TOPIC OUTLINE COMBINATION OF VISION AND EXPRESSION:

●​ a sculptor must combine the abstract

I.​ Sculpture
principles of sculpture with the realization of
●​ Notable Filipino Actors
●​ Development and Criticism an idea.
II.​ Architectural Styles
III.​ Photography ACHIEVEMENT OF VITALITY OF EXPRESSION:
●​ while beauty aims at pleasing the senses,
SCULPTURE power of expression is about spiritual vitality.

WHAT IS A SCULPTURE?
TYPES OF SCULPTURE
●​ It originated from the Latin word sculpere ("to
carve"). FREESTANDING OR "ROUND"
●​ It is a three-dimensional (or tridimensional) ●​ It is meant to be seen from all sides (front,
art form that is made to stand out in space. rear, left, and right).
●​ A sculpture is about shaping a single block ●​ Normally, it has base the supports the weight
or mass of material. It mostly deals with the of the figure, it also serves as a platform
physical demands of the hard or tangible which makes an artwork to stand.
materials. ●​ Almost all round sculptures are static, but
they are capable of "moving."

PURPOSES OF A SCULPTURE RELIEF

●​ It is a sculpture only partly enclosed by
These purposes are according to English sculptor
space.
Henry Moore:
●​ It protrudes from a flat surface, but cannot
TRUTHFULNESS TO THE MATERIAL:
stand on its own because it is attached.
●​ individual qualities of the material
●​ Relief sculptures are static and "incapable
○​ Ex. The stone that should be hard
of moving."
and concentrated and should not be
falsified to look like a soft flesh.
Types of Relief Sculptures:
"High-Relief"
FULL TRIDIMENSIONAL REALIZATION:
●​ is almost the same as a free-standing
●​ the sculptor should always strive for
sculpture but differs from the latter because
complete sculptural expression in its full
it is attached so that the back part cannot be
spatial reality.
seen by an onlooker. Nevertheless, the front,
left and right sides can be viewed.
OBSERVATION OF NATURAL OBJECTS:
"Low Relief" or "Bas Relief"
●​ to enlarge the artist's form-knowledge.
●​ is almost the same as painting, but differs
from the latter because it has volume and
the medium used varies from the mediums
for painting.

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 ●​ A great deal of Oriental sculpture and
KINETIC ceramics are done in this medium.
●​ It is meant to move, as movement (ex.
motor-driven part) is its basic element. They OTHER MATERIALS:
could be hang on the wall or on the ceiling. ●​ Paper (papier mache)
●​ Cloth
●​ Glass (including fiberglass)
MATERIALS IN SCULPTURE ●​ Cement
●​ Plastic
WOOD
●​ Plaster
●​ It is lighter, softer and cheaper. Its grains
●​ Resin
have a texture, and invites intricate carving
●​ Other metals
and concavities.
●​ "3D Printed"
STONE
●​ It has been the principal material of SAMPLE SUBJECTS IN SCULPTURE
monumental sculpture. It is any hard
substance formed from minerals and earth LIVING ORGANISMS:
materials, and has a fairly homogenous ●​ People (personages; examples are heroes
texture. and religious figures)
●​ A good example is marble. ●​ Animals (popular method is papier mache)
●​ Plants
IVORY
●​ comes from elephant's tusks. It is rare, costly NON-LIVING (historical, religious or biblical,
and seldomly used, but can survive longer mythological, geological):
due to its intrinsic value. ●​ Places
●​ Most statues of Catholic saints are made of ●​ Events (ex. Historical, religious or biblical,
ivory. mythological, geological)
●​ Items or artifacts
BRONZE
●​ fit for large-scale modelling, dramatic
subjects and open composition. DIVISIONS OF SCULPTING METHODS
●​ It has a rich color and smooth texture.
ADDITIVE SCULPTURE
●​ The sculptor simply puts together the
CLAY
materials to come up with the desired figure.
●​ is soft and can be corrected. It must be
He basically adds materials until he has
added with water and be pounded for
reached the satisfactory level.
remodelling.
●​ Sample materials: papier mache, cloths,
terra cotta, sand, metal
TERRA COTTA ("FIRE CLAY")
●​ the most tender of sculptural materials.
SUBTRACTIVE SCULPTURE

