shraavya raghavendra 8/21/2023

Math concepts_shraavya
Density, volume and area
Formula table
Area/Volume:
1cm square = 1cm x 1cm = 10mm x 10mm
= 100mm square
1cm cubed = 1cm x 1cm x 1cm
= 10 mm x 10mm x 10mm
= 1000mm cubed
FORMULAS FOR AREA:
1. square - sx s
2. rectangle - 1 x b
3. triangle - 1/2 x b x h
4. circle - 1/2 x pi(r)square
5. semicircle - pi(r)square
6. parallelogram - b x h
7. trapezium - 1/2 (a+b) x h (a+b)
• square units (cm square)
FORMULAS FOR VOLUME 3D
SHAPES: (how much it can hold)
1. cube-s x s x s
2. cuboid - 1 x w x h
3. prism - area of c.s (cross surface) x h
• cubic units (cm cube)
SURFACE AREA (the entire area of the object)
! 3D nets

Ratio
Simplifying ratios
A ratio is a way of comparing two or more quantities
-Before you simplify a ratio, you must write all the
quantities in the same units.
example:
1) 72:20
36:10
18:5

sharing in a ratio
There are two methods to share a ratio in a given valuen
we will be focusing on the second one/fraction method
you add all the parts to find the toral parts
then divide a ratio by the total parts multiplied
by red the value of the ratlo example:
zara: sofia: Mearcus
3 : 4 :5
They all pay $234
zaras part= 3/11 x 234 = $63

Transformations
Midpoint of a line segment
Midpoint of line segment, requires you
to know the cordinates of the 2 points

The formula to find midpoint of a line segment is:

(X,+x2/2, y+y2/2)
Bearings
Bearing → The distance/the position and angle between
obJects
The Direction is always measured from the north
Its always in clockwise direction "from" to. ”to"
• Its always represented in 3 digits
• The value is between 0 - 360°
• The norths are always parrallel to each other

Transformations
Transformations- change in position of a shape
-translation using vectors 👉🏻
(2/5) (-+,-+)
-reflections using mirror line 👉🏻
y=2,x=-1
-rotation using centre and direction 👉🏻
90 degrees,
anticlockwise, (3,2)
-enlargement using centre and scale factor all the👉🏻
lengths and widths x scale factor. The shape needs to be
scale factor away from the centre

Graphs
Keywords.
Some of the most important
words when learning graphs are:
x axis
y axis
origin
four quadrants : I (x,y), II (-X,y), (-Х,-У) IV (x,-y)
co-ordinates (x,y)
on x axis y= 0
on y axis x=0
linear graph (always a straight line)
Gradient & intercept line equation-
y = mx+c
m = gradient
C = y intercept
There are three ways to find the
gradient; line equation, cordinates, graph
gradient is the co-efficient of x
gradient can be positive or negative
y intercept is where the line cuts the y axis
lines with the same gradient
are parallel to eachother
As x value increases if y value
increases the gradient is positive
As x increases if y decreases
the gradient is negative.

Rise and run

Change in y/change in x
Shapes
Circumference of a circle: 8.2
you can find the
circumference of
circle by using the diametre. The formu is :
C = piD
pi = 3.14
you can also use radius as
diametre is Just radius by two(2)
C = 2piR
circumference of a semi-circle
formula is:
C=piD/2 + d
quater circle: c= piD/4+ 2r or D

Faces, edges, vertices

The formula that connects the Heirarchy of quadrilaterals
Faces, vertices and edges is :
F+V = No of edges +2
(F+ V-2 = No of edges)

3d shapes
Key words:
The Top view is the view from above the
shape it is sometimes called the plan view
The front view is the
is the view
from the front of the shaper
* front elevation
• The side view 15
the view
from the side of the shape ~side elevation

Percentages
To find percentages you need
divide the
The percent by 100and multiply it by the number ,
you want to find the percentage of.
example:
40% of 600
40/100 x 600 =0.4 x600=240

Percentage increase and decrease

In order to incerease or decrease you need to find the
percentage of the number and then add or decrease that
amount or you can use the multiplier you add (or sub) the
percentage to 100, divide it by 100 then
multiply by the original value
> example:
increase 20% of 60 km
100+20=120/100=1.2
60x1.2=72 km

Absolute change - The difference between the Initial

cost and the final value
Formula →
absolute change = change in value
I V - FV
example.
increase 20% of 60 Km = 72 km
72-60=12
Absolute change = 12

Percentage change
Percentage change= absolute change/initial value x 100
Original price=620
Reduced price=217
620-217= 403
403/620 x 100
0.65x10p= 65%

Sequences
Arithmetic
Linear/non linear

Term to term rule

in order to generate a sequence you
need the first term and the term
to term rule In order to find the term
to term rule you must find the difference between the a
two given terms~ there is no fixed method for this
Example
•Term 1 = 5 Function machine
Term -to-term rule = add 4
Term 2 = 5 + 4 = q
• Term 1 = 4
Term 2=8
8-4 = 2, its increasing so
term-to-term- rule = add 2

Function machines
A function
is a realationship
between 2 sets of numbers
The numbers that go into the
function machine are called inputs and
the ones
that come out are
the outputs

using the nth term

you can use the nth term to find the term of any number
of any sequence. replace n with the number
example:
sequence: 3,5, 7,9
nth term: 2n+1
20th term: 41
2x201 = 40+1 = 41

Position to term rule

PN 1. 2. 3. 4
Term. 3. 5. 7. 9
Term
to term 2. 4. 6. 8
rule
x Pn.
2n+1. 3. 5. 7. 9

