Q1  It's a protocol used for exchanging

structured data between

a) Explain the purpose of $this variable.
applications over a network,
 In PHP, $this is a special variable typically using XML and HTTP.
used inside a class.

 It refers to the current object and

d) What is Web Services?
allows access to its properties and
methods.  A Web Service is a software system
designed to support interoperable
Example:
machine-to-machine interaction
php over a network.
CopyEdit  It allows different systems or apps to
communicate via protocols like
class Car {
SOAP or REST.
public $color;

e) List any two PHP HTTP functions.

function setColor($color) {
1. header() – Sends raw HTTP headers.
$this->color = $color; // Refers to the
2. get_headers() – Fetches all headers
current object
sent by the server in response to a
} request.
}

f) What is setcookie() function?

b) Name any two functions to extract basic  The setcookie() function is used to
information about classes in PHP. create a cookie in PHP.
1. get_class() – Returns the class name Example:
of an object.
php
2. get_class_methods() – Returns an
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array of method names in a class.
setcookie("username", "JohnDoe", time() +
3600, "/");
c) What is SOAP?
 This sets a cookie named username
 SOAP stands for Simple Object with value JohnDoe, valid for 1 hour.
Access Protocol.
 2. Dynamic content loading without
page refresh (e.g., loading
g) Enlist the PHP DOM functions.
comments on scroll).
1. DOMDocument::load() – Loads an
XML document.
Q2
2. DOMDocument::getElementsByTagN
ame() – Returns a list of elements a) What is Introspection? Explain
with a given tag name. any two introspective functions.

3. DOMDocument::createElement() –  Introspection in PHP refers to the

Creates a new element node. ability to examine the properties,
methods, and other aspects of a
class at runtime.
h) What is XML Parser?
 It allows you to retrieve metadata
 An XML Parser reads XML data and about a class, such as its methods,
converts it into a format that properties, and constants, without
programs can use. having direct access to the source
code.
 In PHP, you can parse XML using:
Two introspective functions:
o SAX Parser (event-based)
1. get_class()
o DOM Parser (tree-based)
o Purpose: Returns the name
of the class of an object.
i) Which are the parts of XML-RPC?
o Example:
1. XML Format – For encoding data.
php
2. HTTP Protocol – For transport.
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3. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) – To
class Car {
call functions on remote systems.
public $color = "red";

}
j) Give any two applications of AJAX.

1. Live search suggestions (e.g., Google

auto-suggest). $car = new Car();

echo get_class($car); // Output: Car

2. method_exists()
 o Purpose: Checks if a method Name: <input type="text"
exists in a class. name="name" value="<?php echo
$_POST['name'] ?? ''; ?>">
o Example:
Age: <input type="text"
php
name="age" value="<?php echo
CopyEdit $_POST['age'] ?? ''; ?>">

class Car { <input type="submit">

public function drive() { </form>

echo "Driving";

} <?php
} if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"]
== "POST") {

echo "Name: " . $_POST['name'] .

$car = new Car();
"<br>Age: " . $_POST['age'];
echo method_exists($car, 'drive'); //
}
Output: 1 (true)
?>

 When the form is submitted, the

b) What is a sticky form? Explain
values entered in the form will
with an example.
remain in the input fields.
 A sticky form is a form that retains
user input after a form is submitted,
so the user doesn't need to re-enter c) Explain how to create and select
the data if the form submission fails. a database using PHP.

 It is achieved by pre-filling the form To create and select a database in

with the previously entered values PHP, you can use the mysqli or PDO
using the $_POST variable in PHP. extension.

Example of a sticky form: Example using mysqli:

php php

CopyEdit CopyEdit

<form method="post"> // Create a connection to MySQL

server
 $conn = mysqli_connect("localhost",  AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and
"root", ""); XML) allows a web page to request
data from the server
asynchronously, meaning the page
// Check the connection doesn't need to reload to update
content.
if (!$conn) {
 The server processes the request
die("Connection failed: " .
and returns data (often in JSON or
mysqli_connect_error());
XML format) to the client-side,
} which then updates the page
dynamically.