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 ●​ The sculptor removes the unnecessary parts small figurines of clays, porcelain, and wood
of the medium he uses to form the desired which were brought over by Indian, Chinese,
figure. Javanese and Japanese traders. Eventually,
●​ Some of the usual tools to subtract are chisel artistically inclined natives imitated the
and saws. objects and fashioned similar objects
●​ Sample Materials: wood, stone, ivory, glass, primarily through wood.
plastic ●​ The belief for the supernatural force has
resulted to the creation of wooden images
MODELING ("bool" or "anito") as worshipped by the early
●​ It is an additive process wherein a soft or ancestors from Ifugao and Cordillera region.
workable material is built up and shaped. ●​ Early Tausugs and Maranaos have designed
●​ Clay and some ceramics are materials used ornaments through wood carving and
most often. metallurgy.
●​ Brass materials and weapons were also
ASSEMBLING produced for ceremonial purposes, giving
●​ It is used interchangeably with the owners a status symbol.
"construction." ●​ Before the end of the 16th century, the
●​ It is gathering and joining different kinds of Augustinian friars established the Academy
materials. Welding also falls under this of Arts and Sciences. Sculptors of this time
method. worked on wood carving, making religious
figures. The sculpture exhibited a severe
CARVING hieratism, almost archaic and of Byzantine
●​ It is a subtractive procedure that include taste in order to conform with the Christian
cutting or chipping a shape from a mass. ideal imposed on religious art.
Usual materials for this method are hard ●​ Most of the venerated "santos" are placed in
materials like stone. the Catholic church's highly altar called
"retablo"
CASTING ●​ The "santo" figures are classified into three:
●​ It is to pour melted-down metal or liquid ○​ Popular (characterized by and with
substance into mold to harden. Bronze, native elements)
resin, and fiberglass are the usual materials ○​ Classical (more realistic and refined)
for casting. ○​ Ornate (profusion of decorative
embellishments; a style associated
with ivories)
●​ The influence of Spanish art became more
and more discernible. A strong influence was
that of the school of Martinez Montañez y
OVERVIEW OF SCULPTURE: FILIPINO
PERSPECTIVE Arcillo, a 17th-century sculptor who is noted
for his wooden religious sculpture.
●​ Before the Spanish colonization, the earliest
works of sculptural characters consisted of

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 DEVELOPMENT AND CRITICISM
NOTABLE FILIPINO SCULPTORS
●​ A journey through sculpture history.
GUILLERMO TOLENTITNO (1890-1976) ●​ From prehistoric carvings to modern art.
●​ The oblation (1935) ●​ Understanding styles and critical analysis.
●​ Bantayog ni Bonifacio (1933)
PREHISTORIC SCULPTURES
ABDULMARI ASIA IMAO (1936-2014)
●​ a patron of Philippine Muslim art Early Art
●​ Ex. His 'sarimanok' and 'okir' sculptures ●​ 40,000- 4,000 BCE.
●​ Stone carvings to bronze castings.
EDUARDO CASTRILLO (1942-2016) Materials
●​ Martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal (1990- 1991) ●​ Clay, bone, wood, and stone were used
●​ People Power Monument (1993) Lion-man
●​ Oldest known sculpture. Carved from
ARTURO LUZ (1926-2021)
●​ Anito mammoth ivory.
●​ Paper Clip

RAMON ORLINA (born 1944) DEVELOPMENT IN SCULPTURE:

●​ "Father of Philippine Glass Sculpture" Brief History
●​ "Beauty of Mother Love"
○​ 45 x 36 x 15 cm ●​ Prehistoric sculptures (40.000-4.000 BCE)
○​ Caned Moss Green Glass ●​ Prehistoric sculptures ranged from stone
○​ 2012 (12132) carvings to bronze castings. Other
●​ "Beauty of Mother Love" prehistoric sculptures were carved out of
○​ 45 x 38 x 15 cm clay, bone, wood, and stone. One of the
○​ Carved Moss Green Glass
○​ 2012 (12132) oldest known sculptures is
●​ "Heart's Embrace" ●​ "Lion-man" (Löwenmenschof) of the
○​ 39 x 37 x 15 cm Hohlenstein-Stadel, a figurine carved from
○​ Caned Blue Green Glass mammoth ivory found in Germany.
○​ 2012 (121716)

ANCIENT SCULPTURES

Egyptian Statues
●​ Great Sphinx of Giza. Sunken relief
sculptures.
Greek Periods
●​ Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic styles.
Other Styles
●​ Celtic and Roman sculptures included.

Ancient sculptures (4.000 BCE 400 CED)

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 ●​ Ancient sculptures include large ancient sculptures changed the course of art history.
Egyptian statues like the Great Sphinx of His iconic freestanding sculpture David
Giza and sunken relief sculptures carved into (1501-1504) still stands in Florence, Italy.
stone-many of which featured Egyptian Another of his marble sculptures, Pietà
gods. (1498- 1499), depicts the Virgin Mary holding
●​ Ancient Greek sculptures are classified into the body of Jesus.
three periods: Archaic (circa 800-480 BCE), ●​ This period is divided as: Early Renaissance
Classical (circa 500-323 BCE) and Sculpture (1400-90), High Renaissance
Hellenistic (circa 323-146 BCE). Sculpture (c. 1490-1530), Northern
●​ Also included in this Period are Celtic and Renaissance Sculpture (c. 1400-1530) and
Roman sculptures. Mannerist Sculpture (1530-1600).