Fractions
Representing fractions on a number line 👆🏻
Fraction- apart of a whole
Numerator/denominator

Types
1.like/unlike
2.proper/improper/mixed

Applications- sharing example, recipe, fraction in

inequality

Other info- LCM, HCF, conversion , decimals to fractions,

adding and subtracting, comparing and ordering,
comparing positive and comparing negative
Fraction ——->decimals

Recurring and non-recurring

1/2=0.5(terminating)
3/4=0.75(terminating)

1/3=0.33….(recurring)

Non terminating
/ \
Reccuring Non-recurring

A non reccuring, non terminating (irrational)

Recuring and terminating (rational)

Dividing an integer by a fractions-

a/b divided by c/d=a/b x d/c

Decimals
Ordering decimals:
1. Smallest to largest
2. Largest to smallest
Like/unlike decimals

1. Multiplying decimals by whole numbers and decimals

2x3.5=7.0
1.1 x 1.1=1.21

2. Dividing by decimals
2/0.2 x10 = 20/2=10
2/0.02x100=200/2=100
3.6/1.2x10=36/12=3

Decimals in the denominator must be converted to a

whole number

Angles and construction

Angies
More than 90° is obture angle, and ler than 180°
less than 90° is acute angle
90° is right angle
180° is straight angle
vertically opposite angles are equal

Angles based on measure

zero = 0°
acute angle = between 0 & 90°
Right angle = 90°
obture angle= between 90° & 180°
straight = 180°
Reflex between 180 & 360°
Compete angle = 360°
Supplementory
= 180°
leinear pair
= 180°
Complementory
= 90°
Angels in shapes
Angles in a triangle = 180
Angles in a square = 360

Vertically opposite angles are equal

Parallel lines= linear lines, alternate, corresponding, VOA,
transversal

Exterior angles of a triangle

a+b+c=180(angles in a triangle)
a+f=180(linear pair)
—> b+c=180-a
f=180-a
—>f=b+c
d=a+b
e=a+c

Construction-
Triangles:
SSS (3 sides)
ASA( 2 sides, 1 angle)
SAS( 2 sides, 1 angles)
RHS( right angle, hypotenuse side)

Perpendicular line- a line that divides it into 2 parts

Perpendicular bisector- the bisector divides it into 2
equal parts

Place value and rounding

Lo: rounding up to decimal places to significant figures

(d•p) • decimal places
0.9 ~ 1. 0 (whole)
(s. f) - significant figures
2.9 ~ 3.0
2.3 × 2.0
3.5/8 = 3.6 (1 d.p)
3.08
= 3.1 (1 d.P)
(9. F)
2.35
2.05
0.05 > 15+
2.35 (23. F)
2. 4
（ ）
0.09 LSF
0.10

10- Multiplying 0.1/0.01

0.1 = 1/10
0.01 =1/100
5 x 0.1 =5/10=0.5
5 x 0.01 = 5/100= 0.05
55 x 0.01 = 0.55
555x 0.01=5.55= 555/100

Dividing by 0.1/0.01
5 divided by 0.1=5 divided by 1/10= 5 x 10/1 = 50
5 divided by 0.01=5x100=500

Integers
Real Numbers
natural numbers-subsets of number system
1,2,3...
"counting numbers
whole numbers
0, 1,2,3...
Integer
10,1,23...
fractions / decimals
1/2= 0.5
1/3=0.3…..
Rational Numbers
Ang no which can be written as a fractions
Termnated decimals
Reccuring decimals
2/7=0.285719
"IRR ATIONAL"
22/7
pi is infinite so its also an irrational

Factors/prime factorisation
Factors-18=1,2,3,6,9,18
. Prime factorisation
18
/ \
2 9
/ \
3 3

18= 2x3x3
=2x3^2

Multiplication and division-

（＋） （＋）＝＋
✕
3 x 4 = +12
(-) x (-) = +
（ ）（ ）
-3 x -1 =+12
(+) x (-) = -
(+3) x (-4) = - 12
（ー） （＋） x ==
（3）*+（40）=-12
Square root/cube root-
square of a paritive or a negative integer is always
positive
-7^2- (7x7) = -19
(-7^2) = - 7x-7= +19
cube of - any hegative integer
is always be negative

Indices-

Expressions and formulae

Expressions, formulae and equations
2.1 constructing expressions
Constructing expressions
50+4•19
2.2 using expressions and formulae
Formulae
A formula is a mathematical rule that shows
the relationship between two variables
For example-
Area of rectangle = length x width
or using letters: A=Lxw
You can substitute numbers
into expressions and formulae
You can create your formulae to help you solve problems
An expression contains numbers
and letters, but not an equals sign
An equation contains numbers
and letters, and an equals sign
Variable- is the letter that can
have different values example
Coefficient - is the number
that multiplies the variable
Term- a coefficient and a
variable together is a term
2.3 collecting like terms
UnLike terms
You cannot combine terms that contain
different letters these are unlike terms
Like terms
Like terms are when a 2 terms have the same
letter, You can add subtract or combine like terms
2.4 expanding brackets
Brackets
To expand brackets, you multiply each term inside
the brackets by the term outside the brackets.
For example -
3(y+6) = 3-y + 3x6
= 3y +18
2.5 Constructing and solving equations
Solving equations
To solve an equation, you need to
find the value of the unknown letter
For example
X + 6=10
X+6=10-6 = 4
X=4
Inequalities
Inequalities
y<?
× = 10|
These are symbols used to represent less or more than,
while comparing two numbers < meaning is 'is less than'
> meaning is 'is more than'