AJAX Web Application Model:

// Create a database
1. Client-Side: The JavaScript code on
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDB";
the client (browser) sends an
if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) { asynchronous request to the server
echo "Database created without refreshing the page.
successfully"; 2. Server-Side: The server receives the
} else { request, processes it, and sends
back data (often as a response).
echo "Error creating database: " .
mysqli_error($conn); 3. JavaScript: JavaScript processes the
server's response and updates the
} webpage dynamically.

Example:
// Select the database html
mysqli_select_db($conn, "myDB"); CopyEdit
 This script first connects to the <!-- HTML Form -->
MySQL server, creates a database
myDB, and then selects it for further <input id="name">
operations. <button
onclick="sendData()">Submit</butt
on>
d) Explain the AJAX web application
model.
<!-- Placeholder for response -->
 <div id="result"></div> 2. Use the $_FILES array to access the
uploaded file.

3. Move the uploaded file from its

<script>
temporary location to the desired
function sendData() { folder using move_uploaded_file().

let name = Example:

document.getElementById('name').v
html
alue;
CopyEdit
fetch('server.php?name=' + name)
<!-- HTML Form for File Upload -->
.then(response =>
response.text()) <form action="upload.php"
method="post"
.then(data =>
enctype="multipart/form-data">
document.getElementById('result').i
nnerHTML = data); Select file: <input type="file"
name="fileToUpload">
}
<input type="submit"
</script>
value="Upload File"
In this example, when the user clicks name="submit">
Submit, the JavaScript function
</form>
sends the request to the server
(server.php), and the server's PHP Script (upload.php):
response is displayed in the <div>
php
without refreshing the page.
CopyEdit

if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
e) How to handle file upload in
PHP? $target_dir = "uploads/";

 In PHP, you can use the $_FILES $target_file = $target_dir .

superglobal to handle file uploads. basename($_FILES["fileToUpload"]
["name"]);
Steps to handle file upload:

1. Create an HTML form with the

enctype="multipart/form-data" if
attribute. (move_uploaded_file($_FILES["fileTo
 Upload"]["tmp_name"], php
$target_file)) {
CopyEdit
echo "The file " .
// Class definition
basename($_FILES["fileToUpload"]
["name"]) . " has been uploaded."; class Car {

} else { public $color;

echo "Sorry, there was an error public $model;

uploading your file.";

}
function setDetails($color,
} $model) {

Explanation: $this->color = $color;

 The form allows users to select a file $this->model = $model;

for upload.
}
 The PHP script checks if the form has
been submitted and moves the
uploaded file to the uploads/ function display() {
directory using
echo "Car Model: " . $this-
move_uploaded_file().
>model . ", Color: " . $this->color;
Q4) Attempt any FOUR of the
}
following:
}
a) Define class and object. Explain
with example.

 Class: A class is a blueprint or // Object creation

template for creating objects. It $car1 = new Car();
defines properties (attributes) and
methods (functions) that an object $car1->setDetails("Red", "Toyota");
created from the class can have. $car1->display();
 Object: An object is an instance of a  In this example:
class. It is created based on the class
definition and can access its o Class Car is defined with
properties and methods. properties like color and
model.
Example:
 o Object $car1 is created from // Access session variables
the Car class and has its
echo 'Hello, ' .
properties and methods
$_SESSION['username']; // Output:
accessed.
Hello, JohnDoe

b) What is PHP session? Explain to

// Destroy the session
start and how to destroy PHP
session with example. session_destroy();

 A PHP session is a way to store user  session_start() initializes the

information across multiple pages. session.
Sessions allow data to be retained
 $_SESSION['username'] stores data
on the server for the duration of the
that can be accessed across pages.
user's visit, unlike cookies which
store data on the client side.  session_destroy() ends the session
and clears stored data.
Start a Session:

 Use the session_start() function at

the beginning of your PHP script to c) Write a PHP script to create
initialize the session. 'product.xml', which contains p_no,
p_name, color, weight. Add four
Destroy a Session:
elements into it. Write PHP script to
 You can use session_destroy() to display product.xml in table format.
completely destroy the session.
PHP script to create and add
Example: elements to 'product.xml':

php php

CopyEdit CopyEdit

// Start the session // Create a new SimpleXMLElement

object
session_start();
$xml = new
SimpleXMLElement('<products></pr
// Store session variables oducts>');

