdriver (Philips and Flat)

1. 1

Rubbing Alcohol

2. 1

Long Nose Pliers

3. 1

4. Tool Box 1

Components/Tools:

SMPS, Mother board, FDD, HDD, CD/DVD drive, processor, PATA/SATA Cables,
different types of RAM, and add on cards.

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Motherboard:
All components of a computer communicate through a circuit board called the
motherboard, as was mentioned above.

Think of the motherboard as the glue that holds everything else together.

The motherboard’s video card and Central Processing Unit are contained in an
integrated (built-in) chipset.

The motherboard has been an integral part of most personal computers. The mother board
is a common circuit board. Each circuit card performs a unique function in the computer and gets
its power from the socket.

CPU:

The CPU, or processor, is the heart of your computer no matter what type (PC, Server, and
Laptop).There are many brands for process or such as Intel and Athlon all with different
processors for your computer.
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 RAM:

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers.
When an application is running its to resits information in the RAM. When you close the
application the information is deleted from the RAM.

Hard-Disk Drive:

A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in RAM
(which is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files you're
able to store

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CD-Rom:

The CD-Rom is reads CD's. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory.
CD's have much more data than a floppy disk. Using CD-RW you can make your own CD's and
use them more like a floppy disk.

DVD-Rom:
DVD-ROM is a digital optical disc storage format. DVDs offer higher storage capacity
than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Blank recordable DVD discs(DVD-Rand
DVD+R) can be recorded once; Rewritable DVDs (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM)can
be recorded and erased multiple times.

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Floppy Drive:
A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. Floppy disk is easy to use, rewritable, compact,
and great for storing information. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read, write to,
and write over information stored on a floppy disk

Power Supply:

The power supply is usually a small metal box in the top corner of a case(tower).You can see
the power supply as below diagrams

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Access Slots:

Access slots or expansion slots are openings in a computer where a circuit board can be insert
add new capabilities to the computer. Examples of drives that may go here would be modems;
USB drives, networking cards, video adapters, and sound cards.

Procedure:

Assembling
1. Install the adapter cards

2. Attach the system board mount and the system board

3. Attach all the front panel connections

4. Install the drives into the chassis

5. Connect all internal ribbon cables

6. Install the power supply

7. Connect the power supply connections

8. Connect the external cables

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 Disassembling:
1. Turn off the system.

2. Disassemble the unit.

3. Disconnect all front panel connections

4. Disconnect the power supply connections

5. Remove the power supply.

6. Disconnect all ribbon cables.

7. Remove the Drives from the chassis.

8. Remove the system board mount and the system board

9. Identify and remove the adapter cards

Result:
Thus the assembling and dismantling of computer system was performed and layout in
SMPS, Motherboard, FDD, HDD, CD, DVD and add on cards of the pc’s are identified.

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