MEDIEVAL SCULPTURES BAROQUE TO ROMANTICISM

Religious Art Baroque

●​ Predominantly religious artworks across ●​ Ornate and elegant sculptures.
Europe Rococo
Catholic Church ●​ Often erotic subject matter.
●​ Commissioned Christian iconography Neoclassical
sculptures. ●​ Moved toward the individual.
Gothic Style
●​ Popular with Italian artists like Giotto and Baroque, Rococo (Late Baroque), and
Duccio. Romanticism (Neoclassical) sculptures
(1600-1860s):
Medieval sculptures (400-1400s): ●​ Baroque Sculpture (circa 1600-1700),
●​ After the fall of the Roman Empire, sculptors Rococo Sculpture (circa 1700-1789), and
across Europe created predominantly Neoclassical Sculpture (flourished circa
religious artworks. 1790-1860).
●​ During the Dark Ages, the Catholic Church ●​ During these periods, sculptures became
gained power and influence, commissioning even more ornate, elegant, and often erotic.
sculptures featuring Christian iconography. The subject matter of these sculptures
●​ Near the end of the Medieval Period, the moved away from the religious and toward
Gothic style became popular with Italian the individual.
artists like Giotto and Duccio, who created
Gothic sculptures for cathedrals and abbeys.
●​ Included in this period are Byzantine,
Carolingian, Ottonian and Romanesque art. MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY
●​ During the Renaissance in Europe, sculptors Wide Range
created classical works made from bronze ●​ Encompasses many art movements,
and marble. The most well-known sculptor of Kinetic Sculptures
this period is Michelangelo, whose marble

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 ●​ Alexander Calder developed moving ●​ Begin by viewing the sculpture from a
sculptures. distance. This initial approach helps you
Experimental grasp the overall form and how it interacts
●​ Picasso used cardboard and found objects. with its environment. Consider how the
composition changes from different
Modern and Contemporary sculptures (1860s to perspectives.
Present): First Impressions
●​ Modern art sculptures encompass a wide ●​ Note your immediate emotional reactions
range of art movements, including Cubism, and thoughts. What feelings does the
Russian Constructivism, Dadaism, sculpture evoke? What is your gut reaction
Geometric abstraction, De Stijl, to the piece? These initial impressions are
Suprematism, Constructivism, Dadaism, crucial as they form the basis of your deeper
Surrealism, Futurism, Formalism, Abstract analysis.
expressionism, Pop-Art and Minimalism.
●​ Artists like Alexander Calder developed STEP 2: DESCRIPTION
kinetic sculptures that move. Throughout his → Identifying the Building Blocks
career, Pablo Picasso made experimental Identify the Medium
sculptures out of a wide range of materials, ●​ Determine the materials used in the
including cardboard, clay, and found objects. sculpture, such as stone, metal, wood, or
mixed media. The material significantly
influences the texture, weight, and overall
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO SCULPTURE aesthetic of the artwork.
ANALYSIS Size and Scale
●​ Embark on a journey of artistic discovery ●​ Measure or estimate the dimensions and
with this comprehensive guide to sculpture consider how the scale affects your
analysis. Whether you're an art student or an perception. Is it life-sized, monumental, or
enthusiast, understanding the nuances of miniature? The scale can dramatically alter
three-dimensional art can deepen your the impact of the sculpture.
appreciation and analytical skills. Form and Shape
●​ This presentation will guide you through a ●​ Describe the overall shape, noting whether it
step-by-step process, from initial observation is geometric, organic, abstract, or
to critical interpretation, providing a representational. Identify any dominant
framework for a richer engagement with features or repeating motifs that stand out.
sculpture. We will explore techniques for
assessing form, understanding context, and
articulating your own responses to these STEP 3: COMPOSITION ANALYSIS
powerful works of art. → Understanding the Arrangement
Structure
STEP 1: INITIAL OBSERVATION ●​ Analyze how the various parts of the
→ Seeing is Believing sculpture are arranged and their
Distance Assessment

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 relationships to one another. How do the ●​ Delve into the historical background of the
different elements connect and interact? sculpture, researching the time period and
cultural context in which it was created.
Balance and Symmetry Study the artist's life, influences, and
●​ Assess whether the sculpture is symmetrical, intentions, and place the sculpture within the
asymmetrical, or balanced in some other broader context of art movements or styles.
way. Symmetry can convey stability. while This provides invaluable insights into the
asymmetry may suggest dynamism. work's significance.

Space Utilization STEP 7-8: EMOTIONAL/INTELLECTUAL

●​ Consider how the sculpture interacts with its RESPONSE & CRITICAL INTERPRETATION
surrounding space. Does it dominate the Personal Reaction
area, blend in, or create a dialogue with its ●​ Refect on how the sculpture makes you feel
environment? and why. Consider what emotions it evokes
and how it connects with your personal
STEP 4: TEXTURE AND SURFACE experiences or beliefs. This subjective
→ Feeling the Sculpture response is a vital part of your analysis
Surface Quality Intellectual Engagement
●​ Examine the textures present in the ●​ Consider the themes or messages conveyed
sculpture. Is the surface smooth, rough, by the sculpture. What ideas or concepts is
polished, or raw? Texture can add depth and the artist trying to communicate? How does
sensory appeal to the artwork the artwork challenge or reinforce your
Color and Finish understanding of the world?
●​ Note the color palette and any treatments Theoretical Frameworks
used to enhance or alter the surface, such ●​ Apply relevant art theories or critiques to
as patinas, paints, or coatings. How do these deepen your analysis.
finishes affect the overall mood and ●​ Explore different interpretations and
appearance? perspectives to gain a more comprehensive
understanding of the sculpture's
STEPS 5-6: DETAIL EXAMINATION AND complexities.
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
Detail Examination
●​ Inspect intricate details and craftsmanship,
focusing on smaller elements that might STEP 9-10: CONCLUSION AND
reveal the artist's skill or intentions. Identify DOCUMENTATION
and interpret any symbolic elements or Summarize Findings
motifs present, such as recurring images or ●​ Recap your analysis, highlighting key
patterns. These details often hold deeper observations and insights gained throughout
meanings and can enrich your the process. Bring together your descriptive,
understanding of the piece. contextual, and interpretive analyses to form
Contextual Analysis a cohesive understanding of the sculpture

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 Notes and Sketches
●​ Take detailed notes and create sketches to
record your observations and insights.
Documenting your analysis in a structured
manner allows you to revisit and refine your
understanding over time
Overall Impact
●​ State the significance of the sculpture within
art history and its relevance today. Discuss
its contributions to artistic innovation, cultural
dialogue, and the ongoing evolution of
sculptural expression.

"There are two sorts of beauty; one is the result of

instinct, the other of study. A combination of the two,
with the resulting modifications, brings with it a very
complicated richness, which the art critic ought to try
to discover." - Paul Gauguin

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 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES:
Antiquity to Present
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
●​ A journey through architectural history. From
ancient temples to modern designs.
Origin
CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE ●​ France, Late Middle Ages. Vertical and
majestic style.
ANCIENT GREECE Ecclesiastical Buildings
●​ 7th to 4th century BCE. ●​ Churches and cathedrals with ogival arches
Order, symmetry, geometry, and rib vaults.
and perspective. UNESCO Heritage
●​ Notre-Dame and Reims Cathedrals
ARCHITECTURAL ORDERS ●​ are World Heritage sites.
●​ Doric, lonic, and Corinthian.
The Parthenon is the ●​ What we now know as Gothic architecture
greatest work. was originally named "Opus Francigenum",
or "French work," as it originated in the Late
Middle Ages in France, between the years
900 and 1300.
●​ It was only during the Enlightenment that the
name "Gothic" came about to refer to the
vertical and majestic architecture produced
in that period.

●​ The main Gothic works are related to

ecclesiastical buildings (churches and
●​ Classical architecture was constructed in cathedrals with ogival arches and rib vaults).
Ancient Greece between the 7th and 4th ●​ Most Gothic buildings are considered
century BCE. UNESCO World Heritage sites, such as the
●​ It is best known for its large religious temples Notre-Dame Cathedral and Reims
built in stone, designed from principles of Cathedral.
order, symmetry, geometry, and perspective.
●​ A notable characteristic of its expressiveness
are the principles of the "architectural BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
orders": Doric, lonic, and Corinthian.
Ornate Style
●​ Elaborate and dramatic sense.
ROMANESQUE STYLE
16th Century
6th to 9th Centuries ●​ Monarchist regime in Europe.
●​ Heavy, resistant walls. Minimal openings and
semicircular arches. Decoration
●​ Churches were main exemplars. ●​ Structural elements as platforms.
●​ Cathedral in Spain is important.
●​ The Baroque is a highly ornate and
Historical Context elaborate style of architecture.
●​ European countries at war. ●​ Beginning in the 16th century under a
●​ Protection against invasions. Monarchist regime in Europe, Baroque

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 architecture can also be seen in religious BEAUX ARTS
buildings.
●​ Making use of ornaments and elements that ●​ This academic style originated in the Fine
sought to establish a dramatic sense - Arts School in Paris in the mid-1830s. It
especially by contrasting light and dark. established a language that referred to other
periods, such as French Neoclassicism,
●​ Baroque architecture viewed structural Gothic architecture, and the Renaissance,
elements as platforms for decoration. however, it also employed contemporary
●​ One of the early exemplars of this style is the materials such as glass and iron.
Church of the Gesù in Rome, which boasts ●​ Although it emerged in France, this style
the first truly Baroque façade. influenced American architecture and served
as a reference to architects such as Louis
Sullivan, "the father of the skyscraper" and
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE "father of modernism."

Revival ●​ The buildings from this movement exhibit

●​ Classical Greek and Roman buildings. sculptural ornamentation blended with
18th Century modern lines.
●​ Industrial Revolution in Europe. ●​ In Europe, an important example is the
Rational Symmetry Grand Palais in Paris, and, in the United
●​ Response to Baroque architecture. States, the Grand Central Terminal in New
York.
●​ United States Capitol
●​ Altes Museum, Germany ●​ Grand Palais, France
●​ Grand Central Terminal, New York City
●​ From the 18th century onwards,
Neoclassical architecture sought to revive
Classical Greek and Roman buildings. ART NOUVEAU
●​ Its expression is strongly related to its social
and economic context, the Industrial Decorative Elements
●​ Revolution in Europe, and a period in which ●​ Curved and sinuous lines.
upper-middle-class students began the
Grand Tour tradition -- traveling around the Organic Shapes
world and coming into contact with ancient ●​ Inspired by plants, flowers, and animals.
works.
●​ Art Nouveau originally served as a guide to
●​ The revival of European cultural production several disciplines from architecture to
brought an architecture oriented toward painting, and furniture design to typography.
rational symmetry as a response to Baroque ●​ As a reaction to the eclectic styles that
architecture. dominated Europe, Art Nouveau manifested
●​ This movement continued until the 19th itself in architecture in decorative elements:
century and was manifested in various ○​ the buildings
countries. ○​ full of curved and sinuous lines
○​ received ornaments inspired by
organic shapes such
■​ as plants
■​ flowers

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 ■​ animals Points of New Architecture": pilotis (ex.
■​ both in terms of design and pillars, columns), ground plan, façade,
the use of color horizontal windows and roof garden.

●​ Habitat 67, Canada (a sample of Brutalist

ART DECO (post-War Modernism) architecture)

●​ Art Deco emerged in France right before

World World I, and, just like Art Nouveau, MODERN ARCHITECTURE
influenced several areas of art and design.
●​ Blending modern design, handcrafted 20th Century
elements, and luxurious materials, the ●​ Born in the first half of the century.
movement represented a moment of great Le Corbusier
belief in social and technological progress in ●​ Notable contribution to understanding.
the continent. Five Points
●​ Pilotis, ground plan, façade, windows, roof
garden.
BAUHAUS

●​ Bauhaus was born at the first design school POST MODERN

in the world at the beginning of the 20th
century. ●​ From 1929 onwards, with the onset of the
●​ It was embedded in a discourse that Great Depression, a chain of criticism of
spanned from furniture design to plastic arts Modern architecture begins and continues
and the avant-garde posture in Germany. until the late 1970s.
●​ Several specific features are identified in the ●​ Postmodern architecture examines some of
Bauhaus forms and shapes: simple Modernism's central principles from a new
geometric shapes like rectangles and historical and compositional perspective,
spheres, without elaborate decorations. both in discourse and built works.
●​ Buildings feature rounded corners,
sometimes rounded walls, or curved chrome
pipes. DECONSTRUCTIVE

●​ Deconstructivism originated in the 1980s and

MODERN questions the precepts and process of
design and incorporates nonlinear dynamics
●​ Modernism was born in the first half of the to the field's reasoning.
20th century. It can be said it began in ●​ Deconstructivism relates to two main
Germany with Bauhaus, or France with Le concepts:
Corbusier, or the U.S. with Frank Lloyd ○​ deconstruction: a literary and
Wright. philosophical analysis that rethinks
●​ However, Le Corbusier's contribution to the and dismantles traditional modes of
understanding of Modern architecture is thinking
most notable, particularly for his ability to ○​ constructivism: the artistic and
synthesize the precepts he adopted in his architectonic Russian movement
works, design, and discourse. from the early 20th century.
●​ An example is his 1926 manifesto "The Five

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 BASIC STEPS IN STUDYING ARCHITECTURE

OBSERVATION AND CONTEXT

●​ Visit the site or study images to gather initial
impressions and context.
●​ Research the architectural style, period, and
cultural background of the building, including
key influences and architects.

SITE AND PHYSICAL ANALYSIS

●​ Examine the location, environment, and
surrounding structures, considering
topography, climate, and urban context.
●​ Analyze the building's design elements,
including materials, forms, proportions,
textures, and colors.

SPATIAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT

●​ Study the layout, circulation patterns, and
the relationship between different spaces.
●​ Assess how well the design meets its
intended purpose, including user flow,
accessibility, and adaptability.

ANALYZING ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

●​ Explore the construction methods,
●​ Architecture is the art and science of load-bearing systems, and engineering
designing and constructing buildings and principles used in the building.
structures that are functional, aesthetically
pleasing, and harmonious with their AESTHETIC EVALUATION
environment. ●​ Reflect on the visual appeal and artistic
●​ It encompasses spatial organization, qualities, including symmetry, harmony, and
materials, lighting, and sustainability. the interplay of light and shadow.
●​ Architecture plays a crucial role in shaping
human experiences by providing safe and SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT
comfortable spaces for living, working, and ●​ Investigate any sustainable practices
social interaction. incorporated into the design, such as energy
●​ It reflects cultural, historical, and social efficiency, use of renewable materials, or
contexts, influencing and enhancing the landscaping.
identity of communities.
●​ It addresses challenges such as climate
change and urbanization, striving for TAJ MAHAL ANALYSIS
innovative solutions that promote well-being
and resilience.
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 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE plan, grand entrance, rose windows, high
●​ Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan nave, and detailed stonework.
(1632-1653) in memory of his wife Mumtaz
Mahal, symbolizing love and blending
Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles. FAMOUS PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