$_SESSION['username'] = 'JohnDoe';

// Add product data

$product1 = $xml- echo "<table border='1'>
>addChild('product');
<tr>
$product1->addChild('p_no', '101');
<th>Product No</th>
$product1->addChild('p_name',
<th>Product Name</th>
'Laptop');
<th>Color</th>
$product1->addChild('color', 'Black');
<th>Weight</th>
$product1->addChild('weight', '2.5
kg'); </tr>";

$product2 = $xml- // Loop through each product and

>addChild('product'); display in table rows

$product2->addChild('p_no', '102'); foreach ($xml->product as $product)

{
$product2->addChild('p_name',
'Smartphone'); echo "<tr>

$product2->addChild('color', 'Blue'); <td>" . $product->p_no .

"</td>
$product2->addChild('weight', '0.5
kg'); <td>" . $product->p_name .
"</td>

<td>" . $product->color .
// Save XML to file
"</td>
$xml->asXML('product.xml');
<td>" . $product->weight .
PHP script to display 'product.xml' "</td>
in table format:
</tr>";
php
}
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// Load the XML file

// End the table
$xml =
echo "</table>";
simplexml_load_file('product.xml');

// Start the table

d) Write a PHP program which }
implements AJAX for addition of
</script>
two numbers.
</head>
HTML Form and JavaScript (AJAX):
<body>
html

CopyEdit
<input type="text" id="num1"
<!DOCTYPE html>
placeholder="Enter number 1">
<html>
<input type="text" id="num2"
<head> placeholder="Enter number 2">

<title>AJAX Addition</title> <button

onclick="addNumbers()">Add</butt
<script>
on>
function addNumbers() {
<div id="result"></div>
var num1 =
document.getElementById('num1').v
alue; </body>

var num2 = </html>

document.getElementById('num2').v
PHP script (add.php):
alue;
php
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
CopyEdit
xhr.open('GET', 'add.php?num1='
+ num1 + '&num2=' + num2, true); <?php

xhr.onload = function() { if (isset($_GET['num1']) &&

isset($_GET['num2'])) {
if (xhr.status == 200) {
$num1 = $_GET['num1'];

document.getElementById('result').i $num2 = $_GET['num2'];

nnerHTML = xhr.responseText;
echo $num1 + $num2; // Output
} the sum

} }

xhr.send(); ?>
 Featu
GET POST
re
e) Differentiate between GET and
POST method. e).
Featu For
GET POST
re For sendi
retrievin ng
Used
g data or sensi
to Usag
non- tive
send e
Used to sensitive data
data
Purpo send requests or
in the
se data in . larger
body
the URL. data.
of the
reque
st.
Q5) Write a short note on any Two
Data of the following:
is
a) Super Global Variables:
hidde
Data is n in  Super Global Variables are built-in
Visibi
visible in the global arrays in PHP that can be
lity
the URL. body accessed from any part of the script,
of the regardless of scope.
reque
 They are used to handle data coming
st.
from the user or server.
Limited
No Common Super Global Variables:
Data (by URL
practi
Lengt length 1. $_GET – Collects form data sent via
cal
h restrictio the GET method.
limit.
ns). 2. $_POST – Collects form data sent via
Secur Less More the POST method.
ity secure secur 3. $_SESSION – Used to store session
(data is e variables.
visible). (data
is not 4. $_FILES – Contains file upload
visibl information.

5. $_COOKIE – Used to handle cookies.

 b) AJAX:

 AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and

XML) allows the web page to
request data from the server
asynchronously, meaning the page
does not reload when requesting or
receiving data.

 It enhances the user experience by

enabling dynamic content updates
without refreshing the entire page
(e.g., live search, form validation).

c) Content Management System

(CMS):

 A Content Management System

(CMS) is a software application used
to manage digital content.

 It allows users to create, edit, and

organize content without needing
extensive technical knowledge.

Popular CMS examples: WordPress,

Joomla, Drupal.

 A CMS typically offers an Admin

Panel where users can manage
pages, media, and content in a user-
friendly interface