SQL Week 1

Goals of video 2 (Structured Query Language)

• define SQL,
• discuss how SQL differs from many other computer languages,
• explain the three primary ways SQL is used with the database, and
• compare and contrast the roles of a database administrator and a data
scientist.
• Along with discussing the importance of knowing what SQL syntax you're
using in a given database

What is SQL: This is the standard language for many relational database
management systems and data manipulation. SQL is used often to query,
insert, update, and modify data. At a basic level SQL is a method
for communicating between you and the database.

What SQL is used for:

• It’s used to read and retrieve data, so data is often stored in a
database, and you want to retrieve it or read it. And you can use SQL as
a means to be a translator for that.
• SQL is also used as a way to write data in a database. So if you need to
write data in a table or insert new data, you can use SQL as a means to
do this.
• And finally, it's used to update and insert new data.
A DBA is responsible for managing the entire database and guarding it.

A data scientist, on the other hand, is typically a user of that database. The
DBA will be responsible for giving permissions to people and determining
who has access to what data. They're often times responsible for managing
the tables and creating them

Data Scientist uses SQL for: Retrieve data, may create their own table or
test environment, combine multiple sources, write complex queries
analysis.
Goals of video 3

• Explain the importance of understanding how the data in a

database relates to one another, and describe what a database is at its
core.

• Describe what a database is

*** Learn Data Modeling and ER diagrams! ***

A database is really a container that is usually a file or set of files and is

used to organize and store all of the data. If you think of this in real world
terms, It'd be like a filing system that has many cabinets along a
wall. Within that system, within a database, we have tables, these tables
are structured lists of data elements or specific data type.

Column: A single field in a table Row: A record in a table

Goals of video 4

• Describe data Modeling

• Define relational database system
• Discuss advent of relational database in SQL
Data modeling is what we use to organize information for multiple tables
and how they relate to each other together. This helps tremendously in
providing structure to the information in the system. Usually a data model
represents a business process and it can also help you understand a
business process. And show relationship between business processes.

Data model: model for prediction built by data scientist.

Data model as a data table represented and organized in a database

There's been hierarchical, network, relational, entity, relational somatic, and

NoSql.
Goals of video 5

• Define and describe both relational and transactional database models,

• Define entities, attributes and relationship,
• Describe and explain the difference between one-to-one, one-to-many
and many-to-many relationships,
• Describe the use of a primary key in a database and
• Explain how ER diagram is used to document and illustrate relationships

A relational model is a database design that shows the relationships

between the different tables and this is really used to optimize querying
data, making it easy and intuitive to access the data.

Transactional, on the other hand, you can think of as a more operational

database.

The building blocks for this relational model are really three simple
things. We have entities which are a person, place, thing or event. These
are very distinguishable. They are unique. They are distinct. For example, I
could be an entity, Sadie St. Lawrence, and then we have attributes, which
are characteristics of this entity. As an entity, it would be myself and then an
attribute about me would be that I am female.

Then, the third building block of the model is the relationship. This
describes the association among different entities. One-to-many, many-to-
many, one-to-one are covered here.

One-to-many: customer to invoices

Many-to-many: student to classes
One-to-one: manager to store

An ER model then is composed of the entity types and the specific

relationships that can exist between these entities
The primary key is a column or set of columns whose values
uniquely identify every row in a table. Then this allows us to take
those unique identities and then join it to another table.
Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain
NULL values.
A table can have only one primary key, which may consist of
single or multiple fields.
Foreign keys are similar but in regard that one or more columns
can be used together to identify a single row in the table.

The following source: here

• A FOREIGN KEY is a key used to link two tables together.
• A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table
that refers to the PRIMARY KEY in another table.
• The table containing the foreign key is called the child table,
and the table containing the candidate key is called the
referenced or parent table.

"Persons" table:
PersonID LastName FirstName Age

1 Watkins Ben 10

2 Johnson David 12

3 Kevinson Kevin 11

4 Whatever Barack 9

"Orders" table:
OrderID OrderNo PersonId OrderDate

1 1234 14 1/1/2011

2 45677 15

3 123456 15

4 43210 10

• Notice that the "PersonID" column in the "Orders" table points

to the "PersonID" column in the "Persons" table.
• The "PersonID" column in the "Persons" table is the PRIMARY
KEY in the "Persons" table.
• The "PersonID" column in the "Orders" table is a FOREIGN KEY
in the "Orders" table.
• The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that
would destroy links between tables.
• The FOREIGN KEY constraint also prevents invalid data from
being inserted into the foreign key column, because it has to be
one of the values contained in the table it points to.

RelationShip Notations:
SELECT statement
Goals:
• Write a basic SELECT statement
• Tell a database which table your data will come FROM
• SELECT either all or particular columns from a table in a query
• Limit the amount of data which is returned in a query.

SELECT column(s)_name
FROM table_name

e.g. output:
SELECT prod_name prod_name
FROM products Shampoo
Cologne
Camera

SELECT prod_name,
prod_id
FROM products

SELECT *. <—— The * wildcard selects all columns.

FROM products

Limit the number of items we retrieve:

SQLite:
SELECT column(s)_name
FROM table_name
LIMIT number_of_records ORACLE: WHERE ROWNUM<=5
Creating Tables:
Goals:
• discuss situations where it's beneficial to create new tables,
• create new tables within an existing database,
• write data in a new table, and
• define whether columns can accept null values or not

CREATE TABLE shoes

(
Id. char(10) PRIMARY KEY,
Brand char(10) NOT NULL,
color char(15) NOT NULL,
Price decimal(8, 2) NOT NULL,
Desc Varchar(750) NULL
)

• If in the last column we do not specify whether null is acceptable or

not, it assumes, by default, the null type are accepted. If you choose
NOT NULL for a column, then you will get error if you do not enter a
value in that column when you are inserting data into it.
• PRIMARY KEY cannot be NULL.
• Null values are absence of anything. EMPTY STRINGS has actually a
value in them.

INSERT INTO shoes OR INSERT INTO shoes

VALUES (`1234’, (Id.,
`Gucci’, Brand,
`Pink’, Color,
NULL Price,
) Desc
)
VALUES
(
‘1234’, … )
Creating TEMPORARY tables
Goals:
• Create temporary tables
• Describe limitations of temporary tables
• Discuss strategies for researching syntax for particular database
management systems
Temp. Tables will be deleted when current session terminates.

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE Sandals AS

(
SELECT *
FROM Shoes
WHERE shoe_type = `sandals’
)

Adding Comments to SQL

SELECT shoe_id
- -, brand_id (comment out one line)
, shoe_name
FROM shoes

• comment out several lines

SELECT shoe_id
/*, brand_id (comment out one line)
, shoe_name
*/
FROM shoes