SITE AND AESTHETICS San Agustin Church (Manila)

●​ Set on the banks of the Yamuna River with ●​ UNESCO World Heritage site, oldest stone
landscaped gardens signifying paradise. church in the Philippines, showcasing
Features white marble inlaid with baroque details.
semiprecious stones, a large dome,
minarets, and intricate carvings. Intramuros (Manila)
●​ Historic walled city with Spanish colonial
STRUCTURAL DESIGNS architecture, including Fort Santiago and
●​ Rests on a square platform, employing Manila Cathedral.
arches and domes to distribute weight
evenly, ensuring stability. Gardens utilize Vigan City (Ilocos Sur)
classical Persian design for water ●​ UNESCO site known for well-preserved
management. Spanish colonial architecture and traditional
bahay na bato.

RELEVANCE OF ARCHITECTURE IN
HEALTHCARE

Patient Outcomes
●​ Well-designed spaces enhance recovery and
reduce stress for patients.

Workflow Efficiency
●​ Thoughtful layouts facilitate better
communication and collaboration among
MANILA CATHEDRAL ANALYSIS healthcare staff.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT Therapeutic Environments

●​ Established in 1581, reconstructed multiple ●​ Use of natural light, color, and nature
times due to disasters, current structure promotes healing and improves mental
completed in 1958, reflecting Filipino health.
resilience.
●​ Architecturally designed healthcare facilities
SITE ANALYSIS can serve as community hubs, promoting
●​ Located in Intramuros, surrounded by plazas public health and well-being. Flexible design
and churches, serving as a focal point for allows for changes in functions or
religious and cultural gatherings. technologies without extensive renovations.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
●​ Neo-romanesque architecture with a basilica

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 KEY TAKEAWAYS

●​ Architecture is a blend of art and science,

shaping human experiences and reflecting
cultural contexts.
●​ Studying architecture involves observation,
historical context, site analysis, and
evaluating structural and aesthetic elements.
●​ Examples like the Taj Mahal and Manila
Cathedral showcase architectural innovation
and cultural significance.
●​ In healthcare, thoughtful architectural design
enhances patient outcomes, workflow
efficiency, and sustainability.

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 PHOTOGRAPHY
WHAT IS PHOTOGRAPHY?
TAKING PICTURE AS AN ART
●​ is the art or process of producing images by
the action of radiant energy and especially ●​ Having a basic knowledge of how your
light on a sensitive surface (such as film or camera works can help you expose pictures
in new and exciting ways.
an optical sensor)
●​ The two basic rules of good photography are
●​ In Greek, the word "photograph" can be to COMPOSE and EXPOSE
broken down as follows:
○​ "photo" = light
COMPOSITION EXPOSURE
○​ "graph" = to write
→ In photography, it → It is the amount of
●​ Thus the word photograph means to write
refers to the position of light that reaches your
using light as one’s “ink”
elements inside the camera's sensor,
●​ Photography is a type of artwork that should
frame and how they creating visual data
capture the artist’s unique viewpoint
interact with each other. over a period of time.
●​ The artist decides what he or she wants the
That period could be
viewer to see and how it will look. Successful
fractions of a second or
photographs affect our feelings, leaving us
an entire hour.
pleased, excited, entertained, saddened,
inspired, or disturbed.

●​ Early photographers who practiced

photography as an art used painting as a
model. Their photographs and paintings tell
a story.
●​ Portraiture has been a popular form of art for
centuries. Before photography, painters
captured the faces of humans. Early
portraits, however, were often reserved for
the noble class.

●​ The history of photography began with the

MOVEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
discovery of two critical principles: The first is
camera obscura image projection, and the ●​ These are the movements of photography
second is the discovery that some that we’ll look at. They are still some of the
substances are visibly altered by exposure to most popular areas of photography for
light. creating inspiring, dramatic, and evocative
●​ No artifacts or descriptions indicate any images.
attempt to capture images with light-sensitive → Abstract → Fashion
materials before the 18th century. → Surrealist → Modern
→ Documentary → Street

