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Chapter 2

The document outlines the political, economic, and social contexts during the Age of Enlightenment, highlighting significant events such as the American Civil War and the French Revolution. It discusses the impact of the Industrial Revolution, the encomienda system, and the rise of export crops in the Philippines, alongside the establishment of a public education system. Additionally, it addresses the injustices faced by Filipinos under Spanish colonial rule, including corruption, forced labor, and racial discrimination.

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ashlee joice
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14 views22 pages

Chapter 2

The document outlines the political, economic, and social contexts during the Age of Enlightenment, highlighting significant events such as the American Civil War and the French Revolution. It discusses the impact of the Industrial Revolution, the encomienda system, and the rise of export crops in the Philippines, alongside the establishment of a public education system. Additionally, it addresses the injustices faced by Filipinos under Spanish colonial rule, including corruption, forced labor, and racial discrimination.

Uploaded by

ashlee joice
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• era of challenges and

responses
• period of major changes
that affect man and
society
• Age of Enlightenment.
FRAMEWORK OF
REFERENCE:

1. POLITICAL CONTEXT

2. ECONOMIC CONTEXT

3. SOCIAL CONTEXT
1. POLITICAL CONTEXT
• THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (1861 – 1865)
✔ the political upheaval during the last half
of the 18th century
✔ The Americans were able to overthrow
their British colonial masters to gain
independence and the status of one
free nation-state.
• THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
(1779-1789)

✔ liberty
✔ equality
✔ fraternity
✔ the struggle between
liberals and conservatives
• FRAILOCRA
✔ theCY
Spanish friars were so influential and
powerful that they practically ruled the
Philippines.
✔ ‘real conquistadors’

✔ Spanish priests was feared and obeyed by the people, and


was often kissed on the hands as a sign of respect and of his
great influence.
• POLITICAL STRUCTURE
DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
2. ECONOMIC CONTEXT
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
✔ this generally applied to the
extraordinary transformation in the
method of:
• production
• transportation
• communication
through the substitution of manual
labor to machine.

8
ENCOMIENDA
✔
SYSTEM
a form of forced and unpaid labour used by
Spanish authorities and settlers in the
colonies of the Spanish Empire.

✔ the Europeans were expected to give


military protection to the laborers and
offer them the opportunity to be
converted to Christianity by funding a
parish priest.
POLO Y SERVICIO
✔ was a practice employed by Spanish colonizers
for over 250 years that required the forced labor
of all Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old for
40-day period.

✔ The workers could be placed on any project the


Spanish wanted, despite hazardous or unhealthy
conditions.
GALLEON
✔ The Spanish Government continued trade relations with
TRADE countries, and Manila became the center of commerce in
the East. The Spaniards closed the ports of Manila to all
countries except Mexico.
✔ The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly.
▪ One sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some
500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days
at sea;
▪ the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some
250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at
sea.
INDULTO DE
COMMERCIO
✔ privilege of provincial governors
to engage in and monopolize
trade
TAXATION
• Tithe –payment of the 10% of an
individual’s annual income to the
government.

• Sanctorum –the tax being paid as support


to the church.

• Tribute –the tax or rent given to the


landlord a resident is under
OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
• Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 relatively became
an easy passage between Spain and the Philippines
for Spanish trading.
• Consequently, fewer than 500 ships navigated it in its
first full year of operation. Major improvements began
in 1876, however, and the canal soon grew into the
one of the world's most heavily traveled shipping lanes.
OPENING OF PORTS TO WORLD
• The growing numbers of foreign merchants in Manila spurred the
TRADE
integration of the Philippines into an international commercial
system linking industrialized Europe and North America with
sources of raw materials and markets in the Americas and Asia.

• By 1856 there were thirteen foreign trading firms in Manila, of


which seven were British and two Americans; between 1855 and
1873 the Spanish opened new ports to foreign trade, including
Panay, Zamboanga in the western portion of Mindanao, Cebu on
Cebu, and Legaspi in the Bicol area of southern Luzon.
THE RISE OF THE EXPORT CROP ECONOMY
• By the late nineteenth century, three crops-tobacco, abaca, and
sugar-dominated Philippine exports.
• The opening of the port of Iloilo in Panay in 1855 and the
encouragement of the British vice consul in that town, Nicholas
Loney. Loney arranged liberal credit terms for the local landlords
to invest in the new crop, encouraged the migration of labor
from the neighboring and overpopulated island of Panay, and
introduced stream-driven sugar refineries that replaced the
traditional method of producing low-grade sugar in loaves.
THE RISE OF THE MONOPOLIES
• Jose V. Basco established the tobacco monopoly as his
economic program.
• The provinces of Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Provinces, Nueva
Ecija, and Marinduque were ordered to plant tobacco. Only the
government was allowed to buy the tobaccos.
3. SOCIAL CONTEXT
SOCIAL PYRAMID Peninsulares- full-blooded white Spaniards who
were born and raised in the Iberian Peninsula
during the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.
Insulares-
Spanish
full-blooded Principalia- the ruling and usually
Mestizos- people
Spaniards born educated upper class in the towns of
of mixed native
in the colonies colonial Philippines
Filipino and any
(born in the
foreign ancestry.
Philippines or Chinese Mestizos- any person born of
the Marianas). a Chinese father and an Indio mother

Chinese- Sangleyes (which


meant “businessmen” or
“frequent visitors”).

Indios- native born inhabitants of


the Philippine islands.
PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
• 1855 - Spain realized the need of establishing a system of
public education for the Indios.
- Gov. Gen. Domingo Crespo organized a Commission and
recommended remedial measures to improve elementary
education.
• 1861- the Commission completed its report and forwarded
it to Spain.
• 1863- the Educational Decree of 1863 was issued by
Queen Isabella II.
19
PROVISIONS OF EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF
1863
• Establishments of Teacher Training School.
• Government supervises the public school system.
• Use of Spanish as medium of instruction in all schools.
• Establishment of one primary schools for boys and for
girls in each of major town.

20
DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM
• Emphasis on Religion
• Absence of Academic Freedom
• Racial Discrimination
• Limited Curriculum

21
The abuses and injustices made by the Spanish officials:
• Instability of Colonial
Administration • Mal-administration of Justice
• Corrupt Spanish Officials
• Racial Discrimination
• No Philippine
Representation to the • Frailocracy and Secularization Filipino Priests
Spanish Cortes
• Force Labor and Excessive taxes
• Human Rights Denied to
the Filipinos
• Haciendas owned by Friars and Spanish
• No Equality before the law Officials

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