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Computer Science notes

Partial notes for IGCSE CS chapter 1

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Anonymussussy baka
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Computer Science notes

Partial notes for IGCSE CS chapter 1

Uploaded by

Anonymussussy baka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Binary and Number Systems:

1. Binary System:
o Binary is a base-2 number system using digits 0 and 1.
o Computers use binary because they work with transistors that can be on (1)
or off (0), making binary an efficient representation for data.

2. Denary System:
o Denary is a base-10 system, commonly used by humans, with digits ranging
from 0 to 9.

3. Conversions:
o Binary to Denary: Convert binary values (e.g., 101 in binary) into their
decimal (denary) equivalent. (Draw a table)
o Denary to Binary: Convert decimal numbers (e.g., 5 in decimal) into binary.
(Successive division of 2)
o Hexadecimal to Binary: Convert hex values (e.g., A in hexadecimal) to
binary. (Use tables and convert)
o Binary to Hexadecimal: Convert binary numbers (e.g., 101 in binary) to hex.
(Divide in chunks, each with 4 binary digits, then use table).
o Denary to Hexadecimal: Convert decimal values into hex.
o Hexadecimal to Denary: Convert hex values into decimal. (Successive
division with 16 or first convert to binary, then to hexa).
o Examples provided for each conversion type with correct solutions. (Multiply
with powers of 16)

4. Negative Numbers in Binary:


o We discussed two's complement for representing negative numbers in binary,
such as for -36 and -123. First convert denary to positive. Then convert to
binary. Then switch 1 and 0. Then add 1.

5. Addition with Binary:

 0+0 = 0, 0+1 = 1, 1+1 = 10, 1+1+1 = 11

Data Transmission and Networking:


1. MAC Address:
o A unique 12-digit hexadecimal address assigned to hardware, used for
identifying devices on a network.
o Fixed to hardware, it's used for local communication between devices within
the same network.

2. IP Address:
o An IP (Internet Protocol) address identifies devices on a network and allows
them to communicate. It is typically assigned temporarily and can change
over time.

3. Data Packets:
o Data is split into small chunks (packets) to be sent across the network,
improving efficiency and reducing congestion.
o Each packet contains header information (destination address, data length)
and payload (the actual data).
o We also have trailer that detects errors, and ensures data accuracy.

4. Packet switching: data is broken down into packets, each packet could take a
different route, at each stage in the transmission, there are nodes that contain a router

Compression:

1. Lossy Compression:
o Lossy compression reduces file size by permanently removing data (e.g.,
JPEG, MP3, MPEG).
o The benefit is greater compression and faster loading times, but the
drawback is loss of data and quality.

2. Lossless Compression:
o Lossless compression reduces file size without losing any data, making it
reversible (e.g., PNG, GIF, ZIP).
o It does not degrade quality, but the compression ratio is typically lower than
lossy compression.

Audio and Image Data:


1. Sampling Rate:
o Sampling rate refers to the number of samples per second taken from an
audio signal to represent its amplitude. Measured in Hertz (Hz), a higher
sampling rate means better audio quality but larger file size.

2. Sampling Resolution:
o Sampling resolution refers to the number of bits used for each sample. Higher
resolution means more accurate representation of the sound, but it increases
the file size.

3. Colour Depth:
o Colour depth is the number of bits used to represent the colour of each pixel in
an image.
o Higher colour depth means more colours are possible, resulting in richer
image quality, but it also increases file size.

4. Resolution:
o Resolution refers to the number of pixels in an image. Higher resolution
improves image quality by capturing more detail but also increases the file
size.

General File Size and Storage Calculations:

1. Image File Size:


o We discussed how to calculate the file size for images based on resolution,
colour depth, and compression type.
o File size = Colour depth * pixel height * pixel width

2. Sound File Size:


o We looked at how to calculate the size of a sound file based on sampling rate,
sample resolution, and duration.
o File size = Sampling rate * time(s) * sampling resolution (bit depth)

Steps for sampling:


Calculate amplitude of sound wave at set time intervals. This gives approximate
representation of sound wave. Finally, each sample is encoded as a series of binary digits.

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