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 ABSTRACT PHOTOGRAPHY FASHION PHOTOGRAPHY
●​ consists of images created using ●​ is a multi-layered genre where one tells a
photography materials and equipment that story through clothing, poses, locations,
don’t have an immediate association with the emotions, and more.
physical world. ●​ Hailing from the fashion industry where
●​ Abstract photographers use perspective, details are intricate and items are forms of
movement, and light to transform the world self expression, fashion photography has
we see into an unexpected, often been elevated as art.
unrecognizable image ●​ However, its common purpose is for
●​ Typically, photographs are representations of commercial, editorial, or advertising use.
the real world, but abstract images take
things in a new direction. MODERN PHOTOGRAPHY
●​ encompassed trends in the medium from the
SURREALISM early 1900s through to the 1960s.
●​ is an ideological and artistic movement that ●​ The move from early photography to Modern
emerged after the First World War in Photography is distinguished by a departure
response to the tragedies and insanity of the from the language and constraints of
devastating war between nations. traditional art, such as painting, and this
●​ It was heavily influenced by the Dada change in attitude was mirrored by changes
movement, which created works of anti-art in practice.
that purposefully contradicted logic. ●​ Photographers started using the camera as
●​ Surrealism art became a means for people a direct tool rather than manipulating images
to escape the world’s harsh realities. to conform to traditional notions of artistic
●​ Technical advancements and breakthroughs beauty, a custom particularly associated with
became an axis for the growth of artistic Pictorialism.
output, providing artists with new means of
self-expression. STREET PHOTOGRAPHY
●​ at its essence means candid photography of
DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY humanity. A street photograph is a real
●​ uses a camera to chronicle real people and moment.
events truthfully and objectively. ●​ The genre is both about the photographer
●​ It can be centered on everyday life and how and their subject.
people live, for example, or focused on ●​ Street Photographers filter the world to share
capturing a particular aspect of a culture. what interests them and what they are
●​ A documentary style of photography can feeling.
also be used to capture events like ●​ However, the term itself is inherently unclear
weddings. and clunky and it can cause very specific
●​ Regardless of the subject, what makes good thoughts of what it is, such as black and
documentary photography is the story at the white photographs of people walking down
heart of it. the street. There is much more beyond that.
●​ The most compelling documentary ●​ Street photography can be done anywhere
photography highlights some underlying and people do not have to be present in the
social issues. It opens people’s eyes or photo
awakens their empathy by showing them an
otherwise-unseen human side to events.

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 PHOTOGRAPHY TIPS LEARN WHICH SETTINGS MATTER
●​ There are a lot of camera settings, and it
WORK WITH YOUR COMPOSITION takes some practice to get them right,
●​ To take engaging photos, you need to be especially as a beginner. Even advanced
engaged with what you’re doing. Don’t just photographers won’t always do everything
fly by on autopilot. Instead, put thought into perfectly.
your composition and try to make your ●​ But it’s worth learning how to set your
photos as good as possible. camera properly, and which camera settings
●​ That starts with knowing the basics of how to matter the most, so you have the best
compose good photos. Don’t cut off chance to take the photos you want.
important parts of your subject with the edge
of your frame. Keep your horizons level, and PAY ATTENTION TO THE LIGHT
try to eliminate any distractions in your photo ●​ Probably the single most important part of
by adjusting your composition. See if your photography is light. If you take a photo with
photo has a sense of balance and simplicity. good light, you’ve taken a huge step toward
●​ If the photo doesn’t look good on your first getting a good picture.
try, keep experimenting until you get it right. ●​ It’s not all about sunsets. Often, the goal
It is so easy to depress the shutter when here is to balance the light’s intensity
something looks good and then stop, but if between your subject and background. Even
you consider a few alternative compositions, if you’re photographing an amazing sunset,
chances are one of them will be better than the photo could be ruined by a completely
the first dark and silhouetted foreground.

USE THE CAMERA YOU ALREADY HAVE TAKE YOUR TIME

●​ Camera gear is not all that important. There ●​ It’s easy to make mistakes in photography if
are new countless cameras, lenses, and you aren’t careful. The best way around this
other accessories on the market. We spend is to slow down and take your time whenever
a lot of time reviewing them, and some are possible, particularly when you are first
indeed better than others (or better suited for beginning to learn photography.
a given job). But once you’ve tested enough Double-check your camera settings.
of them, the real takeaway is that pretty ●​ If you’re shooting outdoor portraits on a
much everything today is excellent. The sunny day, but you’re using last night’s
differences are almost always minor, settings for photographing the Milky Way,
especially at a given price. something is wrong.
●​ Use the camera you already have, and don’t ●​ Slow down and take the time to get it right
look back. In almost every way, today’s
entry-level mirrorless cameras are better MOVE YOUR FEET
than the top-of-the-line film SLRs or even the ●​ It’s easy to get stuck in one place while
DSLRs of ten years ago. Yet, those film you’re taking pictures. Don’t fall into that
photographers somehow managed to trap. Instead, move your feet (or your tripod)
capture beautiful, iconic photos that still look as much as possible. Climb on top of things,
great today. change the height of your camera, walk
●​ Much more important are your creative skills forward and backward, do whatever you
and knowledge of camera settings. Focus need to do – but keep moving.
your effort on those, not on collecting ●​ If you take a dozen photos from the same
camera equipment height, facing the same direction, without
moving your feet or tripod at all, moving

