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Session1_Introduction_to_Linux_and_Shell by IIT

The document discusses the importance of shell programming for all programmers, covering topics such as the Linux file system, architecture, and shell types. It highlights the historical context of Unix and GNU/Linux, as well as practical applications of shell programming in daily tasks and system management. The course utilizes Ubuntu OS and the bash terminal for practical learning.

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darkovianforces50
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3 views

Session1_Introduction_to_Linux_and_Shell by IIT

The document discusses the importance of shell programming for all programmers, covering topics such as the Linux file system, architecture, and shell types. It highlights the historical context of Unix and GNU/Linux, as well as practical applications of shell programming in daily tasks and system management. The course utilizes Ubuntu OS and the bash terminal for practical learning.

Uploaded by

darkovianforces50
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shell Programming

A Necessity for all Programmers

Introduction to Linux and Shell


Nagesh Karmali | Firuza Karmali

Department of Computer Science and Engineering


IIT Bombay
You will learn to ...

• File system
• Architecture of Linux system
• Internal file representation
• Shell
• Applications

Shell Programming – A Necessity for all Programmers By Nagesh | Firuza 2/15


Unix System

• Birth: 1970s – AT&T Labs, led by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
• Written in high level language, typically C
• Easy to read and understand
• Power to provide services in a simple way
• Build complex programs from simpler ones
• Hierarchical file system with efficient implementation
• Support for different file systems
• Every device is treaed as a file
• Multi-user, Multiprocess system

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Birth of GNU/Linux
• GNU is a recursive acronym for ”GNU’s Not Unix!”
• Open Source System
• Developed from scratch, using the same principles of Unix
• GNU open source development started in 1984, Free Software Foundation (FSF) by
Richard Matthew Stallman
• Developed central components, forming the largest single contribution to the whole
system
• Linus Torvalds wrote Linux in 1991 and contributed to the Free Software Community
• Many distributions/flavors
• Ubuntu
• Debian
• Fedora

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File System

• Organized hierarchically as a tree


• Ability to create and delete files
• Grow dynamically
• Devices/Directories/Files are all
treated as files
• Protection of data

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Internal Representation of File – Inode
• Block size = 512 bytes
• Block number address = 32
bits (4 bytes)
• Direct addressing =
12 × 512 = 6KB
• Single indirect =
128 × 512 = 64KB
• Double indirect =
128 × 128 × 512 = 8MB
• Triple indirect =
128×128×128×512 = 1GB
Question: What is the
maximum file size if the block
size is 1KB, 2KB, etc.? Figure: ext2 Inode [2]
Shell Programming – A Necessity for all Programmers By Nagesh | Firuza 6/15
Architecture of Linux System
application programs

sh
mv who
Kernel

gcc cp Hardware ls

wc date

a.out

application programs

Figure: Architecture [1]

Shell Programming – A Necessity for all Programmers By Nagesh | Firuza 7/15


Shell

• Command line interpreter


• Uses terminal/console
• Interacts with the Kernel
• Execute commands and scripts
• Navigating directories, opening files, etc.

Shell Programming – A Necessity for all Programmers By Nagesh | Firuza 8/15


Types of Shell

• Bourne: First shell 1970


• sh
• bash
• ksh
• zsh
• C
• csh
• tcsh
Note: The course uses Ubuntu OS and bash terminal

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Applications

• Day to day usage • System monitoring


• Cron jobs (automating tasks) - backup • Automating the build process
data every night
• Running files in batch mode
• Package installation
• Cloud automation and cloning systems • Linking various programs using pipes and
• Creating system images in the cloud filters
• Database migrations • Scheduling and executing system tasks

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Used by

• Users
• Programmers
• System Administrators

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First look at the terminal

• Terminal
• Command execution

L
Demo

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Now, you can Understand ...

• File system
• Internal file representation
• Architecture of Linux system
• Shell
• Applications

Shell Programming – A Necessity for all Programmers By Nagesh | Firuza 13/15


References

[1] Maurice J Bach et al.


The design of the UNIX operating system.
Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, 1986.
[2] timtjtim.
An ext2 inode with indirect and double indirect data blocks visualised.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ext2-inode.svg, CC BY-SA 4.0, via
Wikimedia Commons, 2019.

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Thank you
1

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