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 around is the only way to change the relative some extra light. Get an external flash, tilt it
sizes and positions of the objects in your at the ceiling, and use a relatively long lens
photo. (50mm or longer).
●​ Stand back and zoom in. ●​ Flashes are useful outdoors, too, even in the
●​ Move around until it’s out of your middle of the day.
composition, or too small to be a nuisance. ●​ “Fill flash” can fill in ugly shadows on your
subject just by using a gentle flash – and
KNOW WHEN TO USE A TRIPOD most people looking at the photo won’t even
●​ Tripods are one of the greatest inventions in be able to tell.
photography. They all but eliminate one of
the trickiest problems there is – a lack of CLEAN YOUR CAMERA LENS
light. With tripods, you can shoot ●​ If the front element of their camera lens is
multi-minute exposures and capture details dirty, dusty, and smudged, that’s the easiest
so dark that they are invisible to the human way to get blurry photos 100% of the time.
eye. Even in a brighter scene, tripods ●​ A little bit of dust won’t do any harm; it won’t
improve the stability of your composition and even be visible in an image. There are small
help you take sharper photos. particles of dust inside every lens, which are
●​ Use a tripod if your subject is stationary, impossible to clean without taking apart the
almost always. Landscape photographers, lens – and they have no impact on a photo
architectural photographers, and still-life whatsoever.
photographers better have a good excuse if ●​ Lenses that have never been cleaned, with
they aren’t using a tripod grime and fingerprints that haven’t been
removed in ages, will have an impact on the
PAY ATTENTION TO THE EDGES OF YOUR quality of the image.
COMPOSITION ●​ Get a microfiber cloth and lens cleaning
●​ When you’re composing a photo, it helps to solution. Bring them along on trips and use
pay careful attention to the edges of the them at least once a week.
frame. The edges have an exaggerated
impact on the “feel” of your photo. DON’T USE A CHEAP FILTER
●​ For starters, make sure that your subject has ●​ The second easiest way to get blurry photos
enough breathing room so that it’s not 100% of the time is to use a cheap filter on
bunching up against the edge of a photo. the front of your lens.
Don’t cut off an important element, like the
top of a mountain, unless you have a very ALWAYS CHOOSE A FOCAL POINT
good reason. ●​ The eye naturally seeks out a focal point in
●​ Along the same lines, any distractions in any image. This is the one element that
your photo will draw more attention if they’re stands out the most and that conveys the
close to the edge because they’re dragging a primary message or emotion of your work.
viewer’s attention further from the main ●​ Consider your focal point before you shoot,
subject of the photo. and use elements like light, shadow, and
●​ If you only think about the main subject and focus to bring it to the forefront.
don’t pay attention to the rest of the frame,
you might end up with a sloppy composition. MIND THE RULE OF THIRDS
●​ The “rule of thirds” is the idea that all images
KNOW WHEN TO USE A FLASH can be divided into nine equal squares using
●​ Flashes aren’t just meant for dark two horizontal and two vertical lines and that
environments. Flashes are great if you need the main element(s) of the photo should be

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 situated at the intersection of one or more of that are visually balanced and intriguing.
these lines. This is especially useful for
landscape photography MAKE USE OF NEGATIVE SPACE
●​ You always want some breathing room in
USE WIDE APERTURE FOR PORTRAITS your frame, which can be achieved through
●​ Aperture is the size of the opening in your both composition and tricks of focus. When
camera lens. This determines how much in doubt, aim for at least 30% of your image
light enters your camera and hits the image to be made up of negative space.
sensor. ●​ Negative space means the space between
●​ For portrait photography, stick to a wide or around elements in a design composition.
aperture to make your subject the focus. A ●​ Negative space photography is related to
wide aperture keeps your subject sharp minimalist photography. It emphasizes not
while blurring the other elements in the just the subject but also the empty space
frame. The wider the aperture, the more around the subject.
pronounced this difference will be.
SHOOT IN RAW
PLAY AROUND WITH THE SUN AND SHADOW ●​ Don’t spend money on the best digital
●​ Light and dark are a photographer’s camera if you’re not going to use its best
friends and can be used in myriad ways to features. This includes raw shooting which
create interesting effects. It’s the secret to a doesn’t compress an image before saving it.
lot of the best still life and food photography You’ll use more memory, but you’ll also end
tips, especially when it comes to achieving up with more dynamic results.
an impressive moody food pic.
USE PROPS
●​ One of the top real estate photography tips
(but that also applies to food, portrait,
product, and other types of commercial
photos) is to introduce props to the scene.
These can bring some much needed
balance to the frame.

LEARN BASIC PHOTO EDITING

●​ How you edit matters. Take a course in
photo editing so that you can pick up the
basic—and not-so-basic— techniques
ALWAYS FIND YOUR BEST ANGLE necessary for post-shoot success.
●​ Optimal perspective doesn’t always come
from where you expect it to. It’s worth taking
photographs of the same subject from
multiple angles, as well as approaching
familiar objects from totally unexpected
perspectives in search of that wow shot.

SEEK OUT PATTERNS PATTERNS

●​ can be found in lots of unexpected places,
and they always make for super cool
images.
●​ Seek them out or create your